复杂性冠状动脉病变的支架治疗

对２８例３２处复杂性冠状动脉（冠脉）病变的病人行冠脉内支架置入术，置入ＰａｌｍａｔｚＳｃｈａｔｚ型支架３２个，Ｇｉａｎｔｕｒｃｏ－Ｒｏｕｂｉｎ型支架４个，其中２例置入３个支架，２例由于病变较长，故在同一病变部位置入２个支架，２例因置入支架时造成病变近端血管撕裂而重新置入另一个支架，支架置入成功率１００％，２例出现局部血管撕裂，１例术后股动脉穿刺部位血肿，２例出院后口服华法令过程中出现皮肤淤斑，１例出现肉眼血尿，无其它并发症。有５例术后半年行冠脉造影示支架部位血流通畅，无再狭窄发生。     

冠状动脉内支架应用的初步体会

自１９９４年４月至１９９６年２月对６３例冠心病患者施行６８次经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）中的６９支冠状动脉植入８３个支架。其中Ｃ型病变占多数。支架全部植入成功。５例ＰＴＣＡ术中急性闭塞者使用支架无死亡、心肌梗塞和紧急冠脉旁路术。随访中１例术后４天发生猝死，１例术后５天心肌梗塞，１２例术后２～６个月胸痛复发（１９．７％）。由于支架的使用，扩大了ＰＴＣＡ的适应证，减少了ＰＴＣＡ的并发症     

经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术并发急性血管闭塞

目的：探讨急性血管闭塞的发生及治疗。方法：回顾总结我院１０３４例经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）的急性血管闭塞及治疗情况。结果：３１例（３．０％）患者发生急性血管闭塞,其中８例系急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）;１６例为不稳定性心绞痛,７例为稳定性心绞痛。发生急性血管闭塞的时间：２８例（９０．３％）患者在ＰＴＣＡ术中,３例在术后。９例患者因血压降低需用升压药,其中５例需主动脉内球囊反搏（ＩＡＢＰ）支持。４例急性血管闭塞时发生心室颤动,１例出现心室停搏。处理结果：３１例患者中２４例用球囊长时间加压;１８例植入支架;２５例治疗成功,成功率为８０．６％。２例（６．５％）死亡;３例（９．７％）发生心肌梗塞;１例（３．２％）急诊行冠状动脉旁路移植手术。结论：急性血管闭塞的发生与不稳定性心绞痛、多支血管病变、复杂病变有关,采取冠状动脉内支架及长时间加压治疗有助于减少并发症。     

经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术后冠状动脉再狭窄的外科治疗

目的：探讨经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）后冠状动脉再狭窄的治疗方法。方法分析２５例ＰＴＣＡ术后冠状动脉再狭窄接受冠状动脉旁路移植手术（ＣＡＢＧ）患的ＰＴＣＡ前后的临床资料。ＰＴＣＡ后心绞痛症状未缓解５例,术后２天至１７个月复发心绞痛２０例,平均再狭窄发生时间ＰＴＣＡ后４．６个月。一次ＰＴＣＡ后选择ＣＡＢＧ１９例,２次４例,３次２例。除ＰＴＣＡ或支架部位处发生再狭窄外,５例狭窄以冠状动脉病     

慢性冠状动脉完全闭塞病变的介入治疗

目的探讨慢性冠状动脉完全闭塞病变行ＰＴＣＡ和支架置入治疗的可行性和临床价值。方法对血管完全闭塞病变行ＰＴＣＡ和（或）支架置入治疗,评价其临床效果。结果共对２８例完全闭塞的冠状动脉行ＰＴＣＡ和冠脉内支架治疗。１７支左前降支治疗中,４例失败,植入支架６例。４支左回旋支治疗中,１例失败,置入支架１例。７支右冠状动脉治疗中,３例失败,置入支架２例。成功率为７１．４％,９例病人置入支架（３２．１％）,无严重并发症。随访１～４２个月效果良好。结论对血管完全闭塞病变行ＰＴＣＡ和支架置入治疗,仍有较高的成功率和安全性。     

