小鱼际肌肌内神经和肌梭密度分布

目的揭示小鱼际肌肌内神经和肌梭密度的分布规律。方法对成年20具尸体(40例)小鱼际标本用改良Sihler肌内神经染色法和苏木精-伊红(HE)染色法。结果小鱼际肌肌外神经干长0.49～1.64 cm,从肌起端深面入肌。小指展肌内尺侧和桡侧有独立的神经支配,可分为两个神经肌亚部;小指短屈肌的肌内神经干斜行穿越肌实质中央;小指对掌肌内神经吻合形式多样,"U"型吻合更明显。3块肌的桡侧部神经分支分布密集。小指对掌肌肌梭密度最高为(19.33±2.72)个/g;小指短屈肌其次,有(15.79±1.33)个/g;小指展肌最少,为(12.86±1.69)个/g。结论三块肌桡侧部更多地参与精细调节;肌块越小,肌梭密度越高。     

拇短屈肌形态特点及其神经支配

目的：进一步弄清拇短屈肌的神经支配，为临床有关神经损伤的诊治提供应用解剖学形态基础。方法：对３０只成人手标本拇短屈肌形态和神经支配进行了观测。结果：拇短屈肌浅头受正中神经返支支配，拇短屈肌深头受尺神经深支支配。尺神经深支的拇短屈肌深头肌支出现率占８６．７％，肌内平均支数为２．０±０．７支，有１０％的拇短屈肌深头肌支既支配拇短屈肌深头，又支配拇短屈肌浅头，并有一交通支与正中神经相连。结论：１０％的拇短屈肌具有双重性神经支配。因此，当正中神经损伤，部分病例的鱼际肌中个别肌肉可不出现瘫痪。     

家兔胸大肌肌内神经、运动终板与肌梭的分布

目的 :探究家兔胸大肌肌内神经、运动终板与肌梭的分布。方法 :改良的Sihler染色法、乙酰胆碱酯酶染色法及HE染色法。结果 :家兔胸大肌接受胸前神经和胸后神经支配。胸前神经主要支配横行纤维 ,并在其中部形成一“U”形的神经襻。胸后神经主要司斜行纤维 ,与胸前神经间存在吻合 ;胸大肌表面可见多条运动终板短带 ,弥散分布 ,似“虎皮样”外观 ;胸大肌的肌梭密度为 1 2 .98± 1 .85个 /克 ,但各部位的肌梭密度不同 ,以横行纤维中部最高。结论 :在家兔胸大肌内 ,肌内神经分支密集的部位 ,运动终板与肌梭分布密度亦高 ;该肌内肌梭的分布不均匀。     

足底内侧和外侧群肌的肌内神经整体分布模式及临床意义

目的 揭示足底内侧和外侧群肌的肌内神经整体分布模式,探讨其临床意义。 方法 24具成年尸体,完整取下足底内侧和外侧群肌,采用改良Sihler染色显示肌内神经分布模式。 结果 母收肌的神经支从肌止端的深面入肌,而 母展肌、母短屈肌、小趾展肌和小趾短屈肌的神经支常从肌起端的深面入肌。母展肌中有1个半月形和1个长方形的肌内神经密集区（INDR）;母收肌横头内有2个肾形INDRs,斜头内有1个肾形和1个长方形的INDR;母短屈肌、小趾展肌和小趾短屈肌内均有2个长方形的INDRs。这5块肌均可分为2个神经肌肉亚部,但各肌的INDR及其中心点在肌长上的百分位置不同。结论 上述结果可为外科手术免于神经损伤,肌移植的选材匹配,以及注射肉毒毒素A阻滞这些肌肉的痉挛提供形态学指导依据。     

