髋臼骨折的手术内固定治疗

目的探讨髋臼骨折手术内固定治疗方法。方法总结1998年3月至2002年3月对19例有移位的髋臼骨折进行内固定治疗的经验。所有骨折均按Letournel-Judet的方法分型。根据骨折类型的不同,分别采用Kocher-Lan-genbeck入路和髂腹股沟入路进行骨折复位,以骨盆重建钢板和螺丝钉进行固定。结果19例患者平均随访时间1.8年。根据美国矫形外科研究院评价标准,优16例(84.2%),良2例(10.5%),可1例(5.3%)。1例并发股骨头坏死,无切口及深部感染,无内固定物折断。结论正确分析骨折类型、选择恰当的手术入路、牢固的内固定和早期功能锻炼是提高髋臼骨折疗效的关键。     

重建钢板内固定治疗髋臼骨折临床分析

目的探讨重建钢板内固定治疗髋臼骨折的临床效果。方法髋臼骨折患者21例,根据Letournel-Judet分型[1]:后壁骨折11例,后柱骨折5例,后壁伴后柱骨折3例,前柱骨折2例。均采用重建钢板内固定治疗,其中2例前柱骨折患者取平卧位,采用髂腹股沟入路,余19例取侧卧位,采用Kocher-Langenbeck入路。结果所有病例均获随访,平均24(12~48)个月。按Matta标准评定疗效:优10例,良8例,可2例,差1例,优良率85.7%。结论重建钢板内固定治疗髋臼骨折,固定牢固,骨折愈合好,术后并发症少,恢复行走快,是治疗髋臼骨折的有效方法之一。     

有移位复杂髋臼骨折的手术治疗

目的 对移位复杂髋臼骨折采用不同手术入路与方法，探讨提高其疗效的方法。方法 手术治疗有移位髋臼骨折86例，对其中27例有移位复杂髋臼骨折进行了随访。所有骨折均按Letournel-Judet的方法进行分型。根据骨折类型及移位情况，分别采用Kocher-Langenback入路13例，髂腹股沟入路2例，前后联合入路12例，分别进行复位应用骨盆重建钢板和螺钉固定。结果 平均随访18．3个月(5～38个月)。根据改良的Merled’Aubigne和Poste评分标准进行评分，优10例，良12例，一般3例，差2例，优良率81．4％。术后发生骨性关节炎2例，异位骨化7例，经保守治疗痊愈，无死亡、感染及不愈合的病例。结论 手术前分析骨折的类型及骨折的移位方向，选择恰当的手术入路及手术中良好的复位是提高髋臼骨折疗效的关键。     

内固定治疗移位髋臼骨折的疗效分析

目的 探讨内固定治疗移位髋臼骨折的疗效.方法 2004年7月至2009年4月共收治64例移位髋臼骨折患者,男40例,女24例;平均年龄47.6岁.按Letournel-Judet方法分型:后壁骨折16例,后柱骨折2例,前柱骨折2例,横行骨折8例,后柱伴后壁骨折8例,横行伴后壁骨折6例,T形骨折6例,前柱伴后壁横行骨折2例,双柱骨折14例.根据不同骨折类型,手术采用Kocher-Langenbeck(K-L)入路32例,髂腹股沟入路16例,前后联合入路(髂腹股沟切口+K-L入路)16例,复位后应用骨盆重建钢板、拉力螺钉内固定. 结果 平均手术时间为3 h,术中平均失血量为800mL.所有患者术后获8～40个月(平均18个月)随访.根据Matta影像学评分,患者伤后2周内手术者53例,其中解剖复位39例,满意复位10例,不满意复位4例,复位优良率为92.5%.伤后2～3周后手术者11例,其中解剖复位4例,满意复位5例,不满意复位2例,复位优良率为81.8%.临床疗效评定结果:优37例,良13例,可8例,差6例,优良率为78.1%.发生创伤性关节炎2例,异位骨化3例(Ⅱ～Ⅲ度),股骨头缺血性坏死1例. 结论 对于移位髋臼骨折,根据不同骨折类型采用不同开放复位策略、尽早选择合理的手术方法是提高疗效的关键.     

