经皮微创气管切开在重型颅脑损伤抢救中的应用研究

目的评价经皮微创气管切开术在神经外科重型颅脑损伤患者抢救中的临床价值。方法回顾性分析120例重型颅脑损伤并行经皮微创气管切开患者,其中98例为直接切开,22例为术后拔除气管插管后再行气管切开,观察其术后疗效。结果手术成功120例,111例病情稳定后拔管,5例合并重度脑干损伤及2例高位颈髓损伤呼吸肌麻痹患者长期带管,术后出现多器官功能衰竭死亡2例。手术平均时间4.5min,平均切口长1.3cm,术中及术后均未出现严重并发症及手术相关死亡的发生。结论经皮微创气管切开术具有迅速、微创的优点,可快速开放气道,且并发症较少,在重型颅脑损伤患者抢救及治疗过程中,具有较高的应用价值。     

重型颅脑损伤气管切开89例的护理

目的 总结重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开术后的护理方法.方法 对89例重型颅脑损伤早期气管切开患者进行气管切开术后护理,密切观察病情.结果 本组治愈64例,好转17例,发生肺部感染8例,死亡5例.结论 对重型颅脑损伤气管切开患者进行有计划的、精心的护理是预防肺部感染的重要环节,可大大提高重型颅脑损伤患者抢救成功率,提高医疗和护理质量.     

早期经皮扩张气管切开术在重型颅脑损伤患者中的应用

目的探讨对重型颅脑损伤患者早期行经皮扩张气管切开术的临床意义。方法将120例重型颅脑损伤患者根据受伤到行气管切开术的时间分为早期气管切开组(早期切开组)与非早期气管切开组(非早期切开组)各60例,伤后24h内切开气管为早期,伤后24h后切开气管为非早期,观察两组对重型颅脑损伤的疗效影响。结果早期切开组患者在应用呼吸机治疗时间、ICU监护时间、难治性肺炎、并发ALI或者ARDS等方面均优于非早期切开组,具有统计学意义(P<0.05),而在MODS、并发消化道出血、重残死亡等方面比较无显著差异性(P>0.05)。结论对重型颅脑损伤患者行早期经皮扩张气管切开术可以明显改善预后,降低治疗费用,值得临床推广使用。     

重型颅脑损伤气管切开术后合并肺部感染55例综合护理

目的:探讨重型颅脑损伤气管切开术后合并肺部感染患者的综合护理方法,为以后的工作提供参考依据.方法:对55例重型颅脑损伤气管切开术后合并肺部感染患者进行环境、无菌操作、呼吸道管理、抗生素应用等综合护理.结果:本组成功拔除气管切开套管53例,死亡2例.结论:重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开术后早期严格呼吸道管理是护理关键,可提高患者生活质量,减少病死率.     

重型颅脑损伤气管切开术后37例肺部感染原因分析及护理

目的:探讨重型颅脑损伤气管切开术后患者肺部感染原因及护理对策。方法:对37例重型颅脑损伤气管切开术后患者肺部感染的原因进行分析并针对性的采取气管切口、气道湿化、营养等护理措施。结果:本组6例放弃治疗,自动出院,其余全部病例均治愈,无一例因肺部感染出现死亡。结论:对重型颅脑损伤气管切开术后患者运用正确合理的护理措施,积极配合医生的治疗,可避免因出现肺部感染导致患者的死亡。     

重型颅脑损伤气管切开患者肺部感染的监测及护理

目的：探讨重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开术后肺部感染的原因及预防控制措施。方法：对64例重型颅脑损伤气管切开后发生肺部感染41例作回顾性分析。结果：肺部感染发生主经64．06％，病死率28．13％，分离出致病菌62株，以革兰氏阴性菌为主．占80．33％。结论：严格消毒管理、合理应用抗生素及加强营养支持是预防和控制重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开术后肺部感染的关键。     

重型颅脑损伤患者行气管切开术后肺部感染的防治措施

总结了56例重型颅脑损伤气管切开术后预防肺部感染的护理措施。包括及时实施充分吸痰、气道湿化、胸部体疗、口腔护理、消毒隔离、营养支持等措施。认为重型颅脑损伤气管切开术后患者的肺部感染,通过科学的防治措施能得到很好的控制,并进一步提高重型颅脑损伤患者的治愈率和生存质量。     

