黄南州1990～1999年0～7岁儿童麻疹流行病学分析

黄南藏族自治州 (以下简称黄南州 )位于青海省东南部 ,总面积 185 46 .4km2 ,辖尖扎、同仁、泽库、河南 4县 ,1999年全州总人口 197811人 ,人口密度为 10 .6 7人 / km2 ,藏族占总人口的 6 6 %。1　资料来源本文资料来自全州 4县 1990～ 1999年传染病疫情报表 ,人口数以 1999年底人口数为准。2　结果2 .1　发病率、死亡率和病死率。10年间 0～ 7岁儿童共发生麻疹 44 7例 ,年均发病率 2 4.16 / 10万 ;死亡 4例 ,死亡率 0 .2 1/10万 ,病死率 0 .89% ;10年间发病最高年份是 1993年 ,共发病 2 5 8例 ,发病率 143.0 7/ 10万 ;死亡 3例 ,死亡率为 1…     

南京市1950—1999年麻疹流行趋势

为了掌握我市麻疹流行规律,制订有效的防治对策,进一步控制和消除麻疹,现对我市 1950～1999年麻疹的流行趋势进行如下分析: 1 资料来源 资料来自我市1950～1999年的疫情报表和南京市统计局的人口资料. 2 结果与分析 2.1 流行强度 1950～1999全市麻疹累计发病282 390例,死亡2 309人,年发病率波动在2 392.66/10万～0.68/10万之间,年平均发病率为166.96/10万;年死亡率波动在39.78/10万～0/10万之间,年平均死亡率为1.36/10万;年病死率波动在0%～65.86%之间,年平均病死率为35.71%.从实施预防措施的角度可把50年的麻疹疫情分为以下4个时期:自然感染时期(1950～1965年)、麻疹疫苗(MV)推广应用时期(1966～1971年)、计划免疫初期(1972 ～1982年)和计划免疫时期(1983～1999年)[1].4个时期中自然感染时期的年平均发病率、死亡率、病死率最高,分别为723.77/10万、7.35/10万、46.9 8%,其中1959年全市范围内麻疹大流行,当年发病率高达2 392.7/10万,是4个时期中发病率最高的年份.之后年平均发病率、死亡率、病死率逐渐下降,到计划免疫时期分别为6.83/10万、0.002 /10万、0.03/10万. 自然感染期,麻疹发病数占报告传染病总数22.46%,年平均发病率居各种传染病的第 2位,死亡率居各种传染病的首位,1959年的发病数占当年     

临沂市1956～1999年麻疹发病情况分析

为分析临沂市不同时期麻疹的流行特征 ,将 195 6～ 1999年以来临沂市的麻疹发病情况进行了分析。1　资料来源发病资料来自历年疫情记录与暴发流行记载 ,人口资料由临沂市公安局提供。2　结果2 1　发病情况　 195 6～ 196 9年麻疹疫苗使用前 ,年发病率 2 15 0 3/ 10万～ 2 4 6 5 4 3/ 10万 ,大流行共发生4次 ,分别为 195 9、196 1、196 2、196 5年 ,此阶段发病率、病死率均较高。 1970～ 1980年计划免疫实施前接种阶段 ,年发病率 12 2 2 6 / 10万～ 1197 84 / 10万 ,大流行发生 2次 ,分别为 1971、1973年 ,发病率、病死率较第一阶段普遍…     

从顺昌县不同时期麻疹流行特征探讨控制麻疹的策略

为加速控制麻疹 ,进一步降低 5岁以下儿童麻疹发病率 ,对我县麻疹不同时期的流行特征分析如下。一、流行概况麻疹疫苗 (ＭＶ)接种前阶段 (195 0～ 1974年 )发病率波动在 0～ 142 5 .6 7/ 10万之间 ,平均发病率为 72 0 .0 4/ 10万 ,平均病死率为 2 .0 1%。预防接种阶段 (1975～ 1981年 )发病率波动在 2 1.5 4/ 10万～ 95 8.98/ 10万之间 ,平均发病率为32 1.6 4/ 10万 ,平均病死率为 0 .16 %。计划免疫阶段 (1982～1998年 )发病率波动在 1.6 6 / 10万～ 15 2 .5 0 / 10万之间 ,平均发病率为 31.5 4/ 10万 ,平均病死率为 0 .13%。二、流行特点…     

西藏自治区1960～1998年急性传染病动态分析

为全面掌握我区七地市急性传染病的流行动态 ,分析流行因素 ,为防治传染病提供科学依据 ,现将我区七地市196 0～ 1998年的疫情资料分析如下。1.流行情况 :196 0～ 1998年我区共计报告甲、乙类传染病 17种 ,累计发病10 81138例 ,死亡 7436例 ,年均发病率112 0 .14/ 10万 ,年均死亡率 7.70 / 10万。发病率最高是 1985年 (132 35 .38/10万 ) ,最低是 1995年 (317.74/ 10万 )。2 .各系统传染病发病情况 :我区196 0～ 1998年共报告肠道传染病746 0 78例 ,年均发病率为 772 .99/ 10万 ,占总发病数的 6 9.0 1% ,主要病种有痢疾、肝炎、伤寒及脊髓灰…     

