固有淋巴细胞亚群及其活化因子水平与高血压性基底节区脑出血术后颅内感染的关系研究

目的 探讨外周血固有淋巴细胞(ILCs)亚群及其活化因子水平与高血压性基底节区脑出血患者术后颅内感染的关系。方法 选取高血压性基底节区脑出血术后颅内感染患者(感染组,n=105)和未感染患者(未感染组,n=105)作为研究对象,根据术后颅内感染严重程度将感染组患者分为轻度感染组(n=33)、中度感染组(n=50)和重度感染组(n=22),根据不同预后将感染组患者分为预后良好组53例和预后不良组52例。比较各组外周血ILCs亚群(ILC1、ILC2、ILC3)、白细胞介素(IL)-12、IL-33、IL-1β水平。分析各指标与颅内感染程度的相关性及对感染患者预后不良的预测价值。结果 与未感染组比较,感染组ILC2、ILC3水平均降低,IL-12、IL-33和IL-1β水平均升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。感染患者ILC2、ILC3水平随着感染程度的增加而下降,IL-12、IL-33和IL-1β水平随着感染程度的增加而上升,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。颅内感染患者ILC2、ILC3水平均与感染严重程度呈负相关(r=-0.721、-0.596,P<0.001)...     

微创血肿清除术治疗急性脑出血患者术后颅内感染的危险因素分析

目的：探讨微创血肿清除术治疗急性脑出血患者术后颅内感染的危险因素。方法：选取2021年1月至2022年10月在河南省人民医院行微创血肿清除术的90例急性脑出血患者,根据术后颅内感染发生与否分为感染组（n=30）和未感染组（n=60）。比较两组一般资料,将有统计学意义的指标纳入多因素Logistic回归模型进行分析,探讨术后颅内感染的危险因素。结果：感染组年龄≥60岁、格拉斯哥昏迷量表（GCS）评分<9分、合并糖尿病和低蛋白血症、有脑脊液漏及引流管留置时间≥3 d者占比明显高于未感染组（P<0.05）。两组不同性别、不同尿激酶输注次数、不同引流管位置及是否预防使用抗菌药物者占比相比,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。采用多因素Logistic回归分析显示,GCS评分<9分、合并糖尿病、有脑脊液漏及引流管留置时间≥3 d可能为微创血肿清除术后颅内感染的危险因素（OR值>1）。结论：GCS评分<9分、合并糖尿病、有脑脊液漏及引流管留置时间≥3 d急性脑出血患者微创血肿清除术后颅内感染的发生风险较高,临床需针对上述危险因素及时采取相关措施,降低术后颅内感染风...     

HMGB-1和RAGE在重型颅脑外伤术后颅内感染患者脑脊液中的表达及意义

目的分析高迁移率族蛋白B-1(HMGB-1)与晚期糖基化终产物受体(RAGE)在重型颅脑外伤术后颅内感染患者脑脊液中的表达及临床意义。方法选取我院重症医学科2014年7月—2016年5月收治的重型颅脑外伤术后拟诊颅脑感染患者62例,根据是否发生术后颅内感染将患者分成颅内感染组46例与非颅内感染组16例。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测两组脑脊液中HMGB-1、RAGE的水平和降钙素原(PCT)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、乳酸(LA)、腺苷脱氨酶(LDH)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IL-12、IL-15水平。结果颅内感染组脑脊液HMGB-1为(224.67±75.48)ng/ml,RAGE为(160.32±42.17)ng/ml,均明显高于非颅内感染组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。两组患者脑脊液PCT、CRP、LA、LDH、IFN-γ、IL-1β、IL-4、IL-10、IL-15水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);颅内感染组患者IL-6、IL-8、IL-12、TNF-α水平高于非颅内感染组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论重型颅脑外伤术后颅内感染患者脑脊液HMGB-1和RAGE表达水平升高,脑脊液HMGB-1和RAGE检测对术后颅内感染具有一定的诊断价值。     