冠状动脉内Palmaz－Schatz支架植入术70例分析

为评价冠状动脉内Ｐａｌｍａｚ－Ｓｃｈａｔｚ支架的临床效果，我们回顾性总结分析了７０例冠心病患者７４支冠状动脉血管８０个Ｐａｌｍａｚ－Ｓｃｈａｔｚ支架植入的临床成功率、并发症及远期疗效。结果：ＤｅＮｏｖｏ支架植入６３个，Ｓｕｂｏｐｔｉｍａｌ支架植入１１个，Ｂａｉｌ－ｏｕｔ支架植入４个，再狭窄病变支架植入２个。左前降支３７处病变植入４１个支架，左回旋支１１处病变植入１１个支架，右冠状动脉２５处病变植入２７个支架，１处病变植入１个支架。支架植入的成功率为９８．７％。术中１例ＳＶＧ支架植入术中近端血管血栓形成。住院期间无亚急性支架血栓形成或严重出血性并发症。术后３～２４个月３０例患者共３３个支架接受冠状动脉造影随访，６例６个支架节段血管有再狭窄，再狭窄率为１８．７％。结果提示：冠脉内Ｐａｌｍａｚ－Ｓｃｈａｔｚ支架是一种安全有效的介入性治疗技术，其成功率高，并发症率低，并可能有降低或延缓血管再狭窄发生的作用     

冠状动脉完全闭塞病变的经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术

我们自１９８７年１２月至１９９３年１０月对５５例５８支冠状动脉完全闭塞病变（ＴＯ）行经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（ＰＴＣＡ），占同期ＰＴＣＡ总数的１８．２％。患者平均年龄５６．４±７．５岁，心绞痛患者１９例，心肌梗塞患者３６例，其中梗塞后１０小时内行急诊ＰＴＣＡ２例，１个月内和１个月以后行ＰＴＣＡ分别为６例和２８例。ＴＯ平均时间６８．４±４６．６天。完全闭塞和次全闭塞各占６５．５％和３４．５％。结果显示：病例成功率为８９．１％，病变成功率为８７．９％；完全闭塞成功率为８９．５％，次全闭塞成功率为８５．０％。闭塞类型、闭塞时间、闭塞长度等特征对成功率无显著性影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）；血管并发症率为１２．１％（７／５８），处理成功６处，死亡１例。     

9种类型冠状动脉支架的临床应用价值

对４０例冠心病患者的４１例冠状动脉４２名病变植入５１枚病脉内支架。植入的支架类型包括：Ｂｅｓｔｅｎｔ支架,ＢａｒｄＸＴ支架,Ａｎｇｉｏ支架,ＡＶＥ支架,Ｄｅｖｏｎ支架,Ｍｕｌｔｉ－ｌｉｎｋ支架,Ｗｉｌｋｔｏｒ支架,ＣＶＤ支架及Ｇｉａｇｔｕｒｃｏ－ＲｏｂｉｎⅡ支架等９种。     

血管内支架在冠状动脉复杂病变成形术中的临床作用

本文报道了３１例冠心病患者复杂冠状动脉病变在经皮冠状动脉成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）并发急性血管内闭塞、内膜严重撕裂、术后显著残留狭窄及短期内再狭窄等的情况下行冠状动脉内支架植入术（ＣＡＳＩ）,均获成功。术后急性血管闭塞和内膜撕裂征象消失,残留狭窄及再狭窄解除,未出现出血和穿刺部位血管并发症及ＣＡＳＩ后亚急性血栓形成。随访２６例,１例术后１３天发生猝死,２例因胸痛复发经造影证实支架血管再狭窄,再次球囊扩张后再狭窄改善,余２３例冠状动脉造影示支架血管正常。结果表明,冠心病复杂冠状动脉病变行ＣＡＳＩ是解除ＰＴＣＡ急性并发症的安全有效的可行方法,亦有助于ＰＴＣＡ后再狭窄的防治。     

冠状动脉内支架在经皮冠状动脉内血管成形术中的应用

在经皮冠状动脉内血管成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）中，１６例患者因发生冠脉内膜剥离、急性血管闭塞及再狭窄而放置冠脉内支架，成功１５例。认为冠脉内支架可有效地防止ＰＴＣＡ术的急性并发症（内膜剥离、夹层形成、血管急性闭塞等）的发生。     

Clinical experience with the Wiktor stent in native coronary arteries and coronary bypass grafts.