人缝匠肌肌内神经、肌梭分布和神经入肌点定位

目的:观察人缝匠肌肌内神经分支分布;肌梭的分布部位、范围及密度,分析肌梭与肌内神经分布间的功能联系;测定神经入肌点,为临床外科提供肌形态学资料.方法:用大体解剖法观察20具尸体缝匠肌的形态学特点,并以髂前上棘为骨性标志,定位缝匠肌神经入肌点;用组织学H-E染色法研究5具尸体缝匠肌肌梭分布;用改良Sihler's 肌内神经染色法,探讨10具尸体缝匠肌肌内神经分支分布.结果:缝匠肌是1块由长肌束平行排列构成的带状肌.缝匠肌有2支1级神经支支配,发出分支支配肌的上、中和下部.缝匠肌的神经入肌点距髂前上棘(9.75±1.30)cm.结论:缝匠肌有2支一级神经支支配,神经支配有一定的区域性;缝匠肌肌内神经的分支分布与肌构筑学特点有关;缝匠肌的上部比中部和下部肌梭密度高;缝匠肌的神经入肌点集中在股前部上2/5区内.     

足部相关肌肉、肌腱组织材料弹性模量的测定

背景：目前,几乎所有足部三维有限元模型的材料参数均来自国外研究,尚未见有关国人组织材料参数的测量与报道。 目的：对国人足部的相关肌肉、肌腱材料做测量,获得初步的参数数据。 方法：解剖成年女性左小腿足新鲜标本拇长屈肌及其肌腱、拇短屈肌内外侧头、拇长伸肌及其肌腱、拇收肌横头及斜头、拇展肌,分别测量和计算各试样的截面积和位于夹具之间的长度并记录数值,将标本加载载荷,1个测样反复测量4次,采集强度极限、最大载荷等数据,以及载荷-位移曲线。根据胡克定律,计算各标本的弹性模量。 结果与结论：共得到了包括拇长伸肌、拇长屈肌、拇收肌、拇展肌横头和斜头、拇短屈肌内外侧头、拇长屈肌腱、拇长伸肌腱9个样本的相关测量数据,主要包括长度、宽度、厚度、横截面积、最大载荷、强度极限和弹性模量。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

肘肌游离肌瓣重建拇指对掌功能的解剖

目的 通过对肘肌和拇短展肌（APB）的解剖学研究,为肘肌作为游离肌瓣重建拇指对掌功能提供解剖学依据。 方法 选取8具肘部、前臂部与手部保存完好的尸体标本,使用游标卡尺（精度0.1 mm）和Image J 1.45 d软件测量肘肌与拇短展肌肌肉面积与肌纤维角度,以及支配两者的神经血管长度与直径,以定量描述肌肉结构以及涉及肘肌游离肌瓣重建拇指对掌功能手术规划的神经脉管系统。 结果 肘肌肌肉纤维长度为(82.0±12.0) mm,拇短展肌肌肉纤维长度为(51.6±8.3) mm;肘肌面积为(937±221) mm²,拇短展肌面积为(704±244) mm²;说明肘肌面积和长度均大于拇短展肌。肘肌和拇短展肌纤维平均角度分别为61°±10°和71°±12°,差异无显著性（P>0.05）。肘肌和拇短展肌神经血管直径分别为： 动脉直径（1.16±0.28）/（1.4±0.4）mm, 神经直径（1.7±0.3）/（1.9±0.3）mm,差异无显著性（P>0.05)。肘肌血管蒂（骨间后动脉）的长度（32.0±3.1）mm、直径（1.16±0.28）mm和并行静脉直径0.8 mm足够进行显微吻合术。 结论 与其他游离肌瓣相比,肘肌在解剖结构、供体并发症等方面优势明显,因此肘肌游离肌瓣进行拇指对掌功能重建十分适宜。     

家兔不同形态骨骼肌的肌内神经分布

目的探讨家兔不同形态骨骼肌的肌内神经分支分布。方法肌构筑法和改良的Sihler肌内神经染色法。结果清楚显示扁形的胸大肌接受胸前神经和胸后神经支配。胸前神经主要支配横行纤维,并在其中部形成—“U”形的神经襻。胸后神经主要支配斜行纤维,与前者的神经细分支间有吻合;羽状的跖肌由胫神经肌支支配,入肌后逐渐向肌的内、外两侧发出许多初级神经支,这些神经支又分出若干树枝状的次级支与细分支;梭形的趾长伸肌,有2条肌外神经干,上千及其分支支配止于第二趾的肌纤维,下干支配其余3趾的肌纤维。结论不同形态肌的肌内神经分支、分布与肌纤维排列有关;肌内神经分支走行有与肌束平行和,或垂直两种形式。     

