Genitourinary fistulas of obstetric origin

Objective: To review the results of management of 42 cases of genitourinary fistulas of obstetric origin.Settings: Department of urology, Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Pakistan.Methods: Forty two cases of genitourinary fistulas (36 vesicovaginal, 2 vesicouterine, one ureterovaginal and 3urethrovaginal) were repaired from 1st December, 1999 to 31st May, 2002). All fistulas were repaired three months or more after formation. Transabdominal and vaginal repair of vesicovaginal fistulas was undertaken in 29 and 7 patients respectively. Two patients had trans-abdominal closure of vesicouterine fistulas. Ureteroneocystostomy with antireflux mechanism was performed for uretereovaginal fistula. For three urethrovaginal fistulas transvaginal layered repair was carried out.Results: Overall success rate for all types of fistula was 85.7% (36 pts).Conclusion: The surgical treatment of genitourinary fistulas will depend upon the type, size and location of fistula. Acceptable results can be achieved by adhering to the surgical principles of fistula repair i.e. optimal tissue conditions, adequate exposure and tension free closure.     

女性尿路生殖道瘘诊疗分析(附27例报告)

目的:总结女性尿路生殖道瘘临床诊疗经验,探讨复杂性女性尿路生殖道瘘的治疗方法。方法:本组27例,年龄16~56岁,平均41.2岁。其中膀胱阴道瘘9例,输尿管阴道瘘15例,输尿管子宫瘘1例,尿道阴道瘘2例。妇科盆腔手术所致23例,会阴部或盆腔外伤所致3例,放疗所致1例。9例膀胱阴道瘘中,3例行耻骨上经膀胱修补,2例经阴道修补,3例复杂性瘘经腹修补并移植带蒂大网膜,1例放疗后复杂性瘘行输尿管皮肤造口术。15例输尿管阴道瘘中,6例行输尿管镜下输尿管双J管留置术,9例行输尿管膀胱再植术。1例输尿管子宫瘘行耻骨上辅助经脐单孔腹腔镜(SA-LESS)输尿管膀胱再植术。2例尿道阴道瘘均经阴道行修补术,其中1例采用改进三层错位缝合术修补。结果:24例一次治愈,成功率为88.89%(24/27);3例二次手术治愈。平均手术时间75(45~135)min,平均术中出血量60(15~150)ml。术后随访4个月~13年,27例患者均未再出现漏尿,无尿失禁、尿道及阴道狭窄,无继发性肾功能损害。结论:女性尿路生殖道瘘修补手术方法因人因病而定。术前充分准备,选择恰当的手术修补时机、正确的手术修补途径、术中精细操作是提高尿路生殖道瘘手术成功的关键。对复杂性尿瘘,可采用改进三层错位缝合术、辅助带蒂瓣片或网膜技术修补瘘口,促进愈合。     

膀胱肠瘘诊断治疗12例报告

目的探讨膀胱肠瘘的诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾性分析12例膀胱肠瘘患者的临床资料。男10例，女2例。平均年龄57岁。膀胱回肠瘘3例、膀胱结肠瘘7例、膀胱直肠瘘2例。病因为肠道恶性肿瘤7例、Crohn病3例、膀胱癌和肠道憩室炎各1例。临床表现粪尿10例、反复尿路感染6例、腹痛4例、气尿3例。CT确诊5例（5／9）、膀胱镜确诊3例（3／6）、膀胱造影确诊2例（2／5）、钡剂灌肠确诊1例（1／5）。行手术治疗10例，其中病变肠段切除一期吻合加膀胱部分切除术4例，病变肠段切除一期吻合加瘘修补术或单纯膀胱引流术各1例，一期横结肠造口、二期结肠癌根治加膀胱部分切除术1例，姑息性近端结肠造口术3例。保守治疗2例。结果1例于入院后第10天死于感染性休克。9例随访3个月～16年，平均6．5年。肠瘘1例复发，再次手术后治愈；1例保守治疗者及1例姑息性手术者死于肿瘤转移，1例术后2年死于脑血管意外，此前随访肠瘘无复发；余5例手术治疗者生存良好，无明显术后并发症。结论膀胱肠瘘多继发于肠道恶性肿瘤，主要临床表现为粪尿和反复尿路感染，CT和膀胱镜为首选的检查方法，治疗以手术为主。     

“H-type” urethroanal fistula

Stephens and Smith have recently described a urethroanal connection through which urine was passed preferentially into the otherwise normal rectum at the pectinate line.¹ Other authors^2,3 have reported similar deformities. The term “congenital ‘H-type’ anourethral fistula” was proposed for this rare anomaly by deVries and Friedland in 1974.⁴ In this communication, we describe two examples of the “H-type” urethroanal fistula (Fig. 1). Each patient also had a tracheoesophageal fistula. One patient (R.P.), now 11 yr of age, has had successful correction of the anomaly. The other patient (T.McC.), a small premature baby whose uroanal deformity was investigated radiographically, died of sepsis and uremia. The anatomical relationships in this baby were investigated histologically in the autopsy specimen by means of serial sections. From this study, it has been possible to determine the sphincteric anatomy and to suggest a possible pathoembryology of the defect.     

腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊结石致胆囊肠道内瘘17例报告

目的：探讨腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊结石致胆囊肠道内瘘的疗效。方法2008年1月～2013年6月,行腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊结石致胆囊肠道内瘘17例,均在腹腔镜下切除胆囊和瘘管,肠道瘘口腔镜下单纯修补为主,其中1例因胆囊十二指肠瘘口较大,行十二指肠瘘口T管引流术。对合并胆总管结石的6例,均在胆道镜取石后行一期缝合或T管引流术。结果胆囊肠道内瘘的类型：单纯胆囊十二指肠瘘8例,胆囊胃瘘1例,胆囊横结肠瘘1例,胆囊十二指肠瘘合并胆囊横结肠瘘1例,胆囊十二指肠瘘合并胆总管结石5例,胆囊十二指肠瘘合并胆囊横结肠瘘、胆总管结石1例。手术时间50～150 min,平均95 min。术中出血量20～240 ml,平均55 ml。17例术后随访7～12个月,平均11个月,无肠漏、胆漏、胆道感染及肠梗阻等并发症发生。结论重视胆囊肠道内瘘患者的术前诊断和准备,术中仔细解剖操作,胆囊肠道内瘘腹腔镜下手术处理安全有效。     

尿道直肠瘘修补新术式

尿道直肠瘘可给患者造成严重精神和肉体创伤，大于2cm的创口自行愈合希望甚小。尿道拖人法修补尿道直肠瘘简化了手术程序，提高了成功率。该术式保证了尿道的连续、完整、光滑、通畅；尿道海绵体具有良好血供有利于创面愈合。     

肾结石继发肾周脓肿及肾瘘3例

目的:探讨肾结石继发肾周脓肿及肾瘘的发病原因及处理方法.方法:报告3例肾结石继发肾周脓肿及肾瘘患者的临床资料.原发病均为肾结石,继发肾周围脓肿1例,肾皮肤瘘1例,肾结肠瘘1例.经窦道顺行造影和逆行肾盂造影明确窦道径路.3例均行手术治疗,行患肾切除、结肠瘘口切除修补术.结果:术后随访8～12个月均恢复良好.结论:肾结石继发肾周脓肿及肾瘘,应及时手术治疗,术前明确窦道径路,避免手术并发症.     

Changing trends in the etiology and management of vesicovaginal fistula

Vesicovaginal fistula has remained a scourge and of public health importance, causing significant morbidity, and psychological and social problems to the patient. Continuous wetness, odor and discomfort cause serious social issues. The diagnosis has been traditionally based on clinical evaluation, dye testing, cystoscopic examination and contrast studies. A successful repair of such fistulas requires an accurate diagnosis and timely surgical intervention using techniques that are based on basic surgical principles with or without the use of interpositional flaps. The method of repair depends on the type and location of the fistula, and the surgeon's training and expertise. The main complications are recurrence and stress/urge incontinence. Prevention must include universal education, improvement in the social and nutritional status of women, discouraging early marriages, and the provision of improved accessible healthcare services.     

Gastro-Broncho-Pleural Fistula after Laparoscopic Gastric Band Placement

Laparoscopic gastric band placement is a common procedure for morbid obesity. Common complications include gastric perforation, band erosion, and band slippage. We present the first report in the literature of gastro-bronchial-pleural fistula after laparoscopic gastric band placement.     

Hormonal dependence of fistulas communicating with the uterus

The conventional management of urogenital fistulas is surgical but a recent review of world data showed a high efficacy of hormonal manipulation by the induction of amenorrhea in the treatment of vesicouterine fistulas (VUFs). In fact, VUFs were first demonstrated to be hormonally regulated due to the fistulous canal being lined by endometrium. In this report, we suggest and discuss that, in women of reproductive age, the phenomenon of hormonal regulation is likely to be present in other fistulas communicating with the uterus, like ureterouterine and enterouterine fistulas.     