OBJECTIVES--To evaluate the results of implantation of Wiktor tantalum wire coronary stents in stenosed or occluded coronary vessels or in saphenous vein bypass grafts. DESIGN--A retrospective analysis of clinical and angiographic data from patients treated with tantalum wire stents implanted by one operator at two centres. PATIENTS--52 patients undergoing conventional balloon angioplasty had 67 lesions treated by stents after acute or threatened closure of the target vessel, or because the lesions concerned were considered to be at particularly high risk of becoming restenosed, or because the result of primary angioplasty was inadequate. RESULTS--65 of the 67 lesions were successfully stented although in two cases the first attempt failed and a second stent was then implanted successfully. There were no cases of stent occlusion and no myocardial infarctions in hospital or in the follow up period of 1-20 months. Eight patients had haemorrhagic complications that were minor in 4. One patient later had coronary bypass surgery after failure to stent a lesion. Angiographic follow up at a mean of 6 months after stenting showed restenosis associated with 4 of 47 stents studied. All patients with chest pain had had repeat angiography, and 84% of those without symptoms also agreed to reinvestigation after about 6 months. CONCLUSIONS--The Wiktor tantalum wire stent is an effective means of treating acute complications during angioplasty and seems to offer hope of a significant reduction in the rate of late restenosis in both native coronary vessels and saphenous vein bypass grafts. A prospective comparison of balloon angioplasty and stenting is needed.     

Stents for intracoronary placement: Current status and future directions

The technique of intracoronary stenting has achieved remarkable progress over the last few years. Improved stent deployment techniques and optimization of postprocedural management have dramatically improved the safety of intracoronary stent placement. At present the incidence of early vessel closure after stenting is even lower than that after standard angioplasty and, as most operators no longer prescribe aggressive anticoagulation, bleeding complications are uncommon.Stenting has become an extremely effective treatment for abrupt or threatened vessel closure or for any suboptimal angiographic result during conventional angioplasty. Furthermore, large prospective trials have demonstrated that its efficacy is superior to that of conventional angioplasty for primary restensis prevention in focal lesions of some native coronary arteries. Ongoing trials tend to extrapolate these conclusions to saphenous vein graft lesions.Mechanical support of the vessel wall explains the sustained angiographic benefit observed after stenting. Future developments may include the use of stents as a vehicle for local drug delivery in an attempt to further reduce the incidence of restenosis.In view of these results, coronary stents should be considered a new standard therapeutic modality in interventional cardiology.     

不同类型冠状动脉支架在冠心病治疗中的应用

对20例冠心病患者的26处冠状动脉病变植入四种不同类型的冠脉内支架。植入Palmatz－Schatz型支架8枚、Gianturco－Rubin型支架8枚、Multi-Link型支架8枚、NIR－stent2枚。支架植入成功率100％，均无残留狭窄。2例术后股动脉穿刺部位血肿。随访1～18个月，有2例再发心绞痛，其中1例经造影证实为再狭窄。认为根据不同病变选用不同类型的支架是保证支架植入成功的重要环节，植入后用耐高压球囊进一步扩张可减少支架植入后的血栓形成。     

急诊冠状动脉内支架置入治疗不稳定性心绞痛

目的　探讨在不稳定性心绞痛病人症状未缓解状态下行急诊冠状动脉内支架置入的疗效及安全性。方法　对53例不稳定性心绞痛病人在心绞痛反复发作时即行冠状动脉造影，明确病变后行冠状动脉支架置入术。结果　53处病变置入56个支架，术中无严重并发症，34例心绞痛消失；9例有不典型胸痛，症状在1～2天内消失，无急诊冠状动脉搭桥及死亡。随访3个月～3年,6例冠脉造影证实再狭窄，5例行再次PTCA术后症状消失，1例行PTCA后仍有症状行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)，无死亡病例。结论　冠状动脉内支架置入治疗急性冠状动脉综合征近期及远期效果较好，治疗成功率及安全性较高。     

