萎缩小肠粘膜上皮细胞凋亡及其相关基因表达的研究

目的：探讨细胞凋亡与小肠粘膜萎缩发生之间的关系。材料和方法,采用原位末端标记,免疫组化和ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ的方法,对正常小肠粘膜上皮和萎缩小肠粘膜上皮细胞凋亡的发生及其相关基因的表达进行对比研究。结果萎缩小肠粘膜上皮细胞凋亡的发生率明显高于正常小肠（Ｐ〈０．０５）;Ｃ－ＭＹＣ在萎缩小肠绒毛顶部异常高表达,ＢＡＸ和ＢＣＬ－２呈弥散分布,ＢＣＬ－２在萎榨小肠粘膜上皮的表达显著低于正常小肠（Ｐ〈０．０５）,Ｂ     

乳腺癌和癌前病变中细胞凋亡及其与bcl-2、PCNA表达的关系

目的：探讨细胞凋乳腺癌变过程中的作用及其与细胞增殖以及ｂｃｌ－２、ＰＣＮＡ表达的关系。方法：利用ＴＵＮＥＬ法及免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法检测５４例乳腺癌及２７例非癌病变中细胞凋亡指数（ＡＩ）以及ｂｃｌ－２、ＰＣＮＡ的表达,同时计算核分裂指数（ＭＩ）。结果：“正常”乳腺上皮、增生性导管、原位主浸润性癌的Ａ少ＭＩ分别为：０．１０％±０．１２％、０．３１％±０．４３％、０．４１％±０．２１％、０．７４％±０．５６     

联合应用生长激素和谷氨酰胺对短肠大鼠小肠粘膜上皮细胞凋亡发生分布的影响

目的 :探讨联合应用生长激素和谷氨酰胺对短肠大鼠小肠粘膜上皮细胞凋亡发生分布的影响。材料和方法 :选用 4 0只手术成功的SD短肠大鼠 ,按 2× 2析因实验设计随机分为四组 ,分别给予常规全肠外营养 (STD组 ,n=1 0 )、附加谷氨酰胺 (Gln组 ,n =1 0 )、附加生长激素 (GH组 ,n =1 0 )及附加谷氨酰胺和生长激素全肠外营养 (GG组 ,n =1 0 ) ,持续 6天 ,取 8只正常大鼠模拟手术后第一天处死 ,作为基础对照组 (Control组 ,n =8)。应用原位末端标记方法对比观察残留小肠粘膜上皮细胞凋亡的发生和分布。结果 :凋亡细胞主要位于肠绒毛的顶部。STD组小肠粘膜上皮细胞凋亡指数较对照组明显高增高 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;GH组和Gln组凋亡指数明显低于STD组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;而GG组凋亡指数又显著低于GH组和GLN组 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论 :联合应用生长激素和谷氨酰胺能够减少小肠粘膜上皮细胞的凋亡 ,从而防止小肠粘膜萎缩的发生。     

转化生长因子-α、表皮生长因子受体与胃癌发生的关系及其与增殖细胞核抗原的相关性分析

目的研究在胃癌发生的不同阶段转化生长因子－α（ＴＧＦ－α）、表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）的表达情况及与增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）表达的关系。方法应用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法。结果（１）ＴＧＦ－α在癌周正常粘膜、肠化生组织中的表达明显高于非癌正常粘膜及肠化生（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）ＥＧＦＲ在肠化生、不典型增生粘膜表达较正常、癌组织明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（３）ＴＧＦ－α、ＥＧＦＲ共同表达常伴不典型增生。（４）ＴＧＦ－α、ＥＧＦＲ表达与ＰＣＮＡ表达有明显的相关性。（５）ＴＧＦ－α、ＥＧＦＲ、ＰＣＮＡ表达与肿瘤外侵、淋巴结转移无关。结论ＥＧＦＲ／ＴＧＦ－α是胃癌前病变的一项有意义的标志，结合ＰＣ－ＮＡ监测高危人群可能有助于发现早期胃癌。     

