应用微卫星多态位点对X连锁型视网膜色素变性疾病进行遗传连锁分析的研究

目的应用遗传连锁分析方法对X连锁型视网膜色素变性家系进行分析,确定其致病基因的所在位点。方法在2个目前常见的X-连锁遗传位点——RP2和RP3处分别选取具有高信息量的微卫星位标,对2例疑似X连锁型视网膜色素变性家系进行遗传连锁分析。通过对家系成员的单倍型分析,并使用两点法计算其最大优势时数（LOD Score）值,确定致病基因所在的染色体位置。结果微卫星标记DXS993与2例遗传家系表型间最大LOD值分别为：〈-2和0．8;DXS 1068在2例遗传家系LOD值分别为0．4和0．8。结论RP2基因可能不是XY家系的致病性基因;在ZLK家系,怀疑疾病位点与RP2或RP3基因连锁。用遗传连锁分析方法确定致病基因所在染色体的范围起到重要的作用。     

一个疑似X连锁型视网膜色素变性家系的遗传连锁分析的研究

目的对一个疑似X连锁型视网膜色素变性(X-linked retinitis pigmentosa,XLRP)家系进行分析,确定其致病基因的所在位点。方法选取已知XLRP候选基因附近的微卫星位标,用多点参数分析方法计算其最大优势对数值(LOD score),并通过对家系成员单倍型分析,确定该家系致病基因所在的染色体位置。结果位于X染色体长臂的微卫星标记DXS8043与该例遗传家系间最大LOD值小于-2,其他位于X染色体短臂的11个微卫星标记与该例遗传家系LOD值保持在0.5上下,无明显的高值。单倍型结果表明该家系中2例患者兄弟(Ⅲ1、Ⅲ6)和他们的携带者母亲(Ⅱ2)在DXS8051与DXS1214之间拥有在正常成员中不存在的基因型,表明该基因型与疾病共分离,进一步确定了他们X性连锁遗传模式,并且可将致病基因初步定位于DXS8051与DXS1214之间的RP23和RP6基因。结论可以排除该例家系的致病位点与X染色体长臂上的RP24基因的连锁,高度怀疑连锁位点存在于X染色体的短臂的RP23和RP6基因,需另增加位标的信息量,以进一步缩小致病基因所在的具体范围。     

用连锁分析方法确定疾病基因易位

我们通过协作得到一个Y连锁遗传视网膜色素变性(RP)家系[1],根据我们对该家系系谱及视网膜变性有关研究[2]分析,Y染色体上的该显性致病基因可能是X染色体上RP15基因易位所致,因此,我们在X染色体上选取了与RP15紧密连锁的两个微卫星DXS989和DXS7161作为RP15的标记[3]来检测...     

遗传连锁分析法对一常染色体显性遗传性视网膜色素变性家系的基因定位研究

目的：对一个常染色显性遗传性视网膜色素变性（autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa,ADRP)大家系进行基因定位。方法：收集ADRP家系，对该家系成员进行详细眼科检查确诊为视网膜色素变性（retinitis pigmentosa,RP），采集外周血3－5ml并抽提DNA；采用多个已知遗传标记与该家系致病基因位点进行连锁分析。结果：两点连锁结果显示该家系致病基因位点与遗传标记1D3S1292连锁，在θ=0.1时得到最大LOD分数2．73。结论：由于D3S1292位于3号染色体长臂21区（3q21)，从而将该家系致病基因位点大致定位于3q21附近。     

