Evaluation of a health and nutrition education program in primary school children of Crete over a three-year period

BACKGROUND: No national policy for health education in schools exists to date in Greece. The first attempt to apply a school-based health education intervention program was launched in 1992 on all 4,171 pupils registered in the first grade in two counties of Crete. The 1,510 pupils registered in a third county served as controls. METHODS: The school-based intervention and the seminars organized for parents were primarily aimed at improving children's diet, fitness, and physical activity. Pupils in the first grade in a representative sample of 40 schools were examined prior to the intervention program on a variety of health knowledge, dietary, physical activity, fitness, anthropometric, and biochemical indices. The same measurements were taken after 3 years of the program on 288 intervention group and 183 control group pupils. RESULTS: Positive serum lipid level changes occurred to a greater extent in the intervention group than the control group. BMI increased less in the intervention group than for controls. The increase in health knowledge and physical activity and fitness levels occurred to a higher extent in the intervention group compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: The short-term changes observed in the present study are markedly encouraging and indicate great potential for progressive improvement. Continuation and expansion of such a program may prove to be beneficial in initiating long-term changes.     

小学二年级学生预防性侵犯教育效果评价

目的 探讨学校预防性侵犯教育对小学生知识和技能的影响,为在小学开展预防性侵犯教育提供参考.方法 选取荆州市3所学校6个班的二年级小学生205名,将学生以班级为单位分为教育组和对照组,由经过培训的学校教师对学生开展教育.分别于教育前、教育后2周和教育后4个月对学生进行问卷调查,评价教育对学生知识和技能的影响.结果 教育后2周和4个月,教育组和对照组学生知识、技能得分均比教育前有明显增长,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01);教育组学生预防性侵犯知识和技能得分增长值明显高于对照组学生(P值均＜0.05).与对照组学生相比,教育后教育组学生表示若有性侵犯发生,能披露性侵犯事件比例明显增多.结论 学校预防性侵犯教育,可以提高小学二年级学生预防性侵犯知识和技能水平.     

小学生行为问题综合干预效果评价及影响因素分析

目的探索一套治疗小学生行为问题持续有效的方法。方法抽取3～5年级有行为问题的学生85名，分成干预组（N=45名）和对照组（N=40名）。应用个体心理治疗、家庭、学校及教育等方法，集中进行持续2年的综合干预。结果干预2年后，显效率达75．56％。CBCL评定，干预组男性的分裂样、交往不良、强迫性和体诉因子分，女生的抑郁和社交退缩因子分都明显低于对照组。结论综合干预对小学生行为问题持续有效，是通过各干预方法的作用特点共同产生的效果。     

流动人口子女学校小学生健康行为状况调查

流动人口子女的教育与健康问题是社会关注的热点。调查显示:流动人口子女学校小学生存在着不良卫生习惯,缺乏基本健康行为是影响其健康成长的隐患。健康教育的欠缺是不能形成其健康行为的主要因素。需要政府予以足够的重视,通过加大学校的建设,强化健康教育的手段,积极培养学生的卫生保健意识,纠正危害健康的行为,使其得到健康、全面的发展。     

肥胖儿童学校运动俱乐部干预效果评价

目的探索学校运动俱乐部对超重、肥胖儿童的干预效应,为建立有效可行的肥胖健康教育及干预模式提供依据。方法抽取上海二联小学7～9岁儿童,采用中国儿童青少年超重肥胖体质指数标准为评价标准,共筛出超重和肥胖儿童85名。根据自愿原则分为干预组(66名)和对照组(19名)。对干预组儿童进行学校运动俱乐部群体干预,对照组不给予任何干预,1.5 a后对2组儿童躯体形态指标进行测量并比较。结果干预后肥胖和超重儿童所占比例分别下降25.8和1.5个百分点;干预组男童身高平均增长值明显高于对照组,干预组女童体重平均增长值明显低于对照组(P值均<0.05);肥胖超重儿童在运动俱乐部活动中运动步数基本稳定在每天4 000步,达到运动干预规定的运动量,运动强度稳定在140次/min的最佳运动心率水平上。结论采用计步器和心率表对运动干预过程实施监控,建立肥胖儿童个人运动管理档案,合理调节运动处方,是科学管理干预运动的有效手段。     

Evaluation of public health preschool child developmental screening: the process and outcomes of a community program.