骨肉瘤细胞凋亡和增殖与预后的关系

目的：探讨细胞凋亡指数与骨肉瘤病理、细胞增殖及预后的关系。方法：应用ＴＵＮＥＬ方法检测８０例骨肉瘤凋亡细胞,ＰＣＮＡ单克隆抗体ＰＣ１０免疫组化检测肿瘤组织增生,以１００个肿瘤细胞中凋亡细胞和增生细胞分别作为凋亡指数ＡＩ（％）和增生指数ＰＩ（％）。结果：８０例骨肉瘤中ＡＩ范围为０．６３％～１８．８％,其与骨肉瘤ＷＨＯ新分型及ＰＩ值密切相关（Ｐ〈０．０５）。而且ＡＩ〉７．２１的骨肉瘤比ＡＩ≥７．２１的     

细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶cdk2和cdk4在前列腺增生和癌变组织中的表达

目的：探讨细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶ｃｄｋ２和ｃｄｋ４在前列腺增生（ＢＰＨ）和前列腺癌（ＰＣ）的发生发展过程中作用及其与ＰＣＮＡ之间关系。方法：应用免疫组化ＳＰ法检测１８例正常前列腺（ＮＰ）、６２例ＢＰＨ和３３例ＰＣ组织中ｃｄｋ２、ｃｄｋ４和ＰＣＮＡ的表达。结果：前列腺上皮和间质组织中均见ｃｄｋ２和ｃｄｋ４表达。ＮＰ中两者表达均分别显著低于ＢＰＨ和ＰＣ;ＢＰＨ的上皮细胞中两者表达均分别显著低于ＰＣ,但ＢＰＨ的间质细胞中两者表达与ＰＣ相比均无显著性差异。ＢＰＨ和ＰＣ中ｃｄｋ２及ｃｄｋ４表达与ＰＣＮＡ指数均呈正相关。结论：ｃｄｋ２和ｃｄｋ４异常表达参与ＢＰＨ和ＰＣ的发生发展过程,其可能是通过改变细胞周期及促进细胞异常增殖而起作用的。     

霍奇金病RS/H细胞凋亡及其与PCNA表达的关系

目的：研究霍奇金病（ＨＤ）ＲＳ／Ｈ细胞的自发凋亡与组织学分型及ＰＣＮＡ表达的关系。方法：对４６例ＨＤ行ＴＵＮＥＬ原位凋亡检测，并做ＰＣＮＡ免疫组化，以８例淋巴结滤泡型反应性增生病为对照。结果：淋巴细胞为主型和结节硬化型，ＨＤ的ＲＳ／Ｈ细胞凋亡发生率明显高于混合细胞型和淋巴细胞消减型者，ＰＣＮＡ阳性率前者仅略高于后者，全部ＨＤ病例ＲＳ／Ｈ细胞凋亡发生率与ＰＣＮＡ阳性率呈正相关。结论：分化好的ＨＤ Ｒ     

流行性出血热肾组织中增殖细胞核抗原,波形丝蛋？…

目的 研究流行悸出血热（ＥＨＦ）肾组织中增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）入波形丝蛋白（Ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ）的表达及意义。方法 应用多重ＰＡＰ免疫组化方法，对１７例ＥＨＦ尸检肾组织中客ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ的表达进行观察。结果 ＥＨＦ尸有组织ＰＣＮＡ的阳乞率为６４．７１％，集合管的增殖指数显著大于远曲小管（Ｐ〈０．０１），低血压休克期患者远曲小管和集合管上皮细胞ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ呈强阳性表达，相同部位ＰＣＮＡ也呈阳     

p53,c—erbB—2,PCNA和EGFR在膀胱癌中过表达及 …

目的：研究癌基因和抑癌基因蛋白产物在膀胱移行细胞癌中异常表达与病理分级、临床分期、复发和预后的关系。方法：应用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法检查１１７例膀胱移行细胞癌组织中ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＰＣＮＡ和ＥＧＦＲ的表达水平。结果：１１７例膀胱移行细胞癌中ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＰＣＮＡ和ＥＧＦＲ阳性表达率分别为４７．０％、２９．９％、５３．８％和４８．７％。ｐ５３和ＰＣＮＡ阳性表达产物定位于肿瘤细胞核内，     

