室间隔缺损胎儿心室肌组织微小RNAs时序性表达差异研究

目的采用微小RNAs（miRNAs）表达谱芯片分析不同孕龄（孕早期与孕中期）室间隔缺损（VSD）胎儿心室肌组织中时序性表达差异的miRNAs。方法连续性纳入2009年7～12月南京医科大学附属南京妇幼保健院因病理因素流产经解剖证实为VSD且不合并其他畸形的胎儿为VSD组。以同期因生理性难免流产,并经解剖证实无心脏畸形和其他器官畸形的胎儿为对照组,依据孕龄与VSD组1：1匹配。根据孕龄,将VSD组和对照组分别分为孕早期亚组和孕中期亚组。采用Agilent Human2.0 miRNAs表达谱芯片观察胎儿心室肌组织miRNAs表达变化,芯片数据采用生物信息学方法进行分析,包括差异miRNAs筛选,预测miRNAs靶基因Gene Ontology分析,靶基因信号通路分析,并采用实时PCR法验证芯片结果。结果 VSD组和对照组各纳入6例,两组孕早期亚组和孕中期亚组均各3例。①通过差异miRNAs筛选,发现孕早期VSD亚组与孕中期VSD亚组间有33个时序性表达差异的miRNAs。19个miRNAs在孕早期VSD亚组表达上调,在孕中期VSD亚组表达下调;14个miRNAs在孕早期VSD亚组表达下调,在孕中期VSD亚组表达上调。②生物信息学预测到2761个靶基因,大部分miRNAs的靶基因中含有与心脏发育直接相关的关键基因（TBX5、GATA4、TBX1和NKX2-5等）。③靶基因GeneOntology分析表明其中与细胞进程、代谢过程和生物调控相关的靶基因分别占整个靶基因数量的23.5%、18.3%和17.7%。④靶基因信号通路分析发现,WNT信号通路中的靶基因在孕早期VSD亚组与孕中期VSD亚组中存在时序性差异。⑤随机挑选孕早期VSD亚组与孕中期VSD亚组时序性表达差异的4个miRNAs（hsa-miR-19a、hsa-let-7e、hsa-miR-134和hsa-miR-206）进行验证,定量PCR结果显示,孕早期VSD亚组分别上调3.2（hsa-miR-19a）和4.1倍（hsa-let-7e）,下调5.3（hsa-miR-134）和4.4倍（hsa-miR-206）;孕中期VSD亚组分别下调4.8（hsa-miR-19a）和3.4倍（hsa-let-7e）,上调4.5（hsa-miR-134）和3.9倍（hsa-miR-206）。结论时序性表达差异的miRNAs在胎儿VSD畸形的发生中可能起着重要作用,但本研究样本量较小,需要进一步扩大样本量进行验证。这些差异表达miRNAs的预测靶基因与细胞发育、分化和代谢密切相关,含有与心脏发育直接相关的关键基因,部分靶基因为WNT信号通路中的关键因子,提示VSD的发生发展是机体在miRNAs的参与下,在多个层面上使基因表达失控的共同结果。     

子宫内膜癌microRNA表达谱的初步研究

目的 筛选子宫内膜癌与正常子宫内膜组织中的差异mieroRNA.方法 收集3例患者的新鲜子宫内膜癌组织及正常子宫内膜组织,利用miRNA芯片对其进行实验分析,并采用茎环逆转录荧光定量PCR方法验证芯片结果的准确性.结果 相对正常子宫内膜组织,子宫内膜癌组织中表达上调的miRNA基因68个,下调的miRNA基因81个.采用茎环逆转录荧光定量PCR对显著上调的hsa-miR-205,hsa-miR-200b和hsa-miR200c以及显著下调的hsa-miR-495,hsa-miR-216b的验证结果与芯片检测结果一致.结论 筛选获得了子宫内膜癌的miRNA的差异表达谱,可能在子宫内膜癌的发病机制中发挥潜在作用。     

人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞在不同HER-2水平miRNAs表达谱检测

目的：通过对比观察人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7和MCF-7/HER-2中微小RNA( miRNAs)的差异性表达,初步筛选出与HER-2表达相关的miRNAs表达谱。方法培养人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7和MCF-7/HER-2,利用miRNA芯片技术检测两株细胞中miR-NAs的表达。结果利用miRNA微阵列,筛选获得217种与HER-2相关的miRNAs,较正常MCF-7细胞上调的miRNAs有123个,下调的有94个。在差异有显著性的miRNAs中,hsa-miR-141和hsa-miR-1299的靶基因有多种生物学功能。结论获得人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞在不同HER-2水平miRNAs的差异表达谱,为进一步分析HER-2在乳腺癌中的作用奠定基础。     

