护理文件书写质量检查结果分析与对策

[目的]通过对护理文件书写质量检查的结果进行调查分析,探讨提高护理文件书写质量的对策.[方法]由护理部组织质控科两名专职护理质控员、病案质量管理小组5名护士长进行病案质量检查,对告知书、评估单、体温单、医嘱单、护理记录单进行随机抽查.[结果]共抽查病历1 248份,书写质量较《医疗事故处理条例》实施前有了大幅度的提高,但仍然存在字迹不清、涂改、漏项、记录内容欠规范等方面的缺陷.[结论]加强护理人员法律意识和自我保护意识教育,制定相应的奖罚制度和健全病历书写管理制度,是提高护理文件书写质量的重要措施.     

护理文件书写质量检查结果分析与对策

[目的]通过对护理文件书写质量检查的结果进行调查分析,探讨提高护理文件书写质量的对策.[方法]由护理部组织质控科两名专职护理质控员、病案质量管理小组5名护士长进行病案质量检查,对告知书、评估单、体温单、医嘱单、护理记录单进行随机抽查.[结果]共抽查病历1 248份,书写质量较《医疗事故处理条例》实施前有了大幅度的提高,但仍然存在字迹不清、涂改、漏项、记录内容欠规范等方面的缺陷.[结论]加强护理人员法律意识和自我保护意识教育,制定相应的奖罚制度和健全病历书写管理制度,是提高护理文件书写质量的重要措施.     

护理文件书写质量检查结果分析与对策

目的通过对护理文件书写质量检查的结果进行调查分析,探讨提高护理文件书写质量的对策.方法由护理部组织我院病案质量管理小组6名护士长进行病案质量检查,按照<广东省病历书写规范>以及根据我院实际情况修定的<护理文件书写规范>的要求和检查评分标准,对体温单、医嘱单、护理记录单进行随机抽查.结果全院共抽查病历208份,书写质量较<医疗事故处理条例>实施前有了很大的提高,护理记录中没有出现与医生病情记录不一致、重抄或代签名等现象,同时体现了护理人员对健康教育工作及告知工作的重视,但仍然存在字迹不清,涂改,漏项,记录内容欠规范等方面的缺陷.结论个别护理人员法律意识薄弱,责任心不强,书写基本功不扎实,激励机制未完善等是书写缺陷的主要原因,加强护理人员法律意识教育,制定相应的奖罚制度和健全管理制度,深入学习<护理文件书写规范>是提高护理文件书写质量的重要措施.     

护理文件书写质量检查结果分析与对策

目的 通过对护理文件书写质量检查的结果进行调查分析，探讨提高护理文件书写质量的对策。方法 由护理部组织我院病案质量管理小组6名护士长进行病案质量检查，按照《广东省病历书写规范》以及根据我院实际情况修定的《护理文件书写规范》的要求和检查评分标准，对体温单、医嘱单、护理记录单进行随机抽查。结果 全院共抽查病历208份，书写质量较《医疗事故处理条例》实施前有了很大的提高，护理记录中没有出现与医生病情记录不一致、重抄或代签名等现象，同时体现了护理人员对健康教育工作及告知工作的重视，但仍然存在字迹不清，涂改，漏项，记录内容欠规范等方面的缺陷。结论 个别护理人员法律意识薄弱，责任心不强，书写基本功不扎实，激励机制未完善等是书写缺陷的主要原因，加强护理人员法律意识教育，制定相应的奖罚制度和健全管理制度，深入学习《护理文件书写规范》是提高护理文件书写质量的重要措施。     

护理文书缺陷分析及环节质量管理

[目的]通过护理文书环节质量检查,提高护理文书书写质量.[方法]由护理部组织各护士长进行护理病案质量随机抽查,每月平均抽查病历200份,对发现的质量问题,在护士长例会上进行反馈,评出前三名和后三名,并按规定给予奖励或处罚.[结果]书写质量较<医疗事故处理条例>实施前有了大幅度提高.[结论]注重环节质量管理,加强护理人员法律意识和业务技能培训,制定相应的奖罚制度并健全病历书写管理制度是提高护理文书书写质量的重要措施.     

持续质量改进强化肿瘤专科护理电子病历质量

[目的]探讨实施持续质量改进在肿瘤专科电子护理病历质量的作用。[方法]针对电子护理病历的书写质量、环节质量、终末质量进行动态的监控与管理,及时发现质量缺陷,定期质量抽查方式进行检查、督促、反馈、追踪的持续质量改进方法管理。[结果]持续质量改进后护理文件书写不合格项目均较改进前减少(P0.05)。[结论]持续质量改进可强化肿瘤专科电子护理文书质量的环节管理,提高护理电子病历的书写质量。     

240份护理病历缺陷分析及综合管理

[目的]分析护理病历中存在的缺陷,提出改进措施,提高护理文件的书写质量.[方法]随机抽取2008年1月-2008年12月我院内科在院及出院病历240份,由护理文件质量控制小组进行书写质量分析和评价,并采取相应的管理对策.[结果]体温单、医嘱单、入院评估单、护理记录单均存在不同程度的缺陷,且护理记录欠连续性,不能体现护理的动态过程;缺乏健康教育内容等.[结论]加强护理病历的检查和管理力度,强化护理人员法律意识、专科知识、病历书写知识和综合文化素质的培训,可提高护理病历的书写质量.     

持续质量改进在护理文书质量管理中的应用

[目的]为了提高护理文件书写的质量,降低医疗风险,减少医疗纠纷.[方法]2006年1月-2006年9月的护理病历为对照组,实施传统的管理方法,2007年1月-2007年9月的病历为研究组,实行持续质量改进,每组随机抽查100份病历,观察其存在的缺陷.[结果]研究组存在的问题较对照组减少,差异有统计意义(P＜0.05).[结论]对护理文件实行持续质量改进,对每份护理病历实行质量监控,可以提高护理文件的书写质量,降低护理风险,减少医疗纠纷,是护理文件书写质量管理的好方法.     

规范管理前后护理文件书写缺陷的比较

目的针对护理文件书写存在的缺陷,进行规范管理,从而提高护理文件书写质量。方法规范管理前抽查护理书写病历726份,对缺陷采取的措施有设立护理书写抽查登记本、成立质控小组、制订扣分标准等,规范管理后抽查护理书写病历730份,对缺陷进行对比,并进行统计学分析。结果规范管理后护理文件书写质量明显提高(P<0.01),前后比较差异有显著性。结论加强质控管理是保证护理文书质量的关键。     

用持续质量改进方法提高护理电子病历质量

[目的]为探讨有效的管理方法．提高护理电子病历质量。[方法]通过建立护理电子病历质量评价标准,全员参与、重点监测和定期质量抽查方式进行检查、督促、反馈、追踪的持续质量改进方法管理。[结果]2006年、2007年、2008年全院二级质控的护理电子病历书写缺陷逐年减少（P〈0．005）,出院抽查合格护理电子病历逐年上升（P〈0．005）,出院复印的护理电子病历无医患纠纷。[结论]持续质量改进强化了护理文书质量的环节管理,确保了护理电子病历的书写质量。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.