尖锐湿疣角质形成细胞凋亡及Ki-67的表达

目的：研究尖锐湿疣（ＣＡ）角质形成细胞的凋亡及Ｋｉ－６７的表达及其相关性。方法：对４８例ＣＡ采用ＴＵＮＥＬ技术原位检测其细胞的凋亡,用免疫组化方法,观察Ｋｉ－６７阳性的表达。结果：表皮中见到典型的凋亡细胞,表皮各层中有较多Ｋｉ－６７阳性细胞。病理严重度与凋亡指数无显著差异性（Ｐ〉０．０５）;与Ｋｉ－６７阳性细胞指数比较则有显著差异性（Ｐ〈０．００５）。凋亡细胞与Ｋｉ－６７阳性细胞之间呈负相关（ｒ＝     

The effect of anti-gp39 treatment on the intestinal manifestations of acute murine graft-versus-host disease

The changes in the intestinal morphology of murine T-cell-mediated acute semi-allogenic graft-versus-host disease (GvH) are characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates, crypt hyperplasia, and villous atrophy. In the present study, the role of CD40L (gp39)-an important member of the TNF/NGF superfamily of receptors and their ligands-for T-cell costimulation in vivo during the development of mucosal atrophy was investigated. We found that the inhibition of the CD40L-CD40 interaction in GvH animals by the administration of an anti-CD40L antibody (MR-1) completely prevents the development of crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy in GvH animals. This includes a normalization of the rate of crypt cell apoptosis, which is augmented in untreated GvH animals. In conclusion, the CD40L-CD40 interaction is crucial in the pathogenesis of T-cell-mediated mucosal atrophy.     

The role of tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase type II) for the intestinal manifestations of murine semi-allogenic graft-versus-host disease

The intestinal manifestation of acute murine semi-allogenic graft-versus-host (GvH) disease is characterized by the occurrence of lymphocytic infiltrates in the lamina propria, by crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy. In a histological respect, this animal model resembles human celiac disease. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) (transglutaminase type II) has been identified to be the major B cell autoantigen in celiac disease. Furthermore, tissue transglutaminase has been implicated to be involved in its pathogenesis. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether tissue transglutaminase is expressed in the intestines of GvH animals and whether its inhibition has any effect on the intestinal histology. Sera of patients with celiac disease and anti-tTG antibodies were purified. These antibodies were used for immuno-histochemistry of jejunal cryosection from GvH and syngenic control animals at day 6 after lymphocyte transfer. Furthermore, GvH mice were treated with antitTG antibodies and with the inhibitor of tissue transglutaminase monodansyl-cadaverine. The effect of this treatment on the development of crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy were examined by light microscopy of hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) stained jejunal paraffin sections. We found a strong subepithelial expression of tissue transglutaminase in GvH animals but not in syngenic control mice. The localization of tTG seemed to be associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, neither the treatment of GvH animals with anti-tTG antibodies nor the application of mono-dansyl-cadaverine prevented the development of crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy. Similar to the situation in human celiac disease tissue, transglutaminase is highly expressed in the intestine of animals undergoing a semi-allogenic graft-versus-host reaction. However, this enzyme is probably not involved in the development of crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy in this animal model.     

