中心型肥胖人体测量学指标研究现状

腰围、腰臀比(WHR)、腰围/身高比值(WHtR)均为反映中心型肥胖的体表测量指标,与糖尿病、高血压、冠心病等密切相关,均能预测糖尿病、高血压及心血管疾病的发生,但各指标的预测价值具有种族筹异.大量研究显示WHtR为中国人群最佳的中心型肥胖指标,与糖球病及冠心病危险因素的关联强于体重指数(BMI)或腰围、WHR.临床上应重视对WHtR的应用和进一步研究.     

Obesity indices and cardiovascular risk factors in Thai adults

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHpR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) with cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes in Thai population. DESIGN: A national cross-sectional survey of cardiovascular risk factors. SUBJECTS: Five thousand and three hundred five Thai adults aged > or =35 years. MEASUREMENTS: Body weight, height, waist and hip circumference and cardiovascular risk factors including blood pressure, total plasma cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride and fasting plasma glucose were measured. Age- and sex-specific means and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors were calculated and compared among anthropometric measurements. RESULTS: There were increasing trends of severity of cardiovascular risk factors and prevalence of morbidity conditions across increasing levels of BMI, WC, WHpR and WHtR categories. For age group > or =65 years, WC, WHpR and WHtR provided more consistent association with cardiovascular risk factors than BMI. Area under the curve indicated that measurement of central obesity could predict cardiovascular risk better than BMI. The optimal cutoff points for anthropometric measurements were in line with the Asia-Pacific recommendation; however, similar cutoff point for men and women between 82 and 85 cm was observed. CONCLUSION: Central obesity indices were slightly better associated with cardiovascular risk factors compared to BMI in Thai adults aged > or =35 years.     

腰围/身高比值与非肥胖者高血压的关系

目的:探讨腰围/身高比值(waist to height ratio,WHtR)用于对非肥胖者高血压风险的预测价值。方法:选取体质指数(BMI)<25的健康体检者,采用偏相关系数分析肥胖指数---WHtR、BMI、腰围及腰臀围比与血压的关系,Logistic回归分析控制年龄后各肥胖指数每升高1个标准差患高血压风险的比值比(OR值)及95%可信限。受试者工作特征(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲线分析各肥胖指数预测高血压的效能。结果:偏相关分析显示,调整年龄的影响后,各肥胖指数与血压显著相关,男、女性均以WHtR的相关系数最大。Logistic回归分析显示,WHtR预测高血压的OR值最大;ROC曲线分析显示,男、女性均以WHtR预测高血压的曲线下面积最大。结论:WHtR是有效的预测非肥胖者高血压的中心性肥胖指标。     

Comparison of anthropometric parameters as predictors of serum lipids in premenopausal women

No single anthropometric parameter has yet been generally accepted as being superior to others in assessing the metabolic risk associated with abdominal obesity. To compare waist circumference (WC) with waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), regarding their association with serum lipids, we studied 166 women aged 20 to 48 yr; 53 were obese [body mass index (BMI) 30-39.9 Kg/m2], 50 were overweight (BMI 25-29.9 Kg/m2) and 63 normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9 Kg/m2). Height, body weight, waist and hip circumferences, total serum cholesterol (Ch), low (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-Ch and triglyceride (TG) concentrations were measured. The correlation coefficients between the concentration of serum lipid fractions and each anthropometric parameter did not differ significantly for any lipid variable when WC, WHR and WHtR were compared in the 166 women. The same applied for the obese and the overweight group, whereas in normal weight women there was significant association only between WC and LDL-Ch and between WHR and Ch/HDL-Ch ratio. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the proportion of variance in serum lipids did not change significantly when WHR or WHR+WHtR were added to WC into the regression model (18%, 18% and 18% for Ch; 13%, 18% and 18% for HDL-Ch; 18%, 18% and 12% for LDL-Ch; 35%, 35% and 37% for TG, respectively). These results indicate that WC is the main parameter associated with serum lipid levels and that the ratios studied do not provide additional substantial information in women who need weight management.     