冠状动脉内支架植入术中的并发症及处理

目的为提高对冠状动脉内支架植入中并发症的认识及处理的水平。方法自１９９４年１月至１９９６年１０月对８０例冠心病患者行了冠状动脉内支架植入术（ＣＡＳＩ），共植入支架１１３个，其中Ｂａｉｌｏｕｔｓｔｅｎｔｉｎｇ２６个，Ｄｅｎｏｖｏｓｔｅｎｔｉｎｇ８７个，支架类型以ＰａｌｍａｚＳｃｈａｔｚ型最多，植入成功率为９６５％（１１０／１１３）。结果术中发生并发症１４例次，发生率为１２３％（１４／１１３），其中以支架植入时造成血管病变部位近端及远端正常血管撕裂为多见。术后死亡２例。结论支架虽有较好的临床效果，但也会引起一些并发症，如处理不当甚至会造成死亡，应引起重视     

冠状动脉内支架置入术治疗老年患者复杂冠状动脉病变

目的　探讨经皮冠状动脉腔内支架置入术治疗老年患者复杂性冠状动脉病变的疗效及安全性。方法对 4 5例冠心病患者施行冠状动脉内支架置入术 ,病变血管共 5 8支 ,B型病变 4 9处 ,C型病变 1 3处 ,慢性完全闭塞病变 4处 ,共置入支架 64只。置入左前降支 2 7只 ,左回旋支 1 3只 ,右冠状动脉 2 4只。De Novo支架置入 4 4只 ,Suboptimal支架置入 1 5只 ,Bail-out支架置入 3只 ,再狭窄病变支架置入 2只。结果　术后经冠状动脉造影证实疗效满意 ,支架置入成功率为 98.4 %。术前病变平均直径狭窄 (86.5± 7.8) % ,术后残余直径狭窄 (5 .1± 1 0 .3 ) %。住院期间无亚急性支架血栓形成。 1例出现假性动脉瘤 ,1例在术中及术后出现三次心室颤动 ,4例患者术后心绞痛复发 ,复查冠状动脉造影发现了 3个支架节段血管有再狭窄。结论　对于老年冠心病患者复杂冠状动脉病变 ,经皮冠状动脉内支架置入术是一种安全有效的介入性治疗技术 ,其成功率高 ,并发症发生率低     

Angiographic restenosis after successful Wallstent stent implantation: an analysis of risk predictors.

Follow-up angiographic study was performed in 86 patients after initially successful Wallstent stent (Medinvent, Lausanne, Switzerland) implantation between April 1986 and October 1990. The stent angiographic restenosis rate was 16% at a mean of 8 months after stenting despite the inclusion of a substantial number of patients at high risk of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Of a total 15 variables analyzed, only suboptimal stent placement was found to be a significant predictor of stent restenosis. Age; gender; baseline New York Heart Association functional class; previous PTCA; indication for stenting; left ventricular ejection fraction; preangioplasty and immediate postangioplasty diameter stenosis severity; stented vessel site, lesional morphology; number, diameter, and length of stents implanted; and the interval between stenting and follow-up angiographic restudy were not significant risk factors of stent restenosis. Our study suggests that intracoronary stent implantation with the Wallstent may be a useful and promising adjunctive option after PTCA, particularly in patients at high risk of restenosis after PTCA. However, because of the significantly enhanced risk of restenosis after suboptimal stent implantation, we strongly recommend the selection and placement of Wallstent stents that adequately cover the entire length of the dilated coronary segment.     