1例X连锁型视网膜色素变性家系的分子遗传学研究

目的 对1例来自云南省的X连锁型视网膜色素变性家系进行相关分子遗传学研究.方法 在本研究小组前期工作中对该家系已初步确定的X连锁型遗传位点--RP2和RP3处选取具有高信息量的9个微卫星位标进行精细单倍型分析.在定位的候选基因RP3基因即RPGR基因上,使用构象敏感凝胶电泳(conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis, CSGE)的方法对其1～14号外显子进行突变筛选的同时对已有报道的突变热点区--外显子ORF15进行直接测序以寻找致病突变.结果 通过精细定位扫描及相关单倍型分析,将该例家系的致病基因定位在RP3位点.RPGR基因1～14号外显子经CSGE的方法进行突变筛选,未发现有异常电泳条带;通过直接对突变热点区外显子ORF15的测序,在该例家系中检测到1个在国内外均有报道的热点突变:g.ORF15 483_484delGA.结论 g.ORF15 483_484delGA移码突变导致了该家系产生X连锁型视网膜色素变性.     

应用遗传连锁分析法对伴传导功能障碍的扩张型心肌病家系致病基因的定位

目的: 对一个常染色体显性遗传扩张型心肌病(familial dilated cardiomyopathy,FDCM)家系进行基因定位。方法: 收集FDCM 家系, 对该家系成员进行详细心血管内科检查确诊为扩张型心肌病,且伴发有传导功能障碍;采集外周血3～5 mL,并抽提基因组DNA;选取与该表型相关的已定位区间CMD1A(1q21.2-q21.3),CMD1H(2q14-q22), CMD1E(3p22-p25)和CMD1F(6q22-23)内的共计18个微卫星DNA标记,在该家系中进行排除性定位分析;最后,进行全基因组扫描及连锁分析。结果：①已定位区间的18个微卫星DNA标记位点的LOD值均<-2,证实该家系与已知DCM位点不连锁;②全基因组扫描及两点连锁分析结果显示,该家系致病基因位点与遗传标记D3S1614(3q26)连锁, 在θ= 0时得到最大LOD值2.68。结论: 该家系与已知的4个DCM位点均不连锁,其致病基因位于D3S1614（3q26）附近的一个新位点。     

常染色体显性遗传性先天性白内障一家系致病基因的初步定位

目的 初步定位常染色体显性遗传性先天性白内障(ADCC)一家系的致病基因。方法 收集ADCC一家系资料，在已知先天性白内障致病基因和位点附近，选择合适的短串联重复序列多态性标记(STRP)，对ADCC一家系进行连锁分析，使用Mlink软件采用对数优势记分法(LOD)计算LOD值。结果 在STRP中，D17S805、D17S1294及D17S1293与致病基因位点连锁的最大IDD值分别为2．03、2．49及2．22(重组率θ=0)。结论 该ADCC家系的致病基因初步定位在第17对染色体上；CRYBA1基因为候选基因。     

应用连锁分析方法对X连锁型视网膜色素变性进行基因诊断的研究

目的 探讨用连锁分析方法对Ｘ连锁型视网膜色素变性（ＲＰ）进行基因诊断的可行性。方法 选用ＲＰ３及ＲＰ２所在染色体区间,即Ｘｐ２１．１￣ｐ１１．２３的１０个微卫星染色体位标,对Ｘ连锁型ＲＰ家系了连锁分析,通过家系成员的单倍型分析,确定致病基因所在的染色体位置,进而判定欲检修个体是否携带该染色体区段。结果 确定４个Ｘ 锁隐性ＲＰ家系致病基因在ＲＰ３和ＲＰ２的染色体区间,对家系中的年幼女性是否为携带者。     

甘肃地区一遗传痉挛性截瘫家系致病基因的定位

目的：对中国甘肃地区一个常染色体显性遗传痉挛性截瘫家系致病基因的初步定位研究．方法：用常见的常染色体显性遗传痉挛性截瘫的3个基因区域内的10个微卫星位点D14S264、D14S75、D14S69、D14S266、D14S66、D2S2347、D2S2255、D2S2351，D15S128、GABRB3对该家系致病基因进行等位基因共享分析及连锁分析．结果：该家系致病基因在SPG4基因区域的D2S2351位点连锁(θ=0，最大LOD值为2．71)．结论：该家系致病基因在SPG4基因座，疾病基因是spastin．     