腰围身高比值与2型糖尿病心血管病危险因素的关系

目的探讨腰围身高比值（WHtR）用于2型糖尿病（T2DM）评估腹型肥胖及其与心血管病危险因素的关系。方法新诊断T2DM患者4ll例，测血压、血糖、血脂、身高、体重、腰围（WC）、臀围，计算BMI、WHtR及腰臀比（WHR），分析WHtR、BMI、WC及WHR与身高的关系，各肥胖指数与血压、血脂的关系。结果（1）WHtR与血压、TG及HDL-C的相关程度均大于与BMI、WC、wHR的相关程度。WHtR与高血压、高TG及低HDL-C均显著相关。结论WHtR升高与血压、血脂关系密切，可作为评估腹型肥胖及预测T2DM心血管疾病危险因素指标之一。     

Obesity and its measurement in a community‐based sample of women with systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective

To determine the prevalence of obesity and evaluate how accurately standard anthropometric measures identify obesity among women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

Dual x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), height, weight, and waist and hip circumference measurements were collected from 145 women with SLE. Three anthropometric proxies of obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m², waist circumference [WC] ≥88 cm, and waist:hip ratio [WHR] ≥0.85) were compared with a DXA‐based obesity criterion. Correspondence between measures was assessed with Cohen's kappa. Receiver operating characteristic curves determined optimal cut points for each anthropometric measure relative to DXA. Framingham cardiovascular risk scores were compared among women who were classified as not obese by both traditional and revised anthropometric definitions, obese by both definitions, and obese only by the revised definition.

Results

Of the 145 women, 28%, 29%, 41%, and 50% were classified as obese by WC, BMI, WHR, and DXA, respectively. Correspondence between anthropometric and DXA‐based measures was moderate. Women misclassified by anthropometric measures had less truncal fat and more appendicular lean and fat mass. Cut points were identified for anthropometric measures to better approximate DXA estimates of percent body fat: BMI ≥26.8 kg/m², WC ≥84.75 cm, and WHR ≥0.80. Framingham risk scores were significantly higher in women classified as obese by either traditional or revised criteria.

Conclusion

A large percentage of this group of women with SLE was obese. Substantial portions of women were misclassified by anthropometric measures. Utility of revised cut points compared with traditional cut points in identifying risk of cardiovascular disease or disability remains to be examined in prospective studies, but results from the Framingham risk score analysis suggest that traditional cut points exclude a significant number of at‐risk women with SLE.     

Associations of obesity measures with metabolic risk factors in a community-based population in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The association of obesity measures (ie, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to hip ratio (WHR)) with metabolic risk factors in community-based populations has not been well studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the present study 759 men and 1,255 women aged between 30 and 79 years, without histories of stroke or coronary heart diseases, were dichotomized at the medians of BMI-WHR, WC-WHR and BMI-WC. The accumulation of 4 metabolic risk factors (risk _ sum) were examined: high blood pressure (> or =130/85 mmHg or on antihypertensive therapy); high triglycerides (> or =170 mg/dl); low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (<40 mg/dl); and impaired glucose tolerance (hemoglobin A1c > or =5.6% or on antidiabetic therapy). BMI and WC correlated well in both men (r=0.871) and women (r=0.874). All 3 obesity measures related with the metabolic risk factors. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for BMI, WC and WHR to predict the risk _ sum > or =2 for men was 0.683, 0.709, and 0.700, respectively, and 0.715, 0.739, and 0.746, respectively, for women. CONCLUSIONS: BMI may be used instead of WC if the latter is not available. When WC is measured, hip circumference also should be measured because the WHR may be the most valuable measure of obesity.     