Enterocyte apoptosis and proliferation are increased in microvillous inclusion disease (familial microvillous atrophy)

Microvillous inclusion disease (MID) is characterized by diffuse villous atrophy without inflammatory changes. While increased apoptosis has been related to mucosal flattening in celiac disease, the role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of MID is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the rates of apoptosis and cell proliferation in MID and to compare them with those of normal controls and celiac disease. Small intestinal biopsies from 5 infants with MID, 10 children with normal villous architecture, and 10 children with untreated celiac disease were stained with the terminal uridine deoxynucleotidyl nick end labeling (TUNEL) method to assess apoptotic activity, and with Ki-67 immunohistochemistry to assess cellular proliferation. TUNEL and Ki-67 positive enterocytes were counted in a minimum of 20 well oriented half crypts per section. The percentage of apoptotic cells per crypt (apoptotic index) in normal, MID, and celiac biopsies was 0.03 +/- 0.01%, 0.08 +/- 0.08%, and 0.16 +/- 0.3%, respectively. Significant differences were found between normal and MID, and between normal and celiac cases. The percentage of Ki-67 positive cells per crypt (proliferation index) in normal, MID, and celiac cases was 14 +/- 2.5%, 28 +/- 9.2%, and 56 +/- 14%. Significant differences were found between the 3 groups. In conclusion, (1) enterocyte apoptosis and proliferation are increased in MID; (2) apoptosis appears to be an important factor of cell loss and may be, at least in part, responsible for villous atrophy in MID; and (3) crypts in MID are hyperplastic and not hypoplastic. HUM PATHOL 31:1404-1410.     

Characteristics of claudin expression in follicle-associated epithelium of Peyer's patches: preferential localization of claudin-4 at the apex of the dome region

SUMMARY: Gut-associated lymphoreticular tissues, such as Peyer's patches and cecal patches, are important inductive sites for mucosal immune responses. As such, gut-associated lymphoreticular tissues may have an epithelial barrier different from that of villous epithelium. In this study, we investigated the immunohistochemical distribution of the claudin family and occludin in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of Peyer's patches and cecal patches of murine intestine. Unique profiles of claudin-2, -3, and -4 and occludin expression were noted in the tight junctions of the FAE: claudin-4 was preferentially expressed in the apex region; claudin-2 was only weakly expressed on the crypt side of the FAE compared with stronger expression on the crypt side of villous epithelial cells; and claudin-3 and occludin were found throughout the dome. These unique expression patterns were present also in cecal patch FAE. We also found that claudin-4 expression in the FAE of Peyer's patches and cecal patches correlated with the presence of TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling)-positive apoptotic cells, and Peyer's patch-deficient mice exhibited expression patterns of claudin and occludin in villous epithelia similar to those in wild-type mice. We conclude that claudin-4 expression was preferentially associated with the dome region of FAE, the mucosal inductive site of the murine intestine. In that location it might correlate with the cell life cycle, help maintain the apex configuration of the dome, or be a factor favoring the uptake of antigens by the FAE.     

Relationship between dose of methotrexate, apoptosis, p53/p21 expression and intestinal crypt proliferation in the rat

Abstract Previous studies have shown that apoptosis is induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy and precedes hypoproliferation of intestinal crypt cells. However, the relationship between the degree of intestinal apoptosis and crypt cell hypoproliferation may not be directly related. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between apoptosis and hypoproliferation with increasing doses of chemotherapy. Eleven groups of breast cancer-bearing DA rats were treated with two doses of methotrexate (MTX) i. m. at varying concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) or saline (control). Animals were killed at 6 or 24 h following treatment. The small and large intestines were examined for apoptosis, villous area (small intestine), crypt length and mitotic count per crypt. Immunohistochemical expression of p53 and p21^waf1/cip1 (p21) were examined quantitatively. Data were analysed using Peritz F-test. Low dose MTX (0.5 mg/kg) did not change p53 expression at 6 h but induced a 15-fold increase in apoptosis in the crypts of the small intestine. This was associated with only a minor reduction in crypt cell proliferation. Higher doses of MTX increased p53 expression and caused a lower (7-fold) but more prolonged peak of apoptosis that was accompanied by reduced villous area, shortened crypts and a more profound reduction in crypt cell proliferation. Unlike the small intestine, apoptosis in the colon was 10-fold lower, proportional to the dose of MTX and did not induce overt damage. Expression of p21 did not change with any dose at either timepoint. We conclude that apoptosis is not always associated with crypt cell hypoproliferation and that the small intestine can recover after low dose MTX despite a heightened peak of apoptosis of crypt cells.     