常染色体显性遗传性先天性全白内障家系致病基因的排除性定位

目的：定位一个常染色体显性遗传性先天性全白内障家系的致病基因。方法收集一个常染色体显性遗传性先天性全白内障家系的资料,在已知先天性白内障致病基因和位点附近,选择9个微卫星标记,对此家系进行连锁分析,使用Mlink软件采用对数优势记分法（ LOD）计算LOD值。结果未发现所选微卫星位点与该家系疾病表型共分离,LOD值均为负值。致病基因与已知的先天性白内障7个候选基因不存在连锁关系。结论该家系的致病基因有待于进一步研究。     

Polymorphism of DXS102 locus in Chinese population and its application to gene diagnosis in hemophilia B family

OBJECTIVE: To establish the polymorphism of DXS102 locus from Xq26.3-27.1 in Chinese population for the gene diagnosis in Hemophilia B family. METHODS: DNA was extracted from blood samples obtained from Shanghai unrelated volunteer donors with phenol-chloroform method. A total of 23x chromosomes (154 from females, 80 from males) were studied. A hemophilia B family in which a hemophilia B patient has received gene therapy was analyzed. The polymorphism of DXS102 locus in Chinese population was determined with amplified fragment length polymorphisms assay (Amp-FLP), denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, silver stain detection. Short tandem repeats (STRs) linkage analysis was used to conduct gene diagnosis in hemophilia B family. RESULTS: Eight alleles were found at DXS102 locus, of which two alleles were first reported. The repeated number of AC dinucleotide ranges from 13 to 21. And the values of the observed heterozygosity, calculated heterozygosity and polymorphism information content(PIC) were 0.87, 0.80, 0.80 respectively. It was also found that the difference of the allele frequencies of DXS102 in Chinese and European populations was significant. By using the linkage analysis of the DXS102 locus, a family with a hemophilia B patient receiving gene therapy in 1994 was analyzed and meanwhile a carrier in that family was then detected. CONCLUSIONS: The polymorphism of DXS102 locus reveals significant difference between Chinese and European populations. DXS102 locus can be used as a promising marker for gene diagnosis in hemophilia B family.     

X连锁遗传的薄基底膜肾病与COL4A5基因连锁

目的 运用Ｘ染色体上与ＣＯＬ４Ａ５基因紧密连锁的微卫星标志２Ｂ６及ＤＸＳ１０１对９个薄基底膜肾病家系进行基因连锁分析。方法 用ＰＣＲ扩增９例薄基底膜肾病患者及其家系成员Ｘ染色体上的微卫星标志２Ｂ６及ＤＸＳ１０１,１０％聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后银染分析结果,运用ＰＰＡＰ软件计算Ｌｏｄ ｓｃｏｒｅ值。结果 ３个家系的薄基底膜肾病与Ｘ染色体上的ＣＯＬ４Ａ５基因连锁,座位间的Ｌｏｄ ｓｃｏｒｅ值为２．７,θ＝     

Phenotype and genotype analysis of a Chinese family with prelingual X-linked hereditary hearing impairment

Background X-linked hearing impairment is clinically and genetically a heterogeneous disease. Although many disorders manifest with hearing loss, a limited number of sex-linked loci and only one gene （POU3F4） have been shown to be implicated in X-linked non-syndromic hearing impairment. In the present study, we have performed a clinical and genetic analysis of a Chinese family with X-linked non-syndromic hearing loss, with emphasis on audiological findings and genomic mapping.
Methods The clinical features of Family JX01 were evaluated by physical and audiometric examination in eighteen family members. Mutation screening of POU3F4 was identified by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） amplification and sequencing. Molecular evaluation consisted of X-chromosome wide genotyping by microsatellite makers （STR）, followed by analyzing using MLINK computer program.
Results Five affected males demonstrated bilateral, symmetrical sensorineural and profound hearing loss. The hearing impairment started prelingual. The female carriers did not have any complain of hearing loss, however, two of them were tested with milder loss with high frequency. No causative mutations in POU3F4 gene were detected by DNA sequencing. Linkage analysis indicated that the responsible gene was linked to locus DXS1227 （maximum Iod score=2.04 at θ=0）.
Conclusions The affected males in Family JX01 have profound prelingual sensorineural hearing impairment. In addition, two female carriers showed mild to moderate hearing losses. However, none of females complained of any hearing loss. Analysis of hereditary deafness in this family mapped most compatibly to the Xq27.2.     