重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开术后肺部感染危险因素分析

目的研究重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开术后合并肺部感染的危险因素,制定防控对策。方法通过回顾性调查方法,对某医院住院重型颅脑损伤并接受气管切开的患者肺部感染危险因素进行调查与分析。结果共调查重型颅脑损伤并发医院感染患者168例,其中75例气管切开术后合并肺部感染,构成比为44.64%。主要危险因素包括高龄、长期住院、接受侵入性操作、大量使用抗菌药物及伴有意识障碍等。结论重型颅脑损伤患者是医院感染的高发人群,危险因素多,采取综合干预措施是医院感染管理的关键。     

重型颅脑损伤气管切开的术后护理

气管切开术是重型颅脑损伤患者常用的一种急救措施，它对维持呼吸道通畅、减少死腔、改善供氧具有重要意义。对我院2001—06-2006—06重型颅脑损伤气管切开105例的护理体会总结如下。     

重型颅脑损伤气管切开术82例护理体会

目的:调查重型颅脑损伤患者气管切开后的护理方法。方法:通过对82例重型颅脑损伤气管切开患者,加强气管切开术后护理,密切观察病情,预防肺部感染。结果:本组治愈54例,好转12例,自动出院5例,发生肺部感染6例,死亡12例。结论:重型颅脑损伤气管切开患者保持呼吸道通畅,防止肺部感染是护理工作的重点。     

Percutaneous tracheostomy: comparison of Ciaglia and Griggs techniques

Background  

Although the standard tracheostomy described in 1909 by Jacksonhas been extensively used in critical patients, a more simple procedure thatcan be performed at the bedside is needed. Since 1957 several different typesof percutaneous tracheostomy technique have been described. The purpose of thepresent study was to compare two bedside percutaneous tracheostomy techniques:percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) and the guidewire dilating forceps(GWDF).     

Comparison of two percutaneous tracheostomy techniques,guide wire dilating forceps and Ciaglia Blue Rhino: a sequential cohort study

Introduction  

To evaluate and compare the peri-operative and postoperative complications of the two most frequently used percutaneous tracheostomy techniques, namely guide wire dilating forceps (GWDF) and Ciaglia Blue Rhino (CBR).     

Single-dilator percutaneous tracheostomy: a comparison of PercuTwist and Ciaglia Blue Rhino techniques

OBJECTIVE: To compare two single-dilator percutaneous tracheostomy techniques, Ciaglia Blue Rhino and the new PercuTwist technique. DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomized, observational clinical trial in patients undergoing elective percutaneous tracheostomy in the intensive care units of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Seventy consecutive, adult patients undergoing either Blue Rhino ( n=35) or PercuTwist tracheostomy ( n=35). INTERVENTIONS: Performance of percutaneous tracheostomy with a novel screwlike dilating device (PercuTwist) or conically shaped, flexible rubber dilator (Blue Rhino). RESULTS: Stoma dilation was successful with the respective device in all patients. While subsequent tracheostomy cannula insertion was uneventful in all but one patients undergoing the Blue Rhino technique, it was difficult or even impossible in eight patients who underwent PercuTwist tracheostomy. Regarding serious and intermediate procedural-related complications, two cases of posterior tracheal wall injury occurred with the PercuTwist technique. No serious or intermediate complications were noted during Blue Rhino tracheostomy. There was no statistical significance between the two techniques in terms of minor and overall complications. CONCLUSIONS: So far the new PercuTwist technique represents an alternative to the established Blue Rhino technique. Nonetheless, the two cases of posterior tracheal wall injury should not be underestimated, on the one hand, but, on the other, may be attributed to a learning curve with a new technique. The new PercuTwist technique should be performed by various teams and in a considerably larger numbers of patients before an ultimate rating can be made.     

Percutaneous tracheostomy: prospective comparison of the translaryngeal technique versus the forceps-dilational technique in 100 critically ill adults