藏羚羊和藏绵羊小肠黏膜结构和黏膜免疫相关细胞的比较

目的:比较藏羚羊和藏绵羊小肠黏膜结构和黏膜免疫相关细胞的特征。方法:采用组织学、组织化学方法和图像分析法在光镜和电镜水平对5只藏羚羊和5只藏绵羊小肠不同肠段的黏膜结构进行观测,并对上皮内淋巴细胞、杯状细胞和肥大细胞的数量进行统计分析。结果:藏羚羊小肠各段绒毛长度和绒毛长度与隐窝深度比值(villus length/crypt depth,V/C)均显著高于藏绵羊(P<0.05),其中藏羚羊十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛长度分别比藏绵羊高77.25%(P<0.05)、63.61%(P<0.05)和35.38%(P<0.05),而V/C值分别比藏绵羊高65.63%(P<0.05)、20.08%(P<0.05)和35.68%(P<0.05),藏羚羊小肠黏膜的厚度显著大于藏绵羊(P<0.05),而藏羚羊和藏绵羊小肠肌层厚度差异不显著(P>0.05);藏羚羊小肠各段上皮内杯状细胞和肥大细胞数量显著多于藏绵羊(P<0.05),其中藏羚羊十二指肠、空肠和回肠中的上皮内杯状细胞数量分别比藏绵羊的多12.84%(P<0.05)、49.88%(P<0.05)和5.58%(P>0.05),藏羚羊十二指肠、空肠和回肠中的肥大细胞的数量比藏绵羊的分别多0.22%(P>0.05)、6.04%(P>0.05)和160.80%(P<0.05),而藏羚羊小肠各段上皮内淋巴细胞数量显著低于藏绵羊(P＜0.05),其中藏羚羊十二指肠、空肠和回肠的上皮内淋巴细胞数量分别比藏绵羊的少35.04%(P<0.05)、52.85%(P<0.05)和52.82%(P<0.05)。结论:藏羚羊小肠消化吸收功能强于藏绵羊,藏羚羊的小肠黏膜免疫屏障功能也强于藏绵羊,且在藏羚羊小肠杯状细胞和肥大细胞起重要的黏膜防御功能,而在藏绵羊小肠中上皮内淋巴细胞起重要的黏膜免疫屏障功能。     

Characterization of apoptosis in intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury — a light and electron microscopic study.

Intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury has largely been attributed to cellular necrosis. Apoptosis, a distinct form of cell death has been observed following IR to the brain, heart, adrenals and the kidneys. In order to characterize the role of apoptosis in intestinal IR, small bowel grafts were stored in saline ( n  = 6) or modified University of Wisconsin solution ( n  = 6) at 4 °C for 12 h and reperfused for 6 h in syngeneic rats. Samples of normal, stored and reperfused intestines at 1, 3 and 6 h were analysed by light and electron microscopy. Following reperfusion, there was crypt and villous epithelial apoptosis, loss of crypt and villous structures, and an increase in mucosal inflammatory cell infiltration. Ongoing apoptosis was maximum at 1 h, its degree decreasing with increasing reperfusion intervals. Large numbers of apoptotic bodies dominated the picture from 3 h of reperfusion. This study has demonstrated the induction of apoptosis by intestinal IR injury, which begins within an hour of reperfusion and is probably responsible for the observed crypt and villous loss. This has potential therapeutic implications as, opposed to necrosis, apoptosis is an active process with genetic regulators and biochemical effectors, which can be specifically targeted to prevent or alleviate IR injury.