瑞金市1950～2001年麻疹流行特征分析

为全面掌握瑞金市 195 0～ 2 0 0 1年麻疹流行特征和流行规律 ,以便为制订更有效的防治控制措施提供科学依据 ,现将结果分析如下。1　资料来源收集整理瑞金市 195 0～ 2 0 0 1年间麻疹疫情统计报表和该市统计局同期人口统计资料。2　结　果2 1　发病概况 :195 0～ 2 0 0 1年全市报告麻疹发病 3 4916例 ,年发病率在 0 2 0 /10万～ 3 3 13 63 /10万之间 ,年平均发病率2 2 8 43 /10万 ,年死亡率在 7 2 4/10万～ 0 /10万之间 ,年平均死亡率为 0 5 86/10万 ,年病死率在 0～ 6 87%之间 ,年平均病死率为 0 75 %。自 1982～ 2 0 0 1年连续 2 0…     

青岛市1990～2003年成人麻疹病例流行病学特征分析

青岛市 1990～ 2 0 0 3年共报告成人麻疹 2 30例 ,年平均报告发病率为 0 30 /10万 ( 0～ 1 17/10万 )。 1997年以前 ,成人麻疹呈散发 ,而 1998年以后发病明显增加 ,1998～ 2 0 0 3年年平均报告发病率为 0 6 0 /10万 ( 0 13/10万～1 17/10万 ) ,与 1990～ 1997年的年平均报告发病率 0 0 7/10万相比 ,上升了 7 5 7倍。发病高峰在每年的 3～ 5月。 71 31%的病例为 18～ 2 4岁 ,196 9年及以后出生人群的发病危险是 196 9年以前出生人群的 19 83倍。外来人口病例占总病例的 4 8 2 6 % ,外资和民营企业的工人 (占 4 4 35 % )、大学生 ( 14 78% )、农民 ( 11 74 % )等是成人麻疹发病的重点人群。外来人口发病是青岛市成人麻疹报告发病率升高的主要因素 ,无麻疹疫苗免疫史、免疫失败是导致成人麻疹发病增高的关键原因。     

浙江省台州市1990～2001年麻疹监测

1990～ 2 0 0 1年全市共上报麻疹 3 138例 ,年平均发病率为 4.93/10万。麻疹疫苗 (麻苗 )使用前麻疹发病呈自然流行状态 ,年均发病率达 12 2 2 .46 /10万。麻苗使用后 ,随着计划免疫工作的不断进展 ,特别是实现计划免疫“三个 85 %”目标后 ,接种率和接种质量不断提高 ,麻疹发病率呈明显的阶段性下降 ,年平均发病率从 12 2 2 .6 /10万下降到 2 2 6 .7/10万 ,直至上个世纪末进一步下降到 4.93/10万。说明麻苗接种 ,提高和维持较高的接种率水平 ,是预防和控制麻疹发病流行的主要措施。麻苗普遍免疫后麻疹的发病流行特征 :①发病率大幅度下降 ,…     

重庆市涪陵区免疫后麻疹的流行特征分析

随着计划免疫的深入开展 ,麻疹控制工作已取得了十分显著的成绩 ,我国麻疹的报告发病率已从疫苗前时代的 76 6 /10万降至目前的 10 / 10万左右[1] ,它极有可能成为人类继消灭天花、脊髓灰质炎之后将要消灭的传染病。为探讨我区免疫后麻疹的流行特征 ,进一步控制和消除麻疹 ,现将重庆市涪陵区 1975～ 1999年麻疹发病流行情况分析如下。1.资料来源 :疫情资料来源于涪陵区历年法定传染病年报表 ,人口资料由涪陵区统计局提供。2 .结果 :(1)流行概况 :涪陵区在未实行麻疹疫苗接种措施阶段(195 1～ 196 5年 ) ,麻疹的发病率、死亡率及病死率均维持…     

东莞市企石镇1994～2003年麻疹流行特征分析

目的　了解东莞市企石镇麻疹流行特征 ,为制定预防控制策略提供科学依据。方法　对 1994～ 2 0 0 3年企石镇麻疹报告病例资料进行描述性流行病学分析。结果　 10年共报告麻疹病例14 2例 ,总年均发病率为 18 0 4 / 10万。常住人口年均发病率为 7 75 / 10万 ,外来人口年均发病率为4 2 0 8/ 10万 ,外地人口发病率高于本地人口发病率 (P <0 0 1)。 1994～ 1998年麻疹病例主要以 15岁以下儿童为主 ,1999～ 2 0 0 3年主要以 15岁以上人群 (工厂员工 )发病为主 ,两个时段的 15岁以下儿童病例构成比分别为 6 5 5 6 % (5 9/ 90 )、4 4 2 3% (2 3/ 5 2 ) ,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 0 5 )。全年各月均有病例报告 ,4～ 7月为发病高峰季节 ,占全年总病例数的 5 7 0 4 %。结论　本地常住人口的麻疹流行基本上得到有效控制。外来人口中的散居儿童和工厂企业外来员工是发生麻疹的主要人群 ,应引起重视。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.