浅识第1骨间掌侧肌

第1骨间掌侧肌firstPalmarin－terosseous，有的作者称为拇短屈肌深头deepheadofflexorpolllclsbrevis[1]或拇短屈肌深层deepstratumofflexorPollicisbre－yis，或拇深屈肌[2]，意见不一致。国内早在1964年就有人报导了有关第1骨间掌侧肌的调查结果[3]，但教科书和有关手的专著     

拇收肌后间隙内独立肌束的形态学研究

解剖观察成人手标本94侧（左52，右42），在拇收肌后间隙内独立肌束的存在率为72．34％，肌束远端肌腿终止于拇收肌腱近侧及拇指指背腱膜，依肌束近端附着位置和状态分为第一掌骨型（57．35％，第二掌骨型（7．35％），掌筋膜型（5．88％）及混合型（29．42％），肌束由尺神经支配，可视为拇内收肌的重要协同肌。     

The thenar muscles

Examination of the thenar muscles in 30 anatomical preparations of the hand have shown that the abductor pollicis brevis, the opponens pollicis, and the adductor pollicis muscles are made up of several muscle bellies. The number and insertions of these bellies are varied. Both heads of flexor pollicis brevis do not originate from any particular muscle belly. The superficial head of this muscle always inserted into the head of the thumb metacarpal, either completely, or, some of the fibres of the dorsal aponeurosis of the thumb were attached to the base of the proximal phalanx. Furthermore the anatomy of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle was related to the presence of a tendinous slip from abductor pollicis longus. These variations could have an influence on proprioception in the thumb ray.     

Characteristics of the electrophysiological activity of muscles attached to the transverse carpal ligament in carpal tunnel syndrome

The main cause of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) remains unknown. Stiffness of the subcutaneous area of the volar aspect of the carpal tunnel is present in many patients and suggests that the stiffness of muscles attached to the transverse carpal ligament is increased. We performed an electrophysiological study to investigate muscle activities and to clarify whether the stiffness of muscles attached to the transverse carpal ligament is involved in the pathogenesis of CTS. The subjects of this study included 16 patients with early CTS showing no motor dysfunction. Both thenar muscles (opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, and flexor pollicis brevis) and hypothenar muscles (opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis) were investigated. Surface electrodes were placed on each muscle, and maximum voluntary contractions with the thumb and little finger in opposition were maintained for 3 seconds in all patients and in 7 control subjects. Electromyographs were subjected to fast Fourier transform analysis, and the root mean square (RMS) and the mean power frequency (MPF) were determined for each muscle. The RMS of the opponens pollicis was significantly less in hands affected by CTS (292.8 μV) than in healthy hands (405.9 μV). The RMS did not differ between affected hands and healthy hands for the other 2 thenar muscles but did differ significantly for the hypothenar muscles. The MPF did not differ between affected hands and healthy hands for any muscle. The results show that electrophysiological differences are present among muscles innervated by the median nerve and that hypothenar muscles originally unrelated to median nerve dysfunction are also affected in early CTS. These results suggest that modulation of muscles attached to the transverse carpal ligament is involved in the pathogenesis of CTS.     

Biometry of thenar muscle origins on the flexor retinaculum

The transverse carpal ligament (TCL), the main part of the flexor retinaculum, serves as an anchor for the thenar muscles: abductor pollicis brevis (APB), superficial head of the flexor pollicis brevis (sFPB), and opponens pollicis (OPP). Biomechanically, the thenar muscles rely on their TCL anchoring to transmit muscle contractions distally for thumb force and motion production, and reciprocally, muscle contraction interacts with the TCL at the proximal end through the origins. However, scarce knowledge exists regarding the distribution pattern of the thenar muscle origins. The purpose of this study was to understand the anatomical interface between the thenar muscles and TCL by examining the origin distributions of the individual muscles. Ten cadaveric specimens were dissected for digitization of the muscle origins and TCL volar surface. Digitized data were used for mesh reconstruction and calculation of surface areas and centroids. The origin areas for APB, sFPB, and OPP were 105.8 ± 30.3, 64.6 ± 15.2, and 245.9 ± 70.7 mm², respectively. The surface area of the TCL was 386.2 ± 86.9 mm². The origin areas of APB and OPP on the TCL were comparable, 18.4 ± 4.8% and 17.3 ± 9.6% of the TCL area, respectively. The origin locations for APB, sFPB, and OPP were in proximal-radial quadrant of the TCL, on distal aponeurosis outside the TCL, and around the ridge of trapezium, respectively. The knowledge of the anatomical interface provides a foundation for the understanding of biomechanical interactions between the muscles and ligaments and pathomechanical implications.     