髋臼骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨对髋臼骨折的手术治疗方法。方法 总结1999年8月～2001年6月对32例有移位的髋臼骨折患进行手术治疗的经验。所有骨折均按Letnurnel-Judet的方法进行分型。根据不同骨折类型，分别采用Kocher-Langenbeck入路、髂腹股沟入路及前后联合入路进行骨折复位，以骨盆重建钢板和螺丝钉进行固定。结果 32例患平均随访时间21．3个月。根据Matta评分，优11例(34．4％)，良16例(50％)，一般3例(9．4％)，差2例(6．2％)。发生股骨头坏死2例(6％)，异位骨化ll例(34％)，有4例发生创伤性关节炎(12．5％)，无手术死亡及感染发生。结论 术前正确分析骨折类型、选择恰当的手术人路和及时手术是提高髋臼骨折治疗效果的关键。     

移位髋臼骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨手术治疗移位髋臼骨折的最佳时机、入路选择、复位方法与技巧,以提高髋臼骨折的诊疗水平。方法对38例移位髋臼骨折术前大部分行CT图像三维重建,确定骨折类型并制定手术方案,选择最佳手术入路进行骨折复位,用骨盆重建钢板或螺丝钉固定。结果36例获得6个月～3年,平均14个月的随访。按M atta疗效评定标准评定,优28例,良4例,可4例,优良率88.9%。并发症主要有坐骨神经损伤、髋关节黏连和异位骨化。结论CT图像三维重建对判断髋臼骨折的部位、移位方向和损伤程度有重要意义,对手术入路选择和手术复位固定有指导作用。对移位髋臼骨折的治疗应该采取积极的态度,只要骨折移位大于3 mm都应切开复位内固定,术前正确判断骨折类型,选择最佳入路,术中准确复位和妥善固定是提高髋臼骨折疗效的关键。     

复杂髋臼骨折的手术治疗方法探讨

目的探讨复杂髋臼骨折的手术治疗方法及其并发症防治。方法对26例复杂髋臼骨折采用的手术入路分别为Kocher—Langenbeck入路（K—L入路）、髂腹股沟入路及前后联合入路。根据不同骨折类型采用重建钢板及拉力螺钉固定。结果经6～66个月随访，根据Matra评分髋关节功能：优9例，良11例，一般4例．差2例。结论复杂髋臼骨折术前正确分析骨折类型．选择合适的手术入路和内固定方法．早期手术是提高治疗效果的关键。     

Kocher-Langenbeck入路治疗复合髋臼骨折

目的探讨Kocher-Langenbeck(K-L)入路治疗复合髋臼骨折的临床疗效。方法对35例复合髋臼骨折患者采用K-L入路手术复位内固定治疗。结果 35例均获得随访,时间10~52个月。根据Matta影像学评定标准:解剖复位17例,良好复位12例,复位差6例。按照改良D'Aubigne-Postel关节功能评分标准:优11例,良15例,可5例,差4例,优良率74.3%。术后骨折全部愈合,无感染及医源性坐骨神经损伤,发生创伤性关节炎3例、股骨头缺血性坏死1例、异位骨化5例。结论复合髋臼骨折中,后柱伴后壁骨折、大多数横断伴后壁骨折及某些T形骨折和少量双柱骨折通过单纯K-L入路可以完成骨折的复位固定,获得满意的临床疗效。     

手术治疗有移位的髋臼骨折

目的通过对髋臼骨折手术治疗结果的分析和总结,探讨髋臼骨折手术入路与骨折分型的关系和手术指征。方法对54例髋臼骨折按不同类型选择手术入路进行复位,以重建钢板和螺钉内固定。结果术后骨折复位质量按Matta影像学评定:解剖复位31例,满意复位20例,不满意复位3例;术后临床评分按改良的Merled’Aubigne和Postel评分系统,优良率为83·3%。结论正确判断骨折类型,选择最佳手术入路,准确复位,选择合适的内固定材料,早期手术内固定是治疗髋臼骨折的可靠方法。     

髋臼骨折合并髋关节脱位的手术治疗

[目的]探讨髋臼骨折的分型、手术入路、内固定方式及手术疗效.[方法]2001年11月～2006年8月,本院手术治疗的髋臼骨折合并股骨头脱位34例,根据髋臼骨折的AO分类标准:A型骨折24例,B型骨折10例,应用Kocher-Langenbeck(KL)手术入路20例,Gibson入路2例,KL改良入路4例,髂腹股沟入路4例,前后联合入路4例,内固定方式32例选用螺钉及钢板,2例应用钢丝环扎固定.[结果]所有患者获平均37.6个月随访.参照美国骨科学会(AAOS)提出的评价标准[1]:优12例,良12例,可4例,差6例,优良率为71%.[结论]结合全面的影像学资料,正确判断髋臼骨折的AO分型,恰当的手术入路及合适的内固定方式,同时注意手术时的微创操作及骨折复位的质量,才能提高疗效,减少并发症.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.