脑脊液实验室指标对高血压脑出血术后颅内感染的诊断价值

目的:对比分析脑脊液实验室指标对高血压脑出血(hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage,HICH)术后颅内感染的诊断价值,为医院感染的诊断提供依据。方法:选取2018年10月至2021年4月海口市人民医院神经外科收治的130例HICH术后拟诊颅内感染患者,根据最终是否确诊术后颅内感染将其分为感染组(86例)与未感染组(44例)。对两组患者的临床资料及葡萄糖、总蛋白质、氯离子、降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron-specific enolase,NSE)、乳酸(lactate acid,LAC)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、腺苷脱氨酶(adenosine deaminase,ADA)等脑脊液实验室指标进行比较。结果:感染组患者的合并糖尿病比例、手术时间、术后引流时间均高于未感染组(均P<0.05)。感染组患者脑脊液总蛋白质、PCT、CRP、NSE、ADA水平均高于未感染组(均P<0.05),脑脊液葡萄糖、氯离子水平均低于未感染组(均P<0.05)。脑脊液NSE诊断HICH术后颅内感染的受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)和诊断灵敏度最高,分别为0.816(P<0.05)和0.930,葡萄糖、总蛋白质、氯离子的诊断特异度均为1.000。结论:在应用脑脊液实验室指标诊断HICH术后颅内感染中,葡萄糖、总蛋白质、氯离子虽然具有较高的特异度,但较低的灵敏度限制了其临床应用,NSE和PCT等指标具有较高的诊断灵敏度,可作为联合诊断辅助指标,以达到提高诊断效率的目的。     

联合检测IL-33、MMP-9、PCT在病毒性颅内感染中的诊断及鉴别诊断价值研究

目的探讨白细胞介素-33(IL-33)联合基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、降钙素原(PCT)在病毒性颅内感染中的诊断价值。方法收集病毒性颅内感染和细菌性颅内感染及未感染患者的血清及脑脊液,共计44例,根据诊断分为A组(病毒性颅内感染)、B组(细菌性颅内感染)与C组(未感染),分析各组患者血清及脑脊液IL-33、MMP-9、PCT水平。采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)分析血清PCT、MMP-9和IL-33水平对病毒性颅内感染的诊断价值。结果 A组、B组血清和脑脊液IL-33水平均高于C组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);A组与B组比较,血清和脑脊液IL-33水平两组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。B组的血清及脑脊液PCT水平均高于C组和A组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);A组的血清PCT水平高于C组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但脑脊液PCT水平两组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组、B组的血清和脑脊液MMP-9水平均高于C组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);A组与B组比较,血清及脑脊液MMP-9水平两组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。由ROC曲线分析,结果显示当血清PCT的阈值为522.981ng/L时,其对病毒性颅内感染诊断的特异度为0.850,灵敏度为0.909,曲线下面积为0.914。当血清MMP-9的阈值为36.803μg/L,其对病毒性颅内感染诊断的特异度为0.600,灵敏度为0.909,曲线下面积为0.755。当血清IL-33的阈值为819.603ng/L,其对病毒性颅内感染诊断的特异度为1.000,灵敏度为0.727,曲线下面积为0.755。结论外周血及脑脊液IL-33、PCT和MMP-9水平在病毒性颅内感染患者中表达异常,联合血清IL-33、PCT和MMP-9可以帮助诊断病毒性颅内感染。     

直切口小骨瓣开颅治疗高血压基底节区脑出血并发脑疝的临床效果

目的探讨直切口小骨瓣开颅治疗高血压基底节区脑出血并发脑疝的临床效果。方法选择2011年1月至2015年8月安徽医科大学第二附属医院收治的40例高血压基底节区脑出血并发脑疝的患者纳入本次研究,按照手术方式的不同分为对照组(20例)与观察组(20例),对照组给予额颞顶大骨瓣开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压手术,观察组给予直切口小骨瓣加骨瓣复位治疗,观察并比较两组患者在手术时间、血肿清除率、住院时间、术后2周格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分、术后并发症及术后6个月日常生活能力(ADL)评分情况。结果观察组手术时间[(165.70±11.79)min]短于对照组手术时间[(242.80±17.44)min],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组住院时间[(25.15±1.90)d]小于对照组住院时间[(29.95±1.54)d],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组颅内感染4例,对照组颅内感染12例,观察组颅内感染发生率(20%)低于对照组(60%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后2周GCS评分观察组为(8.00±1.12)分,对照组为(6.55±1.01)分,观察组GCS评分高于对照组(P<0.05),术后6个月观察组患者死亡2例,ADL评定为效果良好17例,不良1例,对照组患者死亡4例,ADL评定为效果良好9例,不良7例,观察组患者ADL评定结果明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组的死亡率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论相对于大骨瓣开颅,直切口小骨瓣开颅在治疗高血压基底节区脑出血并发脑疝的患者时具有快速解除脑疝、创伤小,手术时间短、预后较好、无需二次手术修补颅骨等优点,是治疗高血压基底节区脑出血并发脑疝的较好的手术选择。     