血友病A家系的单体型基因连锁分析

目的：该研究开展温州地区血友病A（HA）家系的可变数目串联重复序列（VNTR）多态性、短串联重复序列（STR）多态性和限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）单体型基因连锁分析,为HA遗传咨询和生育指导提供症状前、携带者基因诊断方面的依据。方法：针对HA先证者及其有关家系成员,进行单体型基因连锁分析。采用PCR检测凝血因子VIII（FVIII）基因外的DXS52（St14）位点的VNTR多态性,检测FVIII基因外的DXS15（CA）n、DXS9901（GT）n、DXS1073（GT）n位点和内含子1（GT）n、13（CA）n、22（GT）n（AG）n、24（GT）n位点的STR多态性并经毛细管电泳确证。另外采用PCR产物限制酶切检测FⅧ基因的内含子18、19、22位点的RFLP。结果：以2个HA家系为例报道研究结果。家系一先证者年幼弟弟肯定为正常人,先证者母亲、外祖母为携带者,先证者小姨肯定为携带者而其年幼儿子肯定为正常人。家系二先证者外祖母肯定不是携带者,先证者的X染色体来自外祖父,但已知外祖父不是患者,那么按照最大风险估计,母亲的那条来自外祖父的X染色体在外祖父生殖细胞中FVIII基因发生了突变,因此母亲是携带者。家系二先证者年幼妹妹是携带者,将来有生育患儿的风险,但先证者大姨及其年幼女儿不是携带者。结论：该研究的HA家系的VNTR-PCR、STR-PCR和PCR/RFLP单体型基因连锁分析,特别是对症状前男孩的诊断、对未曾有患病后代的女性携带者的检出,具有非常重要的实际意义,可以为遗传咨询和生育指导提供可靠依据。     

Genetic heterogeneity for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Chinese: analysis of six Chinese kindreds

OBJECTIVE: Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHCM) is a primary myocardial disease characterized by unexplained ventricular hypertrophy. The application of the techniques of reverse genetics has identified at least five chromosomal loci as the major causes for FHCM in diverse ethnic populations, suggesting substantial genetic heterogeneity for FHCM. Recently, the defective gene loci of two Chinese families with FHCM have been mapped to chromosome 11 and 14q1, respectively. For further understanding of the molecular basis of FHCM in Chinese, we analyzed the linkage between four other Chinese kindreds and DNA markers from chromosome 14q1. METHODS: Six unrelated Chinese families with FHCM, including two previously reported, were studied. Totally 90 family members were included for analysis. DNA from 80 individuals was extracted and polymerase chain reactions were performed using the primers designed according to the sequences derived from the alpha and beta myosin heavy chain gene. Totally four polymorphisms were studied, including three polymorphic microsatellite sequences and one single strand conformation polymorphism. Genetic linkage analysis were performed using the Linkage program. RESULTS: In the six studied families, 39 of the 90 family members were found to be affected diagnosed either by echocardiography or by clinical evaluation. The pattern of inheritance in all six studied families was most consistent with an autosomal dominant trait with a high degree of penetrance. Genetic linkage analysis using polymorphisms on the alpha and beta MHC genes showed a combined maximal lod score of 6.2 for trinucleotide repeat polymorphism AMHC-I 15 at theta = 0.00 for three studied families without recombination. Exclusion of linkage to the chromosome 14q1 location was noted in two of three other families with the maximal lod score of -2 or less. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide further evidence that FHCM in Chinese is genetically heterogeneous. Chromosome 14q1 locus, probably the beta myosin heavy chain gene, is important as the molecular basis for FHCM in Chinese.     