OBJECTIVE: To compare two different techniques of percutaneous tracheostomy: Griggs' forceps-dilational technique and Fantoni's translaryngeal technique, both performed with the manufacturer's basic kit and with bronchoscopic guidance. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized trial was designed to compare the two tracheostomy techniques. Critically ill patients requiring elective tracheostomy for long-term ventilation were randomized for translaryngeal tracheostomy or forceps-dilational tracheostomy. SETTING: Intensive care unit of a military teaching hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 100 adult patients in the intensive care unit who were mechanically ventilated. PROCEDURES: All tracheostomy procedures were performed at the bedside by using a commercially available set. The procedures were performed by two surgeons, one for bronchoscopic guidance and management of the airway and one for the tracheostomy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The measurements were divided into procedure-related variables (duration, technical difficulties, oxygenation): major and minor complications. The procedure was longer in the translaryngeal technique group (12.9 vs. 6.9 mins, p =.0018). Technical difficulties occurred in 11 patients in the translaryngeal technique group. Uneventful forceps dilational tracheostomy was performed instead. There has been no mortality associated with either technique. Serious complications occurred in one patient in the forceps-dilational technique group (one posterior tracheal wall injury) and in four patients in the translaryngeal technique group (one with a posterior tracheal wall injury and three with severe hypoxia). Significant hypercarbia and acidosis occurred in both the translaryngeal technique group and the forceps-dilational technique group. A significant decrease in Pao2 was observed in the translaryngeal technique group (311 to 261, p =.0069). No bleeding requiring intervention occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Serious complications related to percutaneous tracheostomy occurred in 8.5% and 1.8% of the cases in the translaryngeal technique and the forceps-dilational technique group, respectively (p <.001). Technical difficulties were not rare when using the translaryngeal technique (23%). On the basis of our results, we concluded that the forceps-dilation technique is superior to the translaryngeal technique, with fewer technical difficulties and fewer complications for critically ill patients.     

Bedside percutaneous dilational tracheostomy with endoscopic guidance: Experience with 71 ICU patients

Objective To assess the value of endoscopic guidance in bedside percutaneous dilational tracheostomy.Design The medical critical care unit of a large community hospital.Setting 71 consecutive adult patients who required prolonged mechanical ventilation.Interventions 72 elective percutaneous dilational tracheostomies using the Ciaglia technique were performed under view of a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.Measurements and results Patients were examined during tracheostomy and on days 2 and 7 after the procedure, at discharge and after half a year if they were still alive. A correct median puncture was observed by endoscopic control in 59 interventions. an initial paramedian puncture was detected in 13/72 (18%) procedures and was corrected by renewed insertion in all cases. No severe complications related to percutaneous dilational tracheostomy were noticed. Minor complications occurred in 4/71 (5.6%) patients including minor bleeding in 2, inflammatory infiltration in 1 and one superficial lesion of the posterior tracheal mucosa. Long-term follow-up revealed stomal granulation in 3 patients including one at the tracheal site. At the end of the observation period the tracheostomy still was in use in 14/71 (20%) patients and 12/71 (17%) patients were decannulated. Due to their severe underlying diseases 45/71 (63%) patients had died. To facilitate weaning from the tracheostomy a minitracheostomy tube was used in 3 patients.Conclusion Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy is a simple bedside procedure associated with a low complication rate. We recommend the use of endoscopic guidance to increase the safety of tracheal puncture and dilation procedure.     

采用牛角型扩张器经皮一步扩张法气管切开术的临床应用体会

目的：探讨经皮牛角型扩张器一步法气管切开术的临床应用方法及效果。方法：分析采用经皮牛角型扩张器一步法气管切开术的18例患者的手术时间,观察术中患者呼吸频率、心率、血压及血氧饱和度,出血量及并发症。结果：采用经皮导丝牛角型扩张器一步法气管切开术能一次性顺利扩张造瘘口,气管套管经插入器插入造瘘口顺畅,瘘口与气管切开套管匹配,平均手术时间（6±1.5）min,其中扩张造瘘口时间平均（20±5.5）s,插入气管套管时间平均（12±3）s出血少。术中呼吸频率、心率、血压、血氧饱和度无明显波动,术后出现1例纵隔皮下气肿。结论：经皮牛角型扩张器一步法气管切开术操作安全、简单、快速,值得临床应用推广。     

Percutaneous tracheostomy: comparison of Ciaglia and Griggs techniques

Endoscopic percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy is at least as safe as standard open tracheostomy in the operating room (OR). Recently, a single dilator was introduced to accomplish dilatation of the tracheal aperture in one step, thus obviating the need for multiple graduated dilators. Experience with endoscopic percutaneous tracheostomy (PCT) using the single dilator in 40 patients to date supports the premise that the procedure is safe, rapid, and technically simple. In the study by Añon et al, two very different techniques, are compared: the Ciaglia percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy technique using multiple dilators and the Griggs percutaneous technique using guidewire-dilating forceps. Although relative complication rates for the two techniques are not significantly different, both procedures are performed in a 'blind' fashion, without the benefit of a bronchoscope. The reported incidence of serious complications in this study is high, and almost certainly avoidable with the addition of direct bronchoscopic visualization. Operative time is reported to be shorter with the Griggs technique, but this finding is unlikely to hold true for the single dilator technique, which reduces procedure time to less than 15 min. This author's experience with bedside endoscopic PCT using the single dilator indicates that it is a safe, rapid and cost-effective procedure with a low complication rate.     

Tracheostomy must be individualized!