We conducted a randomized controlled trial of a public health and education screening program aimed at all 4,797 four to five year old children registering for kindergarten in three school districts of southern Ontario, Canada. Children received either the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) with a community health intervention program for positive screeness; the DDST with no intervention for positive screenees; or no screening test. The intervention program consisted of referral to the child's physician for assessment; a review conference between the child's teacher and the school health nurse; parent counseling; and monitoring of the child in school by the school health nurse. At the end of the third school year, no differences were found between positive screenees in the community health intervention group and the "no intervention" groups using individual academic achievement, cognitive, and developmental tests. Parents' reports revealed no differences between groups in children's mental, social, and behavioral well-being. However, parents of intervention program children had more worry about their child's school progress suggesting a potentially harmful labeling effect. In comparison to a random sample of children with normal DDST results, or a random sample of children who had randomly not been screened, the children with positive preschool DDSTs had substantially more school problems three years after screening.     

同伴教育干预对小学生口腔健康知识、行为及龋齿的影响

目的 探讨同伴教育干预方式对小学生口腔健康知识、行为及龋齿的影响,评估同伴教育干预对学生掌握口腔保健知识、形成正确口腔行为的效果。 方法 采用整群法抽取3所小学二年级学生395人,随机分成观察组和对照组,对照组学校常规宣教(老师或者医护人员授课),观察组学校常规宣教和同伴教育(口腔兴趣小组)结合,干预时间约1年。干预前后开展问卷调查、牙模刷牙和口腔检查。 结果 干预后,两组学生口腔知识和健康行为正确率均高于干预前(均P<0.001);除“最易发生龋齿牙齿”,干预后观察组其他问卷项正确率均明显高于对照组干预后的,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。干预后,观察组牙模刷牙合格率(82.51%)高于对照组(59.30%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=26.179, P<0.001),且均高于各组干预前水平(χ²=242.984,P<0.001; χ²=95.404,P<0.001)。干预前后两组乳牙患龋率和恒牙患龋率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。干预后观察组乳龋充填率(42.99%)高于对照组(30.63%),恒龋充填率(59.57%)高于对照组(42.67%),差异均有统计学意义(χ²=15.493,P<0.001, χ²=4.778,P<0.05),且均高于各组干预前水平(P<0.001)。 结论 学校常规宣教和同伴教育结合方式能更大程度促进小学生掌握口腔保健知识、形成正确行为和提高龋齿充填率,同伴教育用于小学生口腔卫生宣教是有效可行的。     

Nutritional content of school meals in Hull and the East Riding of Yorkshire: a comparison of two schools

BACKGROUND: In April 2004 Hull City Council introduced free healthy school meals for primary and special schools pupils (approximately 20,500 children) in an attempt to reduce health inequalities. The meals aimed to meet the Caroline Walker Trust (CWT) nutritional guidelines for primary schools. The study assesses the nutritional content of the meals, including children's actual intake. The Hull school is compared with a neighbouring school with no such initiative. METHODS: 64 children aged 9-10 years participated from 2 primary schools. Fieldwork was undertaken over 5 days in each school. 320 meals were weighted and photographed before and after consumption to assess actual intake. RESULTS: Hull children consumed (p < 0.001) less total fat, sugar and sodium than neighbouring children. Both schools exceeded the CWT recommendations for these nutrients. Statistically significant (p < 0.001) differences were observed between nutrient intakes of energy, iron, zinc, folate and magnesium (p < 0.001) with Hull children consuming less than neighbouring children. Children's intake at both schools did not meet recommended guidelines for 11 of the 17 nutrients assessed. CONCLUSION: Although Hull's school meals aimed to provide children with adequate nutritional intake, findings demonstrate that, on average, children are served and consume inadequate levels of many nutrients.     

The Long Term Educational Effects of Half-Day vs Full-Day Kindergarten

This study examined the effects of full-day and half-day kindergarten on children's second grade academic outcomes. The subjects for the study were 974 second grade children from a large Midwestern school district. Of these second-graders, 730 of them had been in full-day kindergarten and 244 were in half-day kindergarten. The following measures were compared: (a) children's second grade reading and math scores from the Iowa Test of Basic Skills; (b) whether or not they had been retained in grade during the first three years of school; (c) whether or not they had been referred for special education services during the first three years of school; and (d) kindergarten attendance records. The results indicated that children who were in a full-day kindergarten program scored significantly higher on both math and reading on a standardized achievement test. In addition, there were fewer children from the full-day cohort who had been retained in grade. There were no differences in the number of special education referrals between the two groups. Finally, children who attended full-day kindergarten were absent less during the school year than the half day kindergarten group. The results are discussed in terms of both social and academic perspectives.     

