广州地区汉族群体15个短串联重复序列基因座遗传多态性分析

目的:调查广州地区汉族人群15个短串联重复序列(short tandem repeat,STR)基因座遗传多态性分布。方法:应用荧光标记多重PCR方法和毛细管电泳技术,检测156名汉族无关个体的15个STR基因座基因型。结果:15个STR基因座的基因频率分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,15个STR遗传标记均具有高度多态性,杂合度均超过0.64,15个基因座的个体识别力在0.816～0.966之间,非父排除率在0.343～0.725之间,匹配概率在0.038～0.184之间。15个基因座的累积个体识别能力为0.999 999以上,累积非父排除率为0.999 75,累积匹配概率为8.84×10-18。结论:该15个STR基因座具有高度多态性,可用于移植术后供者植入状态的监测。     

温州永嘉汉族人群3个Y-STR基因座的遗传多态性研究

目的研究3个Y染色体STR基因座及其单倍型在温州永嘉人群中的遗传多态性分布,获得相应的群体遗传学数据。方法用复合扩增的方法扩增DYS435、DYS436和DYS4373个基因座,利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及银染显带技术进行分型,检测140名无关男性个体单倍型分布。结果3个基因座在该群体中分别检出3、3、4个等位基因,GD值分别是0.5100,0.1490,0.4056,观察到11种单倍型,其单倍型的变异度为0.7042。结论Y-STR基因座复合扩增体系和建立的Y染色体STR数据库,在法医学鉴定中有帮助意义。     

四川汉族群体8个Y—STR的遗传分析

目的调查四川汉族群体8个Y-染色体STR的遗传多态性,分析8个Y染色体STR的等位基因序列。方法利用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对8个Y-STR基因座进行分型。结果DYS443、DYS453、DYS455、DYS456是简单重复序列的Y—STR,DYS444、DYS448、DYS457、DYS458是复杂重复序列的Y-STR。108位男性个体观察到106种单体型。8个Y—STR的基因变异度在0．355—0．821之间,单体型变异度为0．9996。结论在四川汉族群体,8个基因座构成的单体型具有较好的个人识别能力和非父排除率。     

潮汕地区汉族人群20个Y染色体短串联重复序列基因座复合扩增及遗传多态性

目的获得20个Y染色体短串联重复序列（Yshort tandemrepeats,Y-STR）基因座及其单倍型在潮汕地区汉族人群中的遗传多态性分布情况,评估其法医学应用价值。方法通过建立3组Y-STR荧光标记复合扩增系统（MultiplexⅠ：DYS434,Y-GATA-A10,DYS438,DYS439,DYS531,DYS557,DYS448,DYS456,DYS444;MultiplexⅡ：DYS458,DYS460,DYS443,DYS447,DYS446,DYS709;MultiplexⅢ：DYS622,DYS635,Y-GATA-H4,DYS520,DYS630）,对潮汕地区汉族158名无关男性个体进行20个STR基因座的复合扩增,用ABI310基因分析仪对扩增产物进行检测,统计20个Y-STR基因座的群体遗传学参数。结果3组复合扩增系统均可成功进行分型,基因多样性（gene diversity,GD）值最低为0.2506（DYS434）,最高为0.8034（DYS447）;20个Y-STR基因座共同构成的单倍型157种,其中156种为唯一的,单倍型多样性为0.999998。另对30个父性家系调查显示：同一家系成员20个Y-STR基因座单倍型一致,未观察到基因突变。结论20个Y-STR基因座具有丰富的遗传多态性,父系遗传稳定,建立的3组Y-STR荧光标记复合扩增系统分型可靠,可用于法医学个体识别和亲权鉴定。     

四川汉族群体8个Y-STR的遗传分析

目的 调查四川汉族群体8个Y染色体STR的遗传多态性,分析8个Y染色体STR的等位基因序列.方法 利用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对8个Y-STR基因座进行分型.结果 DYS443、DYS453、DYS455、DYS456是简单重复序列的Y-STR,DYS444、DYS448、DYS457、DYS458是复杂重复序列的Y-STR.108位男性个体观察到106种单体型.8个Y-STR的基因变异度在0.355～0.821之间,单体型变异度为0.9996.结论 在四川汉族群体,8个基因座构成的单体型具有较好的个人识别能力和非父排除率.     