Tracheostomy is one of the most frequent procedures carried out in critically ill patients with major advantages compared to translaryngeal endotracheal intubation such as reduced laryngeal anatomical alterations, reduced inspiratory load, better patient's tolerance and nursing. Thus, tracheostomy can enhance patient's care in patients who need prolonged mechanical ventilation and/or control of airways. The right timing of tracheostomy remains controversial, however it appears that early tracheostomy in selected severe trauma, burn and neurological patients could be effective to reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation intensive care stay and costs. Percutaneous tracheostomy techniques are becoming the procedure of choice in the majority of the cases, since they are safe, easy and quick, and complications are minor. However, percutaneous tracheostomies should be always performed by experienced physicians to avoid unnecessary additional complications. It is not clear the superiority of one percutaneous technique compared to another, but experience of the operator and clinical individual anatomical, physiopathological characteristics of the patient should be always considered. We believe that the operator should have experience of at least one intrusive and one extrusive percutaneous technique. The general "optimal" tracheostomy technique and timing do not exist, but tracheostomy should be targeted on the patient's individual clinical characteristics.     

四种外科气道技术的对比研究

目的：对比环甲膜穿刺反向引导气管切开术（ cricothyroid membrane puncture guided tracheostomy, CMPGT ）、气管切开术（ surgical tracheostomy, ST ）、环甲膜切开术（ surgical cricothyroidotomy, SC）和Griggs经皮导丝扩张钳气管造口术（ guide wire dilating forceps, GWDF）四种技术建立紧急气道的时间、效果和并发症。方法将20只小型猪随机（随机数字法）分为四组,麻醉后气管插管,通过阻塞插管使其血氧饱和度（ SpO2）降至80％。应用上述四种方法建立紧急气道,记录手术时间,监测并记录血氧饱和度等心电监护仪及动脉血气指标,记录术中及术后并发症并根据并发症评分表评分。结果所有小型猪均成功建立气道, SC、 GWDF、 CMPGT和ST的手术时间分别为（86±12） s,（165±63） s,（174±34） s和（519±128） s,但是CMPGT组的恢复通气时间最短,为（23±4） s , P＜0.01。心电图显示停止供氧后T波降低和Q-T间期缩短, SpO2下降,通气后快速恢复正常水平。四组心电图和动脉血氧指标的术前和术后差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。并发症方面,每组均有两只出现轻度出血。 ST组另有3只术中中度出血,3只出现低血压,1只术后轻度出血,并导致了创口周围感染。 SC组中,1只可见术中中度出血,1只有轻微的环状软骨损伤。通过纤维支气管镜发现 GWDF 组中1只小型猪有中度的气管内壁损伤。CMPGT、 GWDF、 SC和ST四组的并发症评分为3、5、9、19。结论动物实验证实相比ST、 SC和GWDF, CMPGT在建立紧急气道方面更具有时效性和安全性。     

Percutaneous tracheostomy in critically ill patients: a prospective, randomized comparison of two techniques

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively compare two commonly used methods for percutaneous dilational tracheostomy (PDT) in critically ill patients. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, clinical trial. SETTING: Trauma and general intensive care units of a university tertiary teaching hospital, which is also a level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS: One hundred critically ill patients with an indication for PDT. INTERVENTIONS: PDT with the Ciaglia technique using the Ciaglia PDT introducer set and the Griggs technique using a Griggs PDT kit and guidewire dilating forceps. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Surgical time, difficulties, and surgical and anesthesia complications were measured at 0-2 hrs, 24 hrs, and 7 days postprocedure. Groups were well matched, and there were no differences between the two methods in surgical time or in anesthesia complications. Major bleeding complications were 4.4 times more frequent with the Griggs PDT kit. With the Ciaglia PDT kit, both intraoperative and at 2 and 24 hrs, surgical complications were less common (p = .023) and the procedure was more often completed without expert assistance (p = .013). Tracheostomy bleeding was not associated with either anticoagulant therapy or an abnormal clotting profile. Multivariate analysis identified the predictors of PDT complications as the Griggs PDT kit (p = .027) and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score (p = .041). The significant predictors of time required to complete PDT were the APACHE II score (p = .041), a less experienced operator (p = .0001), and a female patient (p = .013). CONCLUSIONS: Patients experiencing PDT with the Ciaglia PDT kit had a lower surgical complication rate (2% vs. 25%), less operative and postoperative bleeding, and less overall technical difficulties than did patients undergoing PDT with the Griggs PDT kit. Ciaglia PDT is, therefore, the preferred technique for percutaneous tracheostomy in critically ill patients.