The epidemiology of genitourinary fistulae in Kumasi,Ghana, 1977–1992

The aim of the study was to determine the clinical epidemiology of genitourinary fistulae as seen at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi, Ghana. A retrospective study was carried out from the hospital records and operative reports of all patients with genitourinary fistulae seen at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital between January 1977 and December 1992. Patient age, parity, type of fistula and cause of fistula were abstracted from the medical records. There were 164 cases of genitourinary fistula managed during the study period. There were 150 fistulae due to obstetric causes (91.5%), the vast majority of which were due to prolonged obstructed labor (121 cases, 73.8% of all fistulae), with a minority related to complications of lower-segment cesarean section (14 cases, 8.5% of all fistulae). In 5 cases (3.1%) patients developed a rectovaginal fistula owing to perineal tears and prolonged obstructed labor. During this time period there were 157 449 deliveries, giving an obstetric fistula rate of 1 fistula per 1000 deliveries. Obstetric fistulae were most common at the extremes of reproductive age and parity. Fourteen additional fistulae (8.5% of all cases) were due to gynecologic causes, most commonly from surgical injury occurring at the time of abdominal hysterectomy for leiomyomata uteri (12 cases, 7.3% of all fistulae). It was concluded that in Kumasi, Ghana, obstetric trauma from prolonged obstructed labor is the most common cause of genitourinary fistula formation. Such fistulae occur in older multiparous women as well in young primigravidae. Obstructed labour can, and does, occur in women who have previously undergone uneventful vaginal delivery. Birth attendants should be aware of that fact. Prompt referral for obstetric intervention should be made in obstructed labor, irrespective of the age and parity of the patient.EDITORIAL COMMENT: This is an interesting article with respect to its elucidation of the etiology of various fistulae, both obstetric and gynecologic. In addition, the elevated numbers of fistulae in multiparous patients (in this series over 50% of the cases) draws attention to this problem population. Indeed, nearly a quarter of these patients were women who had had 5 or more children. All this points to the importance of early intervention with respect to the conduct of labor in patients with a potential for prolonged obstructed labor. Also of interest is the high number of ureterovaginal fistulae associated with abdominal hysterectomy for uterine fibroid. This emphasizes the importance of surgical technique to avoid damage to the upper urinary tract during gynecological surgery. Devitalization of the ureter from damage to its blood supply or direct damage to the ureter are responsible for this problem. These factors should be either avoided or appropriately identified and corrected at the time of surgery.     

先天性肢体动静脉瘘手术治疗体会

报告先天性肢体动静脉瘘48例手术治疗体会。方法:采用瘘管结扎和病变切除;瘘管结扎、病变切除和血流重建;分期分段瘘管结扎三种手术方法。结果:本组除4例失随访外,其余44例已平均随访5.8年。疗效良好者20例,占45.4％;好转16例,占36.3％。总有效率达81.7％。结论:作者认为,术前选择性动脉造影能对诊断和施行手术提供可靠依据,痿管结扎和病变切除是手术成功的关键。     

When the bowel meets the bladder: Optimal management of colorectal pathology with urological involvement

Fistulae between the gastrointestinal and urinary systems are rare but becoming increasingly more common in current surgical practice. They are a heterogeneous group of pathological entities that are uncommon complications of both benign and malignant processes. As the incidence of complicated diverticular disease and colorectal malignancy increases, so too does the extent of fistulous connections between the gastrointestinal and urinary systems. These complex problems will be more common as a factor of an aging population with increased life expectancy. Diverticular disease is the most commonly encountered aetiology, accounting for up to 80% of cases, followed by colorectal malignancy in up to 20%. A high index of suspicion is required in order to make the diagnosis, with ever improving imaging techniques playing an important role in the diagnostic algorithm. Management strategies vary, with most surgeons now advocating for a single-stage approach to enterovesical fistulae, particularly in the elective setting. Concomitant bladder management techniques are also disputed. Traditionally, open techniques were the standard; however, increased experience and advances in surgical technology have contributed to refined and improved laparoscopic management. Unfortunately, due to the relative rarity of these entities, no randomised studies have been performed to ascertain the most appropriate management strategy. Rectourinary fistulae have dramatically increased in incidence with advances in the non-operative management of prostate cancer. With radiotherapy being a major contributing factor in the development of these complex fistulae, optimum surgical approach and exposure has changed accordingly to optimise their management. Conservative management in the form of diversion therapy is effective in temporising the situation and allowing for the diversion of faecal contents if there is associated soiling, macerated tissues or associated co-morbidities. One may plan for definitive surgical intervention at a later stage. Less contaminated cases with no fibrosis may proceed directly to definitive surgery if the appropriate expertise is available. An abdominal approach with direct repair and omentum interposition between the repaired tissues has been well described. In low lying fistulae, a transperineal approach with the patient in a prone-jack knife position provides optimum exposure and allows for the use of interposition muscle grafts. According to recent literature, it offers a high success rate in complex cases.     

Recognition and management of patients with high-risk vesicovaginal fistulas: Implications for teaching and research

Vesicovaginal fistulas (VVFs) occurring as a result of obstetric trauma are a vast problem in Nigeria and Ghana, where at least 20 000 women await repair, and fewer than 50 physicians have the necessary expertise. Through a series of conferences those VVFs that are at high risk and those at low-risk for repair failure, were identified. A clinic was established where repair of low-risk VVFs was done on an ongoing basis in a remote region of Ghana. A visiting surgical team was utilized to repair the difficult, or high-risk, VVFs, which included 4–6 cm VVFs (3), recurrent VVF (1), combined VVF and RVF (rectovaginal fistula), a large 5 cm juxtacervical VVF (1), and a vesicouterine fistula (1). Management of these patients and others with VVF repair complications is discussed.