硬膜外麻醉时应用氯胺酮能增强吗啡的术后镇痛效应

目的：观察硬膜外麻醉时应用氯胺酮是否能增强吗啡的术后镇痛效应。方法：３０例胆囊切除术的病人硬膜外麻醉时随机分成切皮前用氯胺酮０．４ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１（ｎ＝１５Ⅰ组）和生理盐水组（ｎ＝１５,Ⅱ）,术毕均经硬膜外腔注入吗啡１ｍｇ术后镇痛,进行双盲对照观察吗啡的术后镇痛效应。结果：Ⅰ组术后镇完全时间及镇痛维持时间明显延长,ＶＡＳ、ＶＲＳ值明显降低（Ｐ〈０．０１）,副作用未见增减。结论：硬膜外麻醉时应用氯胺     

硬膜外／脊麻时鞘内伍用新斯的明用于剖宫产术后镇痛

目的：观察硬膜外／脊麻时鞘内伍用新斯的明（ＮＥＯ）的术后镇痛作用。方法：４１例腹膜内剖宫产患者随机分为３组。在硬膜外／脊麻时向鞘内分别注入新斯的明５０μｇ（０．１３５μｍｏｌ）和２５％葡萄糖０．４ｍｌ（Ｎ组,ｎ＝１５）,吗啡５０μｇ（０．１３３μｍｏｌ）和２５％葡萄糖０．４ｍｌ（Ｍ组,ｎ＝１３）以及生理盐水０．１ｍｌ和２５％葡萄糖０．４ｍｌ作为对照组（０组,ｎ＝１３）。观察三组术后镇痛效果。结果：     

剖胸术后持续输注布比卡因和芬太尼复合液硬膜外镇痛对肺功？…

以双盲法比较剖胸术后病人采用０．１２５％布比卡因和０．３３×１０＾－３％芬太尼复合液持续硬膜外镇痛（Ⅰ组，ｎ＝１０）和硬膜外推注吗啡镇痛（Ⅱ组，ｎ＝１０）的效果，及对肺功能的影响。用疼痛４点ＶＲＳ法和镇静程度５点法评估镇痛、镇静效果，观察镇痛前后肺功能、ＢＰ、ＨＲ、Ｒ、ＳｐＯ２变化和副作用。结果表明：两组病人术后均出现为混合性通气功能障碍，Ⅰ组镇痛后１ｈ和２４ｈＶＣ、ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１．０、ＰＥＦ较     

前列腺切除术后膀胱痉挛痛应用镇痛泵的临床观察

１资料与方法 我们观察５５例前列腺手术病人ＡＳＡⅠ—Ⅱ级，年龄５２～８３岁，平均６７．５岁，体重５５～８０Ｋｇ。合并有不同程度高血压。冠心病、慢性支气管炎、糖尿病等１８例。均选择持续硬膜外镇痛，术后留置双腔导尿管。 镇痛方法：随机分两组，镇痛组（ｎ＝３５）和对照组（ｎ＝ ２０）。镇痛组在手术结束病人未恢复痛觉前经硬膜外导管注入首次剂量（０．２５％布比卡因注射液４ｍｌ，芬太尼０．１ｍｇ），然后连接艾克孚镇痛泵持续型，流速２．０ｍｌ／ｈ。泵内药物配制：布比卡因１５０ｍｇ、曲马多６００ｍｇ、氟哌列多５ｍ…     

曲马多用于小儿术后硬膜外腔镇痛的临床研究

目的：比较曲马多、哌替啶用于小儿硬膜外腔术后镇痛效果和副作用。方法：对８０例（ＡＳＡＩ－Ⅱ级）行硬膜外麻醉的患儿随机分成４组行术后硬膜外腔镇痛。Ａ组（ｎ＝２０）曲马多１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ＋０．１２５％布比卡因的镇痛液５ｍｌ,Ｂ组（ｎ＝２０）曲马多１ｍｇ／ｋｇ＋０．１２５％布比卡因的镇痛液５ｍｌ;Ｃ组（ｎ＝２０）哌替啶０．７５％ｍｇ／ｋｇ＋０．１２５％布比卡因镇痛液５ｍｌ;Ｄ组（ｎ＝２０）单纯０．１２５     

小剂量氯胺酮吗啡伍用于硬膜外腔术后镇痛的观察

氯胺酮与吗啡用于硬膜外术后镇痛效果已经得到肯定［１，２］,本文对氯胺酮与吗啡伍用提高镇痛效果进行观察 ,现报告如下。１资料与方法１．１一般资料本组６３例ＡＳＡＩ～ＩＩ级手术病例 ,男２０例 ,女４３例 ,年龄２０～６０岁 ,体重５０～８０ｋｇ。手术种类为 :上腹部手术（胃、胆囊切除术等）１０例 ,中下腹部手术（子宫切除术、剖宫产等）４２例 ,下肢手术（股骨、胫腓骨切复内固定术等）１１例。随机分成两组 ,Ａ组（ｎ＝３３） :用０．１５ %布比卡因 +０．０２５ｍｇ／ｍｌ吗啡 +１ｍｇ／ｍｌ氯胺酮。