小学生心理健康状况干预实验研究

目的：对小学生心理行为问题进行干预研究。方法：通过对太原市某小学3—5年级小学生的心理健康状况进行测查，发现小学生在心理健康方面存在一定问题。在基线测查的基础上，根据研究目的将小学生分为干预组和对照组，经统计学检验两组被试的均衡性较好。对干预组小学生进行了一学期的干预实验，干预后进行了复测。结果：干预组学生心理健康问卷各项得分较干预前均有所提高，在对学校和老师的感受方面显著高于对照组。结论：促进小学生心理健康的发展是一项长期、系统的工程，需要学校、家庭和社会的共同努力。     

厦门市小学生肥胖干预效果评价

目的通过实施以肥胖控制为切入点发展健康促进学校项目,探讨预防和控制儿童肥胖的有效措施。方法在项目学校严格按照健康促进学校的六大方面要求进行创建活动,并有重点地开展肥胖干预,于干预前、后对学生、家长、教职工进行问卷调查和肥胖率调查。结果实施干预活动2a后,项目学校学生正确知识、态度、行为持有率显著提高,与对照校相比,差异均有统计学意义（P值均〈0.05）。结论健康促进学校项目和肥胖干预工作对学生产生了良好的教育和引导作用。     

Promoting physical activity and a healthful diet among children: results of a school-based intervention study.

BACKGROUND: National health objectives call for improved diet and more regular physical activity among children. We tested the effects of a school-based program to improve students' diet and physical activity behavior at school. METHODS: Two of the four elementary schools in one Texas school district were assigned to intervention and two to control conditions. The three intervention components were classroom health education, vigorous physical education, and lower fat, lower sodium school lunches. Nutrients from school lunches and the total day and the amount of physical activity students obtained during physical education were assessed as outcome. RESULTS: Analysis of school lunches showed declines from base line to posttest in the two intervention schools of 15.5% and 10.4% for total fat, 31.7% and 18.8% for saturated fat, and 40.2% and 53.6% for sodium; posttest values were lower in the intervention schools. Observation of physical activity during physical education classes indicated an increase in the intervention schools from baseline to posttest in the percent of time children engaged in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from less than 10% of class time at baseline to about 40% of class time at posttest; posttest values were higher in the intervention schools than in the control schools. CONCLUSIONS: This efficacy study demonstrates the feasibility of substantially modifying school lunches and school physical education to improve children's diet and physical activity behavior at school.     

唐山市部分学龄儿童营养教育效果评价

目的 对学龄儿童开展营养教育的效果和途径进行评价。方法 在2所小学整群抽取学生1226名，按班级随机分为单纯学生教育组，学生与家长教育组和对照组，进行3个月不同形式的营养教育；采用问卷和膳食调查的方法，分析营养教育后学生营养知识，态度，行为和膳食结构的变化。结果 两教育组学生接受营养教育后，营养知识得分与对照组比较显提高，学生和家长教育组学生饮食行为的改善更为明显。结论 学校营养教育结合家长的参与是改善学生营养行为的有效途径。但需针对不同年龄段学生施以有效的教育。     

健康教育对低龄儿童单纯性肥胖的早期干预研究

目的 :总结和评价健康教育对低龄儿童单纯性肥胖早期干预效果的有效性和可行性。方法 :对 2 0 0 0年 9月入园的 2～ 4岁低龄儿童 ,在排除疾病引起的肥胖及患有慢性疾病后的 2 2 38例儿童作为观察对象 ,随机分为两组。对干预组儿童进行连续 3年关于单纯性肥胖防治的健康教育。计算两组对象 3年后单纯性肥胖的趋势发生率和转化率 ,用 SAS 8.0统计软件进行χ2检验或 t检验。结果 :健康教育早期干预低龄儿童单纯性肥胖可以有效地降低儿童单纯性肥胖的发生率 ;干预组和对照组的身长发育没有差异 ,而干预组与肥胖相关的不良行为得到了有效改善。结论 :健康教育对 2～ 4岁低龄儿童进行早期干预可以有效地降低儿童成长性单纯肥胖症的发生率 ,提高肥胖儿的好转率。     

浦东新区小学生零食知信行营养教育效果评价

目的评价营养教育对浦东新区小学生零食知信行的影响效果,为改善小学生零食行为提供依据。方法在浦东新区每街镇抽取2所小学,分别分为干预组和对照组,对干预组开展为期3个月的营养教育,并对干预效果进行评估。结果共调查小学生7 276名,营养教育后,城乡地区干预组营养知识知晓率及态度提高差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);干预组零食行为较干预前提高,且整体优于对照组,但城区干预组常吃新鲜蔬果或坚果的比例不到9%;常吃含糖饮料及糕点的比例仍高于10%;在饮料行为方面,城乡干预组常喝果蔬饮料的比例不到20%,而常喝碳酸饮料的比例超过20%。结论营养教育能提高小学生对零食的认知及态度,对零食行为有一定改善作用。     