树突状细胞MicroRNA表达谱在HBsAg刺激后的变化

目的 建立HBsAg刺激树突状细胞(DC)前后microRNA (miRNA)表达的差异谱,为研究miRNA在乙型肝炎病毒感染的免疫机制中的作用提供理论基础.方法 体外培养原代DC,分别用HBsAg、LPS、TNFα刺激24 h后提取细胞总RNA,利用基因芯片技术进行比较,筛选出HBsAg刺激后差异表达显著的miRNA,利用计算机软件技术进行靶基因初步预测.结果 HBsAg刺激前后miRNA差异表达2倍以上者共30个,其中16个上调,14个下调.三个不同刺激组间miRNA差异谱存在不同差异.筛选出的靶基因中包含DC信号通路的相关成分.结论 HBsAg刺激DC后的miRNA表达谱的变化存在特异性;靶基因的初步筛选结果进一步提示了miRNA在乙型肝炎病毒感染的免疫机制中可能起着重要作用.     

早发型重度子痫前期血浆外泌体miRNAs表达谱分析

目的 通过比较早发型重度子痫前期（EOPE）患者与正常妊娠妇女血浆外泌体源性miRNAs表达谱的差异,初步探讨EOPE的发病机制。方法 收集于我院产检并最终诊断为EOPE的孕妇血浆（EOPE组,n=4）及正常妊娠妇女血浆（对照组,n=4）;对外泌体进行鉴定,提取血浆外泌体中的miRNAs进行测序,对差异表达的miRNAs进行生物信息学分析。分别利用3个靶基因预测网站进行靶基因预测,利用Venn图绘制数据库所预测的靶基因交集。使用在线分析网站DAVID分析2组差异表达蛋白中的GO功能注释结果,然后进行KEGG通路富集分析。用RT-PCR检测胎盘及血浆外泌体miRNAs水平。结果 检测到的颗粒直径为30～180 nm,峰值为112.8 nm;外形为茶状或椭圆形;2组均显著表达TSG101和CD63。测序结果显示：与对照组相比,EOPE组中共筛查出27个有显著表达差异的miRNAs,其中15个表达上调,12个表达下调;表达差异最显著的上调miRNA为miR-152。在线数据库网站预测所有差异表达miRNAs靶基因共8 414个,经生物信息学分析显示其靶基因在补体、凝血级联、MMPs信号通路及...     

百草枯致小鼠肺泡上皮细胞损伤过程中microRNA表达谱分析

目的 研究百草枯(PQ)致小鼠肺泡上皮细胞损伤过程中microRNA(miRNA)表达谱的变化,并预测差异表达的miRNA靶基因和相关的生物学功能.方法 体外培养小鼠肺泡上皮细胞系MLE12细胞,加入不同浓度的PQ,通过CCK-8方法检测细胞活力以及流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,最终选择100μ MPQ作为合适的实验浓度.进一步设立对照组和实验组,对照组加入等量PBS的培养液,实验组加入100μ MPQ的培养液,24h后用基因芯片检测两组microRNA表达谱的改变,分析差异表达的miRNA并用生物信息学方法预测靶基因及相关信号调节通路.结果 100μmol/LPQ处理MLE-12细胞24h后,细胞活性下降约50％,细胞凋亡率约15％.基因芯片共筛选出11个差异表达的miRNA,其中1个被上调,10个被下调.预测这些上下调的miRNA靶基因与细胞的线粒体凋亡途径以及DNA的甲基化相关,参与PI3K-Akt、mTOR、RAS、TNF和MAPK等与氧化应激以及凋亡相关的信号通路的调节.结论 PQ对小鼠肺泡上皮细胞的损伤进程中microRNA表达谱发生了改变,这些差异表达的miRNA可能是细胞氧化应激及凋亡的重要调节因素.     