全面性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加症家系致病基因的连锁定位和突变分析

目的 筛查中国全面性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加症(GEFS+)家系的致病基因.方法 采集2个GEFS+家系所有成员的外周静脉血提取基因组DNA,选取GEFS+的候选基因(SCN1B、SCN1A、SCN2A和GABRG2)附近10个微卫星位点用于遗传连锁分析,连锁分析所用的软件为LINKAGE软件包5.1版,根据两点间的LOD值判断连锁关系,以确定两家系致病基因的大致位置.限定性定位后筛选候选致病基因,并对家系所有成员进行候选基因突变分析.结果 标记SCN1A、SCN2A和SCN1B基因的多个微卫星位点在两家系患者中均没有共享等位基因,基本排除两家系与上述3个基因连锁可能.田氏家系在标记GABRG2基因的微卫星位点D5S820、D5S422和D5S1403均有共享等位基因.经两点间连锁分析,在外显率为70%,重组率为0时,D5S820、D5S422和D5S1403处的LOD值分别为0.67,1.00和0.79,提示可能有连锁关系.邸氏家系仅在标记GABRG2基因的微卫星位点D5S1403有共享等位基因.对两家系GABRG2基因9个外显子测序结果 显示,第5号外显子出现一个单核苷酸同义多态位点(c.588C>T),第3号外显子出现一个单核苷酸多态位点(c.604C>T),第7号外显子的非编码区出现一个单核苷酸多态位点,为G/A杂合性改变,未发现GABRG2基因致病突变.结论 我国新发现的两个GEFS+家系的致病基因与目前已知候选基因SCN1B、SCN1A、SCN2A和GABRG2无关.GEFS+家系的常见致病基因仍不清楚.     

两个家系中X连锁视网膜色素变性的RP2 基因无义突变

目的 检测引起2个家系产生X连锁视网膜色素变性的RP2基因突变。方法 根据RP2基因外显子的内含子DNA序列合成8对引物，以人基因组DNA为模板，PCR扩增出包含RP2基因所有外显子的8个片段。扩增产物化后直接测序。通过比较病人和正常人相应的DNA序列，检测基因突变位点。结果 在2个家系中首次检测到RP2基因的同一个无义突变38C→T。突变位于RP2基因的第2外显子。它使该基因编码精氨酸的遗传密码CGA变为终止密码TGA，引起发病。结论 该突变的检出有助于RP2蛋白的功能分析和X连锁视网膜色素变性的基因诊断。     

DNA多态性连锁分析在血友病A家系产前诊断中的应用

目的探讨提高运用DNA多态性连锁分析对血友病A携带者进行筛查及产前诊断检出率的途径。方法对3个血友病A家系的成员进行BclⅠ、St14VNTR、Intro13(CA)n和DXS15 4个位点的连锁分析。结果家系a中II7的BclⅠ位点和Intro13(CA)n位点均呈纯合状态,无信息;St14VNTR和DXS15的连锁分析显示III6为携带者,通过对BclⅠ的进一步分析显示胎儿为患儿的可能性大。家系b中II1的BclⅠ位点和St14VNTR多态位点为纯合状态,无信息;联合应用Intro13(CA)n和DXS15进行连锁分析显示II1为携带者,胎儿为正常女性。家系c中St14VNTR、Intro13(CA)n以及DXS15位点在II4均为纯合状态,BclⅠ位点为杂合状态,连锁分析显示胎儿为正常男性可能性较大。结论联合应用多个遗传多态性位点可以提高血友病A的诊断率和携带者分析的正确率。