肾静脉肾素水平与肾动脉介入治疗疗效的相关性研究

目的探讨肾静脉肾素活性,血浆内皮素(ET)、一氧化氮(NO)、钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)水平对肾动脉狭窄介入治疗疗效的预测价值。方法60例冠心病合并高血压患者经肾动脉造影,证实为肾动脉狭窄,予肾动脉支架植入术;测定所有病例介入治疗前后的肾静脉肾素活性和血浆ET、NO、CGRP水平。并对病人的血压进行2年随访。结果60例患者根据术前肾素水平分为肾素比值(RVRR)>1.5组和RVRR<1.5组。所有患者肾动脉狭窄侧肾静脉肾素活性高于对侧[(3.89±3.14)nmol/L/h和(2.01±1.93)nmol/L/h,P<0.05],介入治疗后患侧肾静脉肾素浓度明显下降,RVRR>1.5组低于RVRR<1.5组[(1.92±2.15)nmol/L/h和(2.42±0.56)nmol/L/h,P<0.05],血浆ET和NO水平与RVRR<1.5组相比有统计学差异(P<0.05),术后血压明显下降,血压有效率75.68%,与RVRR<1.5组比P<0.05。结论测定肾静脉肾素活性,血浆ET、NO的水平对肾动脉血管成形术近期疗效有预测价值。     

Bilateral adrenal phaeochromocytomas associated with unilateral renal artery stenosis

A 21 year old male was discovered to be severely hypertensive. He was found to have bilateral adrenal phaeochromocytomas and a single renal artery stenosis. More than 40 cases of coexisting renal artery stenosis and phaeochromocytomas have been reported. The aetiology of renal artery stenosis in association with phaeochromocytoma maybe multifactorial and the radiographic appearances are not always clear-cut. Renin levels in this patient were elevated prior to the removal of the phaeochromocytomas but the renal vein renin ratio did not suggest that the renal artery stenosis contributed significantly to his hypertension. The patient's hypertension resolved following successful removal of the phaeochromocytomas despite persistence of the renal artery stenosis. Thus, though renin levels may be misleading in these cases, renal vein renin ratios may still be helpful in deciding on patient management.     

Predictive value of renin determinations in renal artery stenosis

The prognostic value of renal vein and peripheral renin levels was analyzed in 66 patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis who underwent corrective surgery. Patient selection for operation was independent of renin results. Fifty-three percent of those with confirmed renovascular hypertension had renal vein renin ratios less than 2.0, ie, within the 95% confidence limit for the control group of 82 patients with essential hypertension. Thirty-four patients with clearly lateralizing renin data (ipsilateral:contralateral greater than or equal to 1.5 and contralateral:peripheral less than or equal to 1.3) were benefited by operation, but 23 additional patients with nonlateralizing data also benefited. No proposed scheme for renin data analysis detected more than 75% of those with renovascular hypertension. Although lateralizing renin data are highly predictive of operative benefit, nonlateralizing data do not necessarily herald operative failure and should not be dogmatically used to exclude surgical intervention.     

2型糖尿病合并下肢动脉病变患者颈动脉、椎动脉、锁骨下动脉及肾动脉造影特点分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并下肢动脉病变患者颈动脉、椎动脉、锁骨下动脉、肾动脉造影特点。方法纳入104例2型糖尿病合并下肢动脉病变,且接受动脉造影(DSA)检查者。其中50例患者同时进行双下肢踝肱指数(ABI)测定。根据DSA测量的椎动脉、锁骨下动脉、肾动脉狭窄程度分为正常组(血管狭窄程度≤50%)和病变组(血管狭窄程度>50%或完全闭塞),比较两组ABI平均值水平及ABI<0.9时各段动脉病变发生率差异。分析各段狭窄病变与ABI关系,并讨论病变特点的临床意义。结果 104例患者DSA结果显示各段动脉病变主要以斑块为主,51%～74%和75%～99%程度的狭窄病变在肾动脉中发生率最高,分别为22.1%和5.8%,而闭塞病变在椎动脉中发生率最高,达到27.9%。任一动脉存在狭窄或闭塞病变组(n=30)ABI平均值水平较正常组(n=20)低(P=0.000),椎动脉和肾动脉病变组(各17例)平均ABI值较正常组(各33例)低(P分别为0.003,0.02),且ABI<0.9时,病变发生率较高(P分别为0.008,0.047),锁骨下动脉病变组(8例)与正常组(42例)比较,平均ABI值差异无统计学意义。结论 2型糖尿病合并下肢动脉病变患者可以同时合并全身多处动脉病变,主要以斑块形成、狭窄或闭塞病变为主。ABI<0.9时,应注意同时存在全身多处动脉狭窄或闭塞病变可能。     