结肠腺癌小RNA表达谱研究

目的:探讨结肠腺癌及癌旁正常组织的microRNA分子表达谱的差异,为进一步研究相关microRNA在结肠腺癌发生、发展中的分子机制奠定基础。方法:选取3例新鲜的结肠腺癌组织及其癌旁正常粘膜组织,采用microRNA荧光探针杂交芯片扫描技术获得结肠腺癌和癌旁组织中的mi-croRNA表达谱,以样品间表达变化上下2倍作为阈值范围筛选差异表达的内源性microRNA。应用荧光实时定量聚合酶链式扩增技术(qRT-PCR)对表达谱的可靠性进行验证。结果:共获得差异表达的microRNA80个,其中上调30个,下调50个。分析得到变化具有统计学意义(P0.05)的microRNA29个,其中上调2个,下调27个。qRT-PCR的结果与芯片结果一致。结论:结肠腺癌组织和正常组织存在差异表达的microR-NA分子,可能与结肠腺癌的发生、发展相关,microRNA有望成为结肠腺癌分子检测的重要指标及生物治疗的靶向基因。     

自发性高血压大鼠延髓microRNA差异表达分析

目的　探讨自发性高血压大鼠延髓microRNA（miRNA）差异表达谱及其靶基因生物信息学分析。 方法　采用自发性高血压大鼠模型（SHR组）,同周龄SD大鼠为对照组（Control组）。利用miRNA芯片检测大鼠延髓中miRNAs差异表达谱。 结果　与对照组比较,SHR组尾动脉收缩压显著升高（P＜0.0001）;SHR组延髓组织miRNAs有显著差异表达谱,16个miRNAs表达上调和7个miRNAs表达下调（1.5-fold change cutoff, P<0.05）。qRT-PCR验证结果显示,与对照组比较,SHR组延髓miR-153、miR-193及miR-301a表达显著下降,与芯片结果一致。生物信息学分析显示,差异表达miRNAs可能调控2775个靶基因（target score≥83）。这些靶基因主要富集在12个信号通路,包括磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（Phosphatidylinositide3-kinase,PI3K）通路等。 结论　自发性高血压大鼠延髓组织中miR-153、miR-193及miR-301a明显下调,且生物信息学分析提示PI3K通路介导神经炎症可能作为高血压中枢相关差异表达miRNAs调控靶基因介导的主要致病通路。     

hsa-miR-10b在3株宫颈癌细胞系中的表达及靶基因预测

目的分析3株宫颈癌细胞系中hsa-miR-10b表达水平,并预测hsa-miR-10b的靶基因。方法用PCR技术检测3株宫颈癌细胞系中hsa-miR-10b表达水平;Pub Med检索hsa-miR-10b相关文献;miRbase和NCBI分析其序列保守性及所在基因组特征;TargetScan、PicTar及miRanda数据库预测其靶基因,并结合已证实的靶基因对其进行功能和信号通路富集分析。结果与C-33A相比,HeLa和CaSki中hsa-miR-10b表达水平显著下调(P0.01);hsa-miR-10b与多种肿瘤的发生发展有关;hsa-miR-10b定位于人染色体2q31.1,在各物种之间具有高度保守性;其靶基因主要参与转录、基因表达调控和细胞增殖等生物学过程(P0.05),涉及肿瘤、细胞周期和ARF等信号通路(P0.05)。结论 hsa-miR-10b功能广泛,与宫颈癌的发生发展密切相关,靶基因的预测为后续研究提供依据。     

miR-21在脑出血患者外周血中表达特点的研究

目的研究脑出血患者外周血中microRNA的表达特点,探讨miR-21在脑出血患者外周血中的表达与脑出血后时间相关性。方法采用病例对照研究方法,病例组选择基底节区脑出血患者作为研究对象,正常对照组来自健康志愿者,并要求年龄和性别等因素与病例组匹配。采集4例病例组患者和与之相匹配的4例对照组患者外周静脉血,提取血清,抽提RNA,采用microRNA芯片技术分析microRNA在各组间的表达情况,运用统计学方法分析病例组与对照组临床资料的差异性及microRNA表达的差异性。运用靶基因预测软件及文献复习,挑选出可能与ICH相关的microRNA(miR-21)及其靶基因,采集31例病例组患者在脑出血后6h、24h、72h及7d的外周血,采集11例对照组患者外周血,提取血清,抽提RNA,采用real-time PCR方法扩大样本量进一步研究miR-21在脑出血患者外周血中的表达与出血时间的相关性,探讨其可能的分子作用机制。结果microRNA芯片结果显示,脑出血患者外周血中,共有101种microRNA表达下调(fold change1.5),53种microRNA有统计学差异;表达上调的microRNA共有10种,其中2种呈差异性表达;通过靶基因预测软件及文献复习,分析miR-21可能与脑出血的多个病理机制相关;real-time PCR验证实验结果与芯片结果一致,miR-21在脑出血患者外周血中表达下调;且miR-21在发病6h、24h、72h及7d各个时间点表达随时间呈曲线变化趋势。结论脑出血患者血清中存在着特异性的mico RNA表达谱;miR-21在脑出血患者外周血中随时间变化表达下调,且其变化趋势与脑出血后水肿程度相一致。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.