潮汕地区汉族人群12个Y短串联重复序列基因座遗传多态性分析

目的调查潮汕地区汉族人群12个Y染色体短串联重复序列基因座的遗传多态性。方法应用PowerPlex^TM Y荧光标记复合扩增系统，对潮汕地区121名无关男性个体血样进行12个Y染色体短串联重复序列基因座的复合扩增，用ABIPRISM 3100遗传分析仪对扩增产物进行检测分析。结果DYS19、DYS437、DYS389Ⅰ、DYS389Ⅱ、DYS438、DYS439、DYS393、DYS391、DYS390、DYS392基因座检出4—7个基因型，DYS385检出35个等位基因组，各基因座遗传多样性（gene diversity，GD值）分布在0．4445—0．9525之间，DYS385基因座最高。结论上述12个Y染色体短串联重复序列基因座构成的单倍型在潮汕人群中具有较高的遗传多态性，适用于法医个体识别和亲权鉴定、遗传学及人类学的相关研究。     

PowerPlex~Fusion Kit 24个STRs在河南汉族人群中的遗传多态性研究

目的 调查河南地区汉族人群24个短串联重复序列(STR)基因座的遗传多态性研究。方法 本研究所使用的PowerPlexFusion System是美国Promega公司新近推出的一种扩增24个位点的多重复合扩增系统。包括22个常染色体位点1个性别位点Amelogenin及1个男性专有的DYS391位点。使用AB9700 PCR扩增仪和3500Dx遗传分析仪,对河南地区1503名汉族无关个体进行基因组多态性检测,并用Genemapper ID-X软件进行基因分型。结果 22个常染色体STR基因座在1503名河南汉族无关个体中的等位基因频率介于0.0003-0.7200,个体识别能力介于0.4330-0.9870,多态性信息含量值介于0.3800-0.9100,观察杂合度值介于0.6310-0.8720,期望杂合度值介于0.4329-0.9987,非父排除率值介于0.3440-0.7300,经典父权指数值介于0.5000-3.9100。22个常染色体STR基因座中,Penta E的各项多态性指标均为最高,TPOX基因座的各项指标值均为最低。结论 PowerPlexFusion System扩增体系所包含的22个常染色体STR及1个Y-STR在河南汉族中具有极高的遗传多态性、个体识别力和非父排除率,可用于河南汉族群体的亲子鉴定、个体识别以及DNA数据库建设。     

华北地区汉族群体15个短串联重复序列基因座遗传多态性分析

目的调查华北地区汉族人群15个短串联重复序列(shorttandemrepeat,STR)基因座遗传多态性分布和群体遗传学数据。方法应用毛细管电泳技术和五色荧光复合扩增的方法,检测597名汉族无关个体的15个STR基因座基因型。结果15个STR基因座的基因频率分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,所检测的15个STR遗传标记均具有高度多态性,杂合度均超过0.62,15个基因座的个体识别力在0.802~0.967之间,非父排除率在0.320~0·697之间,匹配概率在0.033~0.198之间。15个基因座的累积个体识别能力为0.999999以上,累积非父排除率为0.99999571,累积匹配概率为8.93×10-18。结论联合检测15个基因座可为亲缘鉴定和个体识别提供可靠的法医学证据,这15个STR基因座适用于中国人群的法医物证学检验。     

中国海南岛黎族人群Y染色体上四个微卫星基因座的多态性研究

目的：调查4个Y染色体短串联重复序列（short tandem repeat,STR)基因座的遗传多态在海南岛黎族群体中的分布状况。方法：应用多重聚合酶链反应主增后，用ABI377自动测序仪进行基因扫描分型。结果：在230名无亲缘关系的黎族男性个体中观察到4个Y－STR基因座均有遗传多态性，DYS3891有4种等位基因，DYS390有5种等位基因，DYS391有4种等位基因，DYS393有5种等位基因。获得了黎族群体在4个Y－STR基因座的等位基因频率、基因多样性和单倍型频率数据。结论：为我国不同民族人群Y染色体特异性STR的群体遗传学、法医学提供了可比性资料，对海南岛黎族的起源及进化研究有较大的意义。     

河北汉族人群四个X染色体短串联重复序列基因座遗传多态性研究

目的调查DXS6800、DXS6797、GATA172D05、DXS9864个基因座在河北汉族人群中的遗传多态性。方法无关个体样本基因组DNA的提取采用酚-氯仿法,家系和腐败降解检材基因组DNA的提取采用Chelex-100法。用PCR和变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及DNA序列分析河北汉族150名无关男性及150名无关女性个体DXS6800、DXS6797、GATA172D05、DXS9864个基因座的遗传多态性。结果4个基因座共检测到25个等位基因,男性个体共检出138种单倍型,男性单倍型多样性为0.9986。结论DXS6800、DXS6797、GATA172D05、DXS9864个基因座的多态性数据为X染色体短串联重复序列数据库的建立提供了河北汉族人群的群体遗传学资料。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.