Effectiveness of body roundness index in predicting metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Body roundness index (BRI) is a new anthropometric index developed to predict both body fat and the percentage of visceral adipose tissue. Our aim was to investigate whether BRI is superior to traditional anthropometric indices in predicting metabolic syndrome (MetS). This systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted using Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Sciences databases. The estimated pooled areas under curve (AUCs) for BRI predicting MetS was higher than body mass index (BMI), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), body shape index (ABSI) and body adiposity index (BAI), similar to waist circumference (WC) and lower than waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR). However, the difference between BRI and BMI, WC and WHtR predicting MetS was statistically non‐significant. Similar results were found with the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC‐SROC). In addition, the non‐Chinese population had pooled AUCs greater than the Chinese population for all indices. Pooled ORs showed that BRI is associated with an increased MetS risk. In conclusion, BRI had good discriminatory power for MetS in adults of both sexes from diverse populations (AUC > 0.7; AUC‐SROC>0.7). However, WC and WHtR offer the best performance when screening for MetS, and non‐significant differences were found with BRI. In contrast, BRI was superior to BMI, WHR, ABSI and BAI in predicting MetS.     

Association between anthropometric measures of obesity and subclinical atherosclerosis in Bangladesh

Background

Anthropometric measures such as waist–hip-ratio (WHR), waist-height-ratio (WHtR), waist circumference, Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), and upper thigh circumference, have been linked to the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, their relationships with subclinical atherosclerosis are unclear. Studies in normal-weight populations, especially in Asian countries where leanness is prevalent, are lacking.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the associations of WHR, WHtR, waist circumference, hip circumference, body mass index (BMI), MUAC and upper thigh circumference with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) among 562 middle-aged participants free of CVD in rural Bangladesh.

Results

After adjusting for age and sex, WHR and waist circumference but not BMI showed a positive significant association with cIMT. In multivariate analysis, each standard deviation (SD) increase of WHR (0.08) or WHtR (0.07) was associated with an 8.96 μm (95% CI, 1.12–16.81) or 11.45 μm (95%CI, 0.86–22.04) difference in cIMT, respectively, after controlling for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, education level, and systolic blood pressure (SBP). The associations of WHR and WHtR with cIMT were independent of the influence of other anthropometric measures. The associations of other anthropometric measures and cIMT were not apparent.

Conclusions

In our relatively lean, healthy Asian population, WHR and WHtR appear to be better predictors of early atherosclerosis than other common surrogates of adiposity.     

人体肥胖指数在评价2型糖尿病患者肥胖中的应用价值

目的 探讨人体肥胖指数(BAI)在评价2型糖尿病患者肥胖中的应用价值.方法 采用横断面研究,选取住院2型糖尿病患者428例(男219例,女209例),测量并计算体重指数、腰围、BAI、腰臀比、腰围身高比(WHtR),比较不同性别间各项人体测量学指标的差异,采用偏相关分析评价BAI与临床指标之间的关系.应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,比较不同人体测量学指标诊断肥胖的曲线下面积(AUC)并确定BAI的理想切点值.结果 除体重指数外,腰围、BAI、腰臀比、WHtR在男性、女性患者间均有差异(t=-12.283～4.626,P均＜0.01).男性患者的BAI与收缩压、舒张压呈正相关,与高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)呈负相关(r=0.172、0.164、-0.150,P均＜0.05).女性患者的BAI与HbA1c、舒张压呈正相关(r=0.194、0.142,P均＜0.05).ROC分析显示,在预测肥胖时,BAI的价值低于腰围及WHtR,在女性糖尿病患者中BAI的价值高于WHR(P均＜0.05).男性、女性患者预测肥胖的BAI切点值分别为27.67和31.52.结论 在2型糖尿病患者中,BAI值具有性别差异,可作为评价糖尿病人群肥胖的新人体测量学指标.仅女性患者中其诊断价值高于WHR.     