7岁儿童生长发育及健康状况

目的:了解小学一年级新生的生长发育和健康状况,为采取针对性干预措施提供依据。方法:对940名7岁儿童的身高、体重、胸围、肺活量进行测量,检测血红蛋白、视力和龋患情况。结果:男生身高、体重、胸围、肺活量、血红蛋白、BM I、肺活量/体重指数显著大于女生(P<0.01)。7岁儿童乳龋患率为76.28%,乳龋充填率为7.49%,恒龋患率为7.23%,恒龋充填率为29.13%,近视率为19.36%,肥胖率为10.21%。乳龋患及矫治对生长发育有明显影响,无龋对照组和乳龋充填组的发育水平显著高于乳龋未充填组。结论:小学一年级新生口腔保健水平较低,近视率和肥胖率较高,应采取相应的干预措施。     

Evaluating health promotion in schools: a case study of design, implementation and results from the Hong Kong Healthy Schools Award Scheme

Health promoting schools (HPS) and Healthy Schools Award Schemes from a number of countries have demonstrated positive changes in children's health behaviours and the culture and organisation of the school. The Hong Kong Healthy Schools Award Scheme (HKHSA) aims to promote staff development, parental education, involvement of the whole school community, and linkage with different stakeholders to improve the health and well-being of the pupils, parents and staff, and the broader community, supported by a system to monitor the achievement. This concept is very much in line with the research literature on school effectiveness and improvement. The indicators examined to evaluate the success of the HKHSA reflect outcomes related to both health and education and are not limited to changes in population health status. The early results demonstrated significant improvements in various aspects of student health and also improvement in school culture and organisation. The evaluation framework described in this paper and data collected to assess how schools perform in the HKHSA scheme, provides insight into how HPSs could lead to better outcomes for both education and health.     

Reducing the risk of smoking amongst the young

This study reports the findings of a 2-year longitudinal cohort study involving 270 childrenfrom Sheffield, England.Children who took part in a primary school health education project had a significantlylower incidence of experimentation with smoking, up to 2 years after participation, than those from a control group. The control group had an increased risk of smoking estimated at more than twice the level of project pupils. In addition, participation was associated with an increase in children's knowledge of smoking and some of its hazards.     

Relationship between asthma or asthma-related symptoms and school problems among French children attending kindergarden

BACKGROUND: The impact of chronic respiratory symptoms on school performance has been studied less than its impact on children's health. Our survey explored the relationship between chronic respiratory symptoms and school problems among children attending kindergarten. It assessed the impact of school absenteeism, sport practise in a club and health care access for school problems among pupils with chronic respiratory symptoms. METHODS: A population-based study was carried out by school physicians on a representative sample of pupils attending third-year kindergarten, in Alsace - France. Assessments included school problems, sociodemographic and health care access characteristics. Health conditions, notably chronic respiratory symptoms, were asked to include the pupils in one of the three study groups: physician-diagnosed asthma, asthma-related symptoms not associated with diagnosed asthma, and without current health problems (controls). Logistic regression was used to compare the odds ratio of school problems for the three study groups, overall and stratified by income. RESULTS: The 2,632 included pupils aged 5 to 6 Years, were assigned to the three groups according to their respiratory status: 179 with diagnosed asthma, 176 with asthma related symptoms and 2,277 healthy pupils. Diagnosed asthma was not linked with school problems. The overall association between asthma related symptoms and school problems was significant (OR=1.5, 95% CI: 1.0-2.2). After adjustment, this association persisted among pupils whose mother's education level was intermediary (technical or vocational diploma) (OR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.2-4.6). Among the diagnosed asthma group, pupils practising a sport in a club had less school problems than those not taking part in sports (ORadjusted=0.2, 95% CI: 0.03-0.8). CONCLUSION: In our study, asthmatic children were not at higher risk of school problems. So developing programs preventing school problems which focus on asthmatic children is not needed. Among the pupils having a mother with an intermediary education level, asthma-related symptoms were associated with school problems. It is important to identify unknown asthmatics to institute to treatment for their respiratory symptoms in order to prevent the consequences of the functional impact of asthma on their scholarship.     

2010和2012年平阴县碘缺乏病防治知识健康教育效果评价

目的 对碘缺乏目标人群采取多种形式的健康教育干预,以评价健康教育的效果。方法 分别于2010和2012年抽取平阴县部分小学4~6年级学生和家庭妇女作为碘缺乏病健康教育干预对象,在干预前后分别进行碘营养知识问卷调查,比较干预前后知晓率。结果 2010和2012年分别调查小学生180人和家庭妇女90人,小学生碘缺乏病防治知识知晓率由53.22%提高到99.33%（P〈0.01）,家庭妇女碘缺乏病防治知识知晓率由63.61%提高到95.56%（P〈0.01）。结论 开展碘缺乏病防治知识健康教育干预,对提高小学生和家庭主妇的碘缺乏病防治知识效果明显。