螺旋CT三维重建及CTA在微创穿刺治疗高血压脑出血中的应用

[目的]探讨螺旋 CT三维重建及CTA在微创穿刺治疗高血压脑出血中的应用.[方法]选择2015年1月 至2016年1月本院收治的134例高血压脑出血患者的临床资料,按照随机分组的原则将其分为观察组和对照组,每组各67例.观察组穿刺前行螺旋CT三维重建及CTA检查,对照组穿刺前行CT三维重建,两组均行微创穿刺手术,其他治疗相同.观察两组患者穿刺准确率、术后72 h血肿清除量、术后颅内出血例数、治疗后近期(1个月)及远期(6个月)的格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)及病死率.[结果]观察组穿刺准确率为95.6％(64/67)显著高于对照组的61.2％(41/67),差异具有统计学意义(χ2=5.463,P<0.05).观察组72 h血肿清除量为(23.64±4.65)mL显著高于对照组(20.27±2.00)mL,差异有统计学意义(t=7.991,P<0.05).对照组发生颅内出血10例,观察组颅内出血2例,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.485,P<0.05);对照组脑脊液漏2例,颅内感染3例,观察组脑脊液漏3例,颅内感染2例,组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).观察组病死4例(5.97％),对照组病死5例(7.46％),两组患者病死率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).观察组术后1个月、6个月GOS评分均高于对照组,但差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05).[结论]螺旋 CT三维重建及CTA能够更好的指导微创穿刺治疗高血压脑出血,提高穿刺准确率,可减少颅内出血发生率.     

脑动脉瘤患者术后颅内感染血清IL-8、MCP-1、WBC变化特征分析

目的 探究脑动脉瘤患者术后颅内感染与血清白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、白细胞（WBC）的关系。方法 选取2019年6月至2021年7月河南省人民医院行脑动脉瘤夹闭术患者112例,根据术后感染情况分为重度感染组（4例）、中度感染组（11例）、轻度感染组（16例）和未感染组（81例）。比较4组患者血清IL-8、MCP-1、WBC水平,并采用Spearman相关性分析法检测患者血清IL-8、MCP-1、WBC水平变化情况与颅内感染的相关性,探讨IL-8、MCP-1、WBC对于颅内感染的诊断效能。结果 感染组IL-8、MCP-1、WBC水平显著高于未感染组,差异有统计学意义（t=29.950,27.233,35.375,P<0.01）;不同程度组血清IL-8、MCP-1、WBC水平比较结果：重度感染组>中度感染组>轻度感染组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Spearman相关性结果显示,患者血清中的IL-8、MCP-1、WBC水平与患者颅内感染程度呈正相关（P<0.05）。ROC曲线显示,血清IL-8、MCP-1及WBC联合诊...     

开颅手术与细孔引流术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血的疗效比较

目的:观察开颅手术与细孔引流术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血的疗效。方法:高血压基底节区脑出血患者86例,根据手术方法分为开颅手术组和细孔引流组,分别给予常规开颅血肿清除手术和细孔引流术,比较2组手术相关指标、术后并发症、神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)、日常生活能力评分(ADL)及格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)等级。结果:细孔引流组的手术时间、术后住院时间均短于开颅手术组(P<0.05),残余血肿量、术后2周患侧各向异性分数(FA)值大于开颅手术组(P<0.05),血肿清除率低于开颅手术组(P<0.05),再出血率、颅内感染、肺部感染、消化道出血、水电解质紊乱、癫痫发生率与开颅手术组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后6月GOS评分等级与开颅手术组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),NIHSS评分低于开颅手术组(P<0.05),ADL评分高于开颅手术组(P<0.05)。结论:开颅手术与细孔引流术均可有效治疗高血压基底节区脑出血,且细孔引流术在一定程度上优于开颅手术。     

脑出血后微创穿刺颅内血肿碎吸术50例效果观察及护理

目的:探讨微创穿刺颅内血肿碎吸术治疗高血压性脑出血患者的临床疗效与护理方法.方法:对50例运用微创穿刺颅内血肿碎吸术治疗的高血压性脑出血患者(观察组)和50例运用内科治疗的高血压性脑出血患者(对照组)进行回顾性研究,比较两组治疗效果、并发症发生情况.结果:观察组的基本痊愈率和总有效率均高于对照组(P＜0.05),病死率低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:术前精心准备,术后加强引流管护理,严密观察病情,积极预防各种并发症,对保障微创穿刺颅内血肿碎吸手术成功有重要意义.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.