Associations between obesity indices and both type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose among West African adults: Results from WHO STEPS surveys

Background and aimVarious obesity indices such as BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio, (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) are associated with the risk of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Given few studies examining the strength of the association in this population, we aimed to identify which obesity indices are most strongly associated with T2DM and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) among adults from five West African countries.Methods and resultsData from 15,520 participants from the World Health Organisation (WHO) STEPs surveys in Burkina Faso, Benin, Mali, Liberia, and Ghana were included in analyses. Multinomial logistic regression was used to calculate the relative risk (RR) per standard deviation (SD) of each anthropometric measure, modelled as both continuous variables and as categorical variables based on established cut-points. In the analyses with continuous variables, the unadjusted RRs for T2DM per SD were 1.30 (1.23, 1.37) for body mass index (BMI); 1.56 (1.46, 1.67) for WC; 2.57 (2.15, 3.09) for WHtR and 1.16 (1.03, 1.31) for WHR. WHtR showed the strongest association with T2DM in all adjusted analyses. For models using categorical variables based on established cut-points, obesity defined using waist circumference (OB-WC) and OB-BMI showed the strongest associations with T2DM, and OB-WHR, the weakest association in all adjusted analyses.ConclusionWHtR and WC appear to be the indices most strongly associated with T2DM and IFG respectively. Given its simplicity, WC may be the metric that most usefully conveys risk for T2DM in West African adults.     

Optimal cut-off values for obesity: using simple anthropometric indices to predict cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan

BACKGROUND: The increased health risks associated with obesity have been found to occur in Asians at lower body mass indices (BMIs). To determine the optimal cut-off values for overweight or obesity in Taiwan, we examined the relationships between four anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: The data were collected from four health-screening centers from 1998 to 2000 in Taiwan. Included were 55 563 subjects (26 359 men and 29 204 women, mean age=37.3+/-10.9 and 37.0+/-11.1 y, respectively). None had known major systemic diseases or were taking medication. Individual body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and a series of tests related to cardiovascular risk (blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were assessed and their relationships were examined. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to find out the optimal cut-off values of various anthropometric indices to predict hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. RESULTS: Of the four anthropometric indices we studied, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in women was found to have the largest areas under the ROC curve (women=0.755, 95% CI 0.748-0.763) relative to at least one risk factor (ie hypertension or diabetes or dyslipidemia). The optimal cut-off values for overweight or obesity from our study in men and women showed that BMIs of 23.6 and 22.1 kg/m(2), WCs of 80.5 and 71.5 cm, waist-to-hip ratios (WHpR) of 0.85 and 0.76, and WHtR of 0.48 and 0.45, respectively, may be more appropriate in Taiwan. CONCLUSIONS: WHtR may be a better indicator for screening overweight- or obesity-related CVD risk factors than the other three indexes (BMI, WC and WHpR) in Taiwan. Our study also supported the hypothesis that the cut-off values using BMI and WC to define obesity should be much lower in Taiwan than in Western countries.     

Waist-to-hip ratio is a better screening measure for cardiovascular risk factors than other anthropometric indicators in Tehranian adult men

BACKGROUND: It is essential to identify the best anthropometric index in any population to predict chronic disease risk. OBJECTIVE: To compare the ability of waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHpR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) to predict cardiovascular risk factors in an urban adult population of Tehranian men. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: A representative sample of 4,449 men aged 18-74 y, participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study METHODS: Demographic data were collected; anthropometric indices and blood pressure were measured according to standard protocol. In the 18-34 y age category, cutoff points for BMI, WHpR, WHtR and WC were 24 kg/m(2), 0.86, 0.47 and 81 cm, respectively. In the 35-54 y age category these cut points were 26 kg/m(2), 0.91, 0.52 and 89 cm, and in the 55-74 y age category 26 kg/m(2), 0.95, 0.54 and 91 cm, respectively. Hypertension was defined based on JNC VI. Biochemical analysis was conducted on fasting blood samples. Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose > or =126 mg/dl or 2hPG > or =200 mg/dl and dyslipidemia based on ATP III. The presence of 'at least one risk factor' from the three major cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes) was also evaluated. RESULTS: Mean age of men was 41.8+/-15.4 y. Mean BMI, WHpR, WC and WHtR for subjects were 25.6+/-4.2 kg/m(2), 0.91+/-0.07, 87.7+/-11.7 cm and 0.51+/-0.02, respectively. Dyslipidemia and 'at least one risk factor' are more prevalent risk categories. Although all anthropometric indicators had a significant association to cardiovascular risk factors, WHpR had the highest correlation coefficients compared to other anthropometric measures. For all risk factors in all age categories, the highest odds ratios were pertained to WHpR. Of the four individual indicators, WHpR had the highest sensitivity, specificity and accuracy to predict cardiovascular risk factors. Cutoff points for WHpR were seen to have a higher percentage of correct prediction than BMI, WC and WHtR in all age categories. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that WHpR is a better predictor for cardiovascular risk factors than BMI, WC and WHtR in Tehranian adult men.     