常温下肾动脉阻断后缺血时间与术肾泌尿功能恢复的相关性

目的:探讨常温下肾动脉阻断后缺血时间与术肾泌尿功能恢复的相关性。方法:选取84例常温下行肾动脉阻断术的患者作为研究对象,其中44例的肾动脉阻断时间<20 min(A组),40例的肾动脉阻断时间≥20 min(B组),对比两组患者的肾泌尿功能恢复情况。结果:A组的术肾泌尿功能恢复时间均明显短于B组(P<0.05);A组孤立肾患者术后1年内无1例发生肾功能不全,B组孤立肾患者术后1年内有3例发生肾功能不全,肾功能不全发生率为25.00%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);A组、B组合并糖尿病、高血压患者的术肾泌尿功能恢复时间均显著高于未合并糖尿病、高血压者(P<0.05);A、B两组行开腹手术和腹腔镜手术者的泌尿功能恢复时间,组内比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但B组开腹手术者和腹腔镜手术者的泌尿功能恢复时间均明显长于A组(P<0.05)。结论:在肾动脉阻断手术中,肾阻断缺血时间越短对泌尿功能的恢复越有利,同时还能减少远期肾功能不全的发生风险。     

Renal vein plasma adenosine 3'',5''-cyclic monophosphate in renovascular hypertension.

The concentration of plasma adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured concomitantly in blood from both renal veins and in arterial blood in 22 hypertensive patients. In the nine patients with true renovascular hypertension the concentration of plasma cyclic AMP was greater in the venous effluent of the kidney affected by the renal artery stenosis than in that of the unaffected or less affected kidney. The arteriovenous difference in cyclic AMP concentration was less on the affected side in all but one patient. The arteriovenous differences in PRA identified the affected kidney as the source of hyper-reninemia and showed that renin release from the other kidney was suppressed. In the 13 patients with hypertension associated with but unrelated to renal artery stenosis there were no consistent patterns of cyclic AMP concentration or PRA in the venous effluent of the kidneys or of their arteriovenous differences. In renovascular hypertension the venous effluent of the kidney affected by renal artery stenosis contains not only more renin but also more cyclic AMP, owing to either increased cyclic AMP production or decreased excretion or extraction of cyclic AMP by the affected kidney. This unilateral increase in cyclic AMP concentration may become a complementary diagnostic feature of true renovascular hypertension.     

Diagnosis of secondary forms of hypertension. A comprehensive protocol

An efficient protocol for the evaluation of hypertensive cases included renal arteriography, suppression and stimulation of the renin-aldosterone system, and, when indicated, renal venous renin measurements. It permitted identification of 38 patients with renal artery stenosis, 28 with primary aldosteronism, and 51 with high renin, 92 with normal renin, and 27 with low renin essential hypertension.     

大动脉炎肾动脉狭窄/闭塞的介入治疗及临床观察

目的 评价大动脉炎肾动脉狭窄或闭塞介入治疗的疗效.方法 将白求恩国际和平医院血管外科2011年3月至2011年8月入住的53例大动脉炎肾动脉狭窄/闭塞的患者作为研究对象,53例患者接受综合性介入治疗,即对于大动脉炎肾动脉闭塞（RAO）患者,首先采用肾动脉穿通术,开通成功后接受肾动脉形成术或肾动脉支架植入术.对于大动脉炎肾动脉狭窄（RAS）患者,首选肾动脉形成术进行治疗,对于效果不理想者采用肾动脉支架植入术.随后对介入治疗成功率以及术前、术后1个月、术后6个月的血压和肾功能指标进行统计分析.结果 33例RAO患者中,30例行肾动脉穿通术成功后接受了肾动脉形成术或肾动脉支架植入术;3例肾动脉穿通术未成功;介入治疗成功率为90.9%.20例RAS患者,16例成功接受了肾动脉形成术;另外4例肾动脉形成术不理想,随后接受了肾动脉支架植入术;成功率为100%.综合介入治疗的成功率为94.3%.随访结果显示,术后1个月和6个月的收缩压和舒张压相对于术前均有显著降低（P＜0.05）,而术后1个月和术后6个月相差不大（P＞0.05）;血清肌酐水平在术后1个月和术后6个月下降到手术前的80%左右,肾小球滤过率也显著升高（P＜0.05）,而术后1个月和术后6个月相差不大（P＞0.05）.结论 采用综合介入治疗法治疗大动脉炎肾动脉患者的疗效显著,可在今后治疗中推广使用.     