Case of an abductor pollicis longus muscle: variation or differentiation?

A variation of the abductor pollicis longus muscle in a 65 year old cadaver was encountered during routine dissection in our department. The muscle was found to split into two bellies and give off two tendons, one of which inserted to the abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis and flexor pollicis brevis muscles. The other tendon inserted to the first metacarpal bone which is considered a normal insertion site for the abductor pollicis longus muscle.     

The innervation of deep muscles of the human forearm extensors]

The innervation of four deep muscles of the human forearm extensors (the abductor pollicis longus, the extensor pollicis brevis, the extensor pollicis longus, and the extensor indicis muscles) were investigated in 24 bodies (48 sides) from those used in the 1989 and 1990 student courses in gross anatomy dissection at the Iwate Medical University School of Medicine. The forearm extensor muscles and the deep branch of the radial nerve were dissected intensively in the student courses in gross anatomy and were removed afterwards. The four deep muscles of the human forearm extensors and the nerves innervating the muscles were observed while they were immersed in the water and with use of a stereomicroscope--with the assistance of which they were drawn. In six sides the intramuscular nerve supply was also examined carefully and drawn. The results were as follows. 1. The nerves to the four deep muscles of the forearm extensors arose usually from the deep branch of the radial nerve after emerging the supinator muscle and sending branches to superficial forearm extensors. In some cases a nerve or nerves to the superficial forearm extensors were observed arising from the deep branch of the radial nerve after sending one or more branches to the deep forearm extensor muscles, or from the branches to the deep muscles themselves. However they were split easily from the deep branch of the radial nerve and from the branches to the four deep forearm extensors proximally near to the emerging of the deep branch from the supinator muscle. Therefore, it was considered to be constant that the nerves to the four deep forearm extensors arose from the deep branch of the radial nerve after branching to the superficial forearm extensors. 2. The radial group of the deep forearm extensors (the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis muscles) was innervated usually by one branch that arose from the deep branch of the radial nerve just after emerging from the supinator and giving off branches to the superficial forearm extensors. This branch ran on the dorsal (extensor) surface of the abductor pollicis longus muscle distally, sending many twigs to this muscle, and entered into the muscle at various distances from the origin (Figs. 1-6). The abductor pollicis brevis muscle was innervated by some twigs that ran usually inside but occasionally outside of the abductor pollicis longus muscle (Figs. 7-10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

足底中间群肌和足背肌肌内神经整体分布模式及意义

目的 揭示足底中间群和足背肌的肌内神经整体分布模式，探讨其意义。 方法 取下12具经福尔马林固定的成人尸体足底中间群肌和足背肌，改良的Sihler’s染色法显示肌内神经整体分布模式。 结果 接受足底内侧神经支配的趾短屈肌、第1和第2蚓状肌的神经支，分别从肌的内侧深面和浅面入肌；接受足底外侧神经支配的足底方肌、第3和第4蚓状肌的神经支从肌止端走向起端；骨间足底肌和骨间背侧肌的神经支从肌起端走向止端。趾短伸肌和母短伸肌的神经支共干。蚓状肌、第1和第2骨间足底肌、第1骨间背侧、母短伸肌和趾短伸肌仅在肌腹中部形成1个肌内神经密集区；趾短屈肌、足底方肌、第3骨间足底肌以及第2~4骨间背侧肌有2个肌内神经密集区，位于肌腹两侧，这些肌可分为2个神经肌亚部。 结论 这些结果可为外科手术免于神经损伤、肌移植的选材匹配，以及注射肉毒毒素A阻滞这些肌的痉挛提供形态学指导。