Four anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships between four anthropometric measurements and cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan. DESIGN: The data was collected from four nationwide health screen centers in Taiwan from 1998 to 1999. SUBJECTS: A total of 38 556 subjects: 18 280 men and 20 276 women, mean age=37.0+/-11.1 y. None had any known major systemic diseases or were currently on medication. MEASUREMENTS: Individual body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol level, low-density and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol level) were assessed and their relationships were examined. RESULTS: In both sexes, with increasing body mass index (BMI), WC, WHpR (waist-to-hip ratio) and WHtR (waist-to-height ratio), there were significantly higher risks of hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, diabetes and dyslipidemia (P<0.001) in almost all age groups. In the age groups older than 65, however, the relationships were statistically inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS: In Taiwan, the four anthropometric indexes (BMI, WC, WHpR, WHtR) are closely related to cardiovascular risk factors.     

驻浙部队团以上干部腰围身高比值与高血压危险因素的相关性

目的：探讨驻浙部队团及其以上干部腰围身高比值（WHtR）与血压及高血压危险因素的相关性。方法：选择2012-2013年度来我院参加干部年度体检的团及其以上干部共2641例,分析人体质量指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）、WHtR、腰臀比（WHR）与血压的相关性;以受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）分析比较上述4个指标对高血压的预测价值并判断其最佳切点。结果：（1） Pearson相关分析显示：WHtR与WC、BMI、WHR、收缩压、舒张压存在显著正相关（ r＝0.25-0.94, P＜0.005-＜0.001）;（2）上述4个指标中, ROC曲线下面积WHtR最大,为0.697（95％ CI 0.676-0.718）,最佳切点为0.51;BMI为0.651（95％ CI 0.639-0.662）,WC为0.689（95％ CI 0.664-0.751）,WHR为0.685（95％ CI 0.672-0.698）;对于高血压的患病风险,与BMI、WC和WHR相比,WHtR的敏感性（60.68％）和特异性（70.74％）最为均衡,OR最大,为4.12（3.71-4.59）。结论：（1）驻浙部队团及其以上干部中,人体测量学指标与血压关系密切,可作为预测、评估该人群患病风险的简易指标;（2）腰围身高比值是评价驻浙部队团及其以上干部人群高血压风险最佳的人体测量学指标,预测高血压的最佳切点为0.51。     

人体测量学指标与心血管代谢危险因素的相关性研究

目的探讨青岛地区人群体质指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）、腰身比（WSR）、腰臀比（WHR）、臀围（HC）等人体测量学指标与糖尿病、高血压、脂代谢异常等代谢危险因素的相关性。方法利用青岛糖尿病流行病学调查数据库分析BMI、WC、WSR、WHR和HC与血糖、血压、血脂的相关关系;比较受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线对心血管危险因素的敏感性和特异性。结果人体测量学指标与血压、血糖、血脂密切相关;WSR的ROC曲线下面积最大,男性高血压、高血脂、糖尿病的ROC曲线下面积分别为0．73、0．70、0．62,女性分别为0．74、0．74、0．74。结论青岛地区人群人体测量学指标与代谢危险因素关系紧密,可作为评估的简易指标WSR可能是本地区人群评价代谢危险的最佳人体测量学指标。     