Surgical rescue and restoration of renal function in an anuric renal failure patient: a case report

We present a case of anuric renal failure in a forty-nine year old woman secondary to bilateral renal artery occlusion that responded favorably to surgical revascularization. The patient presented with a three day history of diminished to absent urine output. The patient's BUN and creatinine were 52 mg/dL and 9.3 mg/dL, respectively. The patient remained anuric and required hemodialysis. Chronic atherosclerotic occlusion of both renal arteries with reconstitution of the renal arteries via collateral support was seen on angiography. Twenty-six days after presentation, the patient had aortorenal artery bypass using a saphenous vein graft. Postoperatively the patient had excellent diuresis with the creatinine improving to a nadir of 1.5 mg/dL. This case is a demonstration that the kidneys can remain viable with subacute renal artery occlusion in the presence of adequate collateral blood flow. Surgical or transcatheter renal revascularization should be considered in appropriate patients.     

经导管应用新型无膜双腰封堵器封堵犬单侧肾动脉

目的 在大动物中观察新型无膜双腰封堵器应用的安全性及有效性.方法 选取健康实验犬12只,应用新型无膜双腰封堵器进行单侧肾动脉封堵,封堵后即刻行肾动脉造影评估封堵效果,并于术后1、3及6个月复查肾动脉造影.复查造影结束后处死实验犬,观察肾脏大体标本并行肾脏病理检查,并观察封堵器表面内皮化情况.结果 12只实验犬均成功实施单侧肾动脉封堵,其中1只因麻醉药物过量死亡,其余11只存活良好.6只实验犬在植入封堵器后即刻完全封堵,全部实验犬均在植入封堵器后12 min内完全封堵肾动脉血流.封堵器释放后,封堵器位置均固定良好,未见明显封堵器移位.所有实验犬复查肾动脉造影均显示封堵器位置固定良好,无残余分流.大体观察发现封堵侧肾脏较对侧肾脏明显缩小,肾脏表面凹凸不平,质略硬.内皮细胞在术后1个月即开始覆盖封堵器表面,3个月时内皮细胞完全覆盖.结论 新型无膜双腰封堵器具有良好的安全性、组织相容性及有效性,由于其优异的通过性,在小外径鞘管内即可完成封堵器输送.     

The Angiotensin Infusion Test and Peripheral Venous Renin Activity

Forty hypertensive patients were studied to examine the assumption that the angiotensin pressor dose reflects endogenous renin activity. Peripheral renin activity was assayed by the method of Boucher et al.⁴ Sensitivity to the infusion of synthetic angiotensin II was determined as suggested by Kaplan and Silah.¹

Sixteen patients with essential hypertension with normal renal angiography required 3.8 ng. angiotensin/kg./min. to raise the diastolic pressure 20 mm. Hg. All but one were sensitive to angiotensin infusion of less than 5 ng./kg./min. Renin activity was normal in all except in one sensitive subject. Angiotensin infusion response and mean renin activity in 13 patients with essential hypertension with abnormal renal angiography were similar to that of the first group. The pressor dose in 11 renovascular hypertensives was 9.8 ng./kg./min. All but three had elevated plasma renin activity.

Our results suggest that: (1) the angiotensin infusion test is suitable for differentiating patients with true renovascular hypertension from those with essential hypertension with or without associated renal artery disease; (2) the angiotensin pressor dose correlates with the level of peripheral venous renin activity (p < 0.01).

     

血浆肾素活性和血管紧张素Ⅱ在肾血管性高血压病人中的临床应用

本文对26例肾血管性高血压(RVH)病人外周血,双侧肾静脉血及下腔静脉血中血浆肾素活性(PRA)及血管紧张素Ⅱ(AT Ⅱ)的测定结果及其有关因素进行了分析,得出如下结论:(1)本组单侧RVH病人肾静脉肾素活性比值(RVRR)的阳性率为53.8％;ATⅡ比值阳性率为45.5％。(2)本组单侧RVH病人的近期手术疗效在达到和未达到阳性标准的病人间无明显差异。(3)RVH肾静脉血中的PRA和ATⅡ有高、正常和降低三种类型。(4)肾实质受损,PGE和激素缺乏是某些正常和低肾素型RVH的可能病因。(5)RAAS,KKS和PGS多指标的测定和观察可能有助于阐明正常和低肾素型RVH的发病机理,并有助于提高诊断符合率和选择手术病人的阳性率。     

Renin in hypertension: how important as a risk factor?

An analysis of the plasma renin levels in relation to the incidence of severe cardiovascular complications (coronary thrombosis, stroke, ruptured aortic aneurysm) was made in 325 patients with various types of hypertension. These patients had one to four measurements of plasma renin activity taken under standard conditions of sodium intake and posture in the period 1963-68. The follow-up was 5 to 10 years in the four groups of hypertensive patients (essential hypertension, malignant hypertension, hypertension secondary to renal parenchymatous disease and hypertension caused by, or associated with, renal artery obstruction). For all 325 patients, the incidence of such complications was 23.6, 20.4 and 44.7% in the low, normal and high renin groups. These findings are at variance with the claim that renin constitutes a serious risk factor in hypertensive patients, especially if it is isolated from other parameters such as the level of diastolic pressure, the adequacy of kidney function, the effectiveness of dietary and drug management of hypertension, and especially the presence or absence of atherosclerotic lesions of the large vessels at the time of the renin determination.     

Hypertension following renal transplantation. Causative factors and therapeutic implications.

During a five-year period, we studied 21 of 319 renal transplant recipients who were admitted for evaluation of refractory hypertension. For comparison we examined 93 consecutive patients in the renal transplant clinic. Hypertension, which was noted in 47% of the outpatients, occurred with greater frequency following renal transplantation from cadaveric donors and was associated with a decline in renal function. The 21 inpatients had higher blood pressures and were studied at an earlier stage than their outpatient counterparts. Fourteen of the inpatients had underlying stenosis of their transplant artery nd revascularization of the transplanted kidney was possible in the majority of these patients. Stenosis of the transplant artery was suggested by the occurrence of severe hypertension during the first year following transplantation, a bruit in the transplant region, and increased levels of peripheral plasma renin activity.     

Renin,endothelial no synthase and endothelin gene expression in the 2Kidney-1clip goldblatt model of long-term renovascular hypertension

Objective

Numerous reports have shown the influence of renin, nitric oxide (NO) and the endothelin (ET) systems for regulation of blood pressure and renal function. Furthermore, interactions between these peptides have been reported. Aim of our study was to investigate the relative contribution of these compounds in long-term renovascular hypertension/renal ischemia.

Methods

Hypertension/left-sided renal ischemia was induced using the 2K1C-Goldblatt rat model. Renal renin, ET-1, ET-3 and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) gene expression was measured by means of RNAse protection assay at different timepoints up to 10 weeks after induction of renal artery stenosis.

Results

Plasma renin activity and renal renin gene expression in the left kidney were increased in the clipped animals while eNOS expression was unchanged. Furthermore, an increase in ET-1 expression and a decrease of ET-3 expression was detected in early stenosis.

Conclusions

While renin is obviously involved in regulation of blood pressure and renal function in unilateral renal artery stenosis, ET-1, ET-3 and endothelium derived NO do not appear to play an important role in renal adaptation processes in long-term renal artery stenosis, although ET-1 and ET-3 might be involved in short-term adaptation processes.     

Digital vascular imaging and selective renin sampling in evaluation of vascular anatomy in renal transplant recipients

Sixty-five renal transplant recipients underwent digital vascular imaging of the graft and simultaneous selective venous sampling for plasma renin activity. Renal artery stenosis was found in seven patients but did not appear to be functionally important. Diffuse intrarenal arterial attenuation was found in seven patients and was associated with impaired graft function and perfusion; it may indicate chronic rejection. Lower pole hypoperfusion was found in nine patients without impaired graft function or perfusion; its clinical relevance is uncertain. Aneurysmal dilatation of the main renal artery was found in two patients. Severe hypertension was common in patients with these three major abnormalities, but a causal association between the abnormality and hypertension could rarely be inferred. It may be the abnormalities on digital vascular imaging, especially diffuse intrarenal arterial attenuation and lower pole hypoperfusion, are secondary to severe hypertension. Digital vascular imaging with simultaneous selective venous sampling for plasma renin activity is useful in evaluating the vascular anatomy of the grafted kidney and in assessing any abnormality found. The combined procedure was well tolerated by all patients with no complications and no incidence of acute tubular dysfunction or proteinuria after the investigation.     

大脑中动脉慢性闭塞患者颅内血流动力学与缺血性脑血管病的相关性研究

目的探讨大脑中动脉（MCA）慢性闭塞颅内血流动力学与缺血性脑血管病的相关性。方法选取单侧MCA慢性闭塞患者65例为闭塞组,分为脑梗死组、短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）组和无体征组。经颅多普勒（TCD）检测双侧大脑前动脉（ACA）、大脑后动脉（PCA）峰流速,计算其比值（RVACA、RVPCA）,并与健康组进行比较。闭塞组根据NIHSS分组,分析RVACA、RVPCA与NIHSS之间的相关性。结果闭塞组ACA、PCA流速及RVACA明显高于健康组（P〈0．05）;无体征组、TIA组RVPCA较健康组高（P〈0．05）;闭塞组RVACA、RVPCA与NIHSS呈负相关（P〈0．01）。结论皮质软脑膜侧支吻合血管开放是MCA闭塞代偿的重要途径,其代偿程度与脑缺血预后密切相关。     

探讨急性下壁心肌梗死的心电图对判断心肌梗死相关动脉和闭塞位置的作用

目的：探讨急性下壁心肌梗死的心电图情况对判断心肌梗死相关动脉及闭塞位置的作用。方法选取该院收治的急性下壁心肌梗死患者80例,观察该组患者心电图情况,并研究心电图情况对心肌梗死相关动脉和闭塞位置判断影响。结果血管闭塞在右冠状动脉发生率为86.25%,回旋支发生率为13.75%,合并右心室心肌梗死发生率41.25%%。急性下壁心肌梗死右冠状动脉是心肌梗死相关动脉的时候,血管闭塞的位置发生于右心室支开口以远占73.75%,合并RVI的时候,其闭塞多数发生在第1右心室只开口前占65.00%。结论下壁急性心肌梗死的心电图情况与心肌梗死相关动脉及闭塞位置相关,具有一定的预测价值。     

一氧化氮在肾性高血压大鼠心肌肥厚中的作用

目的：研究一氧化氮在二肾一夹（２Ｋ１Ｃ）肾性高血压大鼠心肌肥厚中的作用。方法：建立２Ｋ１Ｃ肾性高血压大鼠模型。实验分为５组：假手术组,２Ｋ１Ｃ组,卡托普利组,ＮＡＭＥ组和精氨酸组。测定各组大鼠的平均动脉血压（ＭＡＰ,ｐａ）、左心室质量／体质量和左心室心肌的环鸟苷酸（ｃＧＭＰ）的质量摩尔浓度。结果：在２Ｋ１Ｃ组大鼠,手术后４周的ＭＡＰ显著升高,心肌肥厚和心肌ｃＧＭＰ质量摩尔浓度显著下降。卡托普利可防止２Ｋ１Ｃ组大鼠ＭＡＰ升高,左心室心肌肥厚和增加心肌的ｃＧＭＰ质量摩尔浓度。Ｌ精氨酸显著减轻２Ｋ１Ｃ大鼠的左心室心肌肥厚,但ＭＡＰ水平无改变,心肌的ｃＧＭＰ质量摩尔浓度显著升高。用一氧化氮合酶抑制剂ＬＮＡＭＥ处理２Ｋ１Ｃ大鼠,血压进一步升高,但不影响心肌肥厚和心肌ｃＧＭＰ质量摩尔浓度。结论：这些结果提示,肾素血管紧张素系统可能参与２Ｋ１Ｃ肾性高血压,左心室心肌产生的ＮＯ,可能通过依赖ｃＧＭＰ途径防止心肌肥厚     

胃十二指肠动脉狭窄闭塞及侧支循环的HSCTA表现

目的探讨胃十二指肠动脉（GDA）狭窄闭塞及侧支循环在多层螺旋CT血管造影（MSCTA）中的表现。方法搜集行MSCTA检查诊断为GDA狭窄闭塞的患者22例,采用容积再现重组（VR）血管生长技术（AV）进行血管重建。结果22例患者中,GDA狭窄10例,4例多发性狭窄均显示前、后动脉弓扩张,6例局限性狭窄均显示前动脉弓扩张。GDA闭塞12例,均显示胃网膜右动脉直接与前动脉弓连接,6例全段闭塞者胰十二指肠上后动脉（PSPDA）不显影,前动脉弓扩张,6例局限性闭塞均发生于GDA远段,4例前动脉弓扩张,2例前、后动脉弓扩张。结论MSCTA能清楚显示GDA狭窄闭塞及侧支循环情况。