Intracoronary radiotherapy with a (188)rhenium liquid-filled PTCA balloon system in in-stent restenosis: acute and long-term angiographic results, as well as 1-year clinical follow-up

BACKGROUND: Intracoronary radiotherapy with beta- and gamma-emitters has been shown to reduce the risk of restenosis after balloon angioplasty and after coronary stenting. The present study addresses the question whether intracoronary radiotherapy using the (188)rhenium liquid-filled PTCA balloon system is feasible, safe and effective in cases of in-stent restenosis. Acute and long-term angiographic results as well as clinical events within 1 year after the procedure were evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: From September 1999 to April 2000, 41 patients (mean age 60+/-10 years, 33 male, 8 female) with symptomatic in-stent restenosis underwent repeat PTCA and immediate intracoronary brachytherapy. After successful repeat PTCA (residual stenosis less than 30% in diameter), a second standard PTCA catheter was inflated with liquid (188)rhenium in the redilated in-stent restenosis for 315-880, mean 540+/-155 s with low pressure (3 atm) in order to reach 30 Gy at 0.5 mm depth of the vessel wall. In all patients with successful reintervention, intracoronary radiotherapy was unproblematically performed; in 16 patients, 21 new stents were implanted during the procedure-either immediately before or after radiation therapy. During follow-up, four episodes of stent thrombosis with subsequent myocardial infarction occurred in three patients (8 days, 37 days, 5 months and 6 months after the procedure, respectively). This complication was seen exclusively in patients with newly implanted stents. One patient of the stent group died suddenly 46 days after the procedure. All 40 surviving patients underwent repeat angiography in cases of repeat angina or routinely 6 months after brachytherapy, respectively. In the redilated target vessels without new stenting, restenosis (stenosis >50% in diameter) or reocclusion was observed in only 5 of 25 (=20%) cases, but in the restented target lesions, in 10 of 15 (=67%). Event-free survival (death, myocardial infarction, TVR) at 1 year after repeat dilatation and subsequent brachytherapy was 80% for patients not newly stented, but only 44% for patients with new stents. CONCLUSIONS: Intracoronary radiation therapy with the liquid-filled beta-emitting (188)rhenium balloon is a safe and effective therapy in cases of in-stent restenosis. The positive effect of irradiation, however, is abolished if a new stent is needed. In the not newly stented patients, 1-year follow-up is encouraging.     

Multicenter clinical experience with the development of a novel short coronary stent and its prototype device

Our initial experience with the Micro Stent PL™ and its prototype intracoronary stent is described. A total of 206 stents were implanted in 84 patients for threatened closure or restenosis following balloon angioplasty. The stenting procedure was successful and uncomplicated in 83 of 84 patients. Potential advantages of this particular stent relate to its short length, low surface area, expandability over a range of diameters, radiopacity, low profile, and ease of delivery. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Emergency Coronary Stenting with Wiktor Stent Ñ Immediate and Late Results

In case of failed angioplasty, coronary stenting has gradually emerged as a non-surgical method to restore vessel patency and optimize coronary blood flow. There is still little clinical and angiographic information on the use of radiopaque single loose interdigitating wire stents in angioplasty complicated by threatened or acute closure. Seventy-one patients received Wiktor stents after threatened vessel closure in 53 cases and acute closure in 18 cases. Stent delivery was successful in 98%. In-hospital death occurred in 1 case (1.4%). Stents occlusion were faced in 10 cases (14%), of which 6 presented early and 4 late after the procedure. Urgent bypass surgery was needed in 9 cases (12%) and 7 patients (10%) developed acute myocardial infarction. Serious bleeding complications occurred in 7 cases (10%) and vascular repair was performed in 4 patients (5%). During a follow-up of 20 +/- 10 months, 2 patients died, no myocardial infarction was observed and recurrence of angina was noted in 17 patients (24%). Angiographic analysis showed an acute gain in minimal lumen diameter of 1.71 +/- 0.22 mm and a late loss of 0.63 +/- 0.17 mm. Angiographic restenosis (diameter stenosis > 50%) presented in 20% of patients. Therefore, Wiktor stenting yields similar results than currently used stents in acute closure and strictly defined threatened vessel closure following angioplasty.