Association between simple anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: To identify which of the three simple anthropometric indices, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference (WC), best predicts cardiovascular risk factors, and to determine if the association between the anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors varies with gender. DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional population-based survey was carried out during 1995-1996. One thousand and ten Chinese people (500 men and 510 women) aged 25-74 y were recruited as subjects for the study. Metabolic profiles and anthropometric indices were measured. RESULTS: Partial correlation and co-variance analyses showed that WC exhibited the highest degree of association with almost all of the studied metabolic profiles for both men and women. We observed significant gender differences in the association between central or general obesity with cardiovascular risk factors. BMI had an independent and significant association with metabolic risks in men, but not in women, whereas WHR was more strongly correlated with metabolic risks for women than for men. Logistic regression analysis further confirmed the magnitude of the association between the obesity indices and metabolic risks. Among the studied metabolic variables, serum insulin showed the highest degree of association with the obesity indices, followed by plasma glucose, triglyceride, HDL and blood pressure. Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol had a small but significant correlation with obesity. No threshold values in the relation between either the anthropometric indices and metabolic values, or with hypertension, diabetes and dislipidemia were observed. CONCLUSION: The association of central or general obesity and metabolic syndrome varied with gender. In addition, the useful anthropometric predictors for cardiovascular risk factors were BMI and WC for men, and WC and WHR for women.     

Body mass index,waist circumference and waist–hip ratio: which is the better discriminator of cardiovascular disease mortality risk? Evidence from an individual‐participant meta‐analysis of 82 864 participants from nine cohort studies

Few studies have examined both the relative magnitude of association and the discriminative capability of multiple indicators of obesity with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk. We conducted an individual‐participant meta‐analysis of nine cohort studies of men and women drawn from the British general population resulting in sample of 82 864 individuals. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) were measured directly. There were 6641 deaths (1998 CVD) during a mean of 8.1 years of follow‐up. After adjustment, a one SD higher in WHR and WC was related to a higher risk of CVD mortality (hazard ratio [95% CI]): 1.15 (1.05–1.25) and 1.15 (1.04–1.27), respectively. The risk of CVD mortality also increased linearly across quintiles of both these abdominal obesity markers with a 66% increased risk in the highest quintile of WHR. In age‐ and sex‐adjusted models only, BMI was related to CVD mortality but not in any other analyses. No major differences were revealed in the discrimination capabilities of models with BMI, WC or WHR for cardiovascular or total mortality outcomes. In conclusion, measures of abdominal adiposity, but not BMI, were related to an increased risk of CVD mortality. No difference was observed in discrimination capacities between adiposity markers.     

Impact of sex-specific body composition on cardiovascular risk factors: the Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Study

The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of sex-specific distribution of adiposity, particularly emphasizing the independent contribution of waist and hip circumferences relative to body mass index (BMI), on cardiovascular risk factors in a Chinese population. Blood pressure and anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured in 2510 population-based Chinese subjects. The relative contributions of waist and hip circumferences to the presence of cardiovascular risk factors were determined. The Chinese men were significantly larger than women, with greater BMI and central adiposity. Waist and hip circumferences were both positively associated with the presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. However, after adjustment for BMI and age, hip circumference exhibited a significant dose-dependent inverse relationship with dyslipidemia and diabetes in women, but not men. Sex-specific differences exist. After adjustment for age and BMI, hip circumferences independently and inversely contribute to cardiovascular risk in women, but not in men. Increasing adjusted waist circumference was associated with increased risk of hypertension and diabetes in Chinese and dyslipidemia in women only.     

Waist height ratio and waist circumference in relation to hypertension,Framingham risk score in hospitalized elderly Egyptians

Background

Hypertension is a public health problem and obesity is becoming an epidemic, increasing the risk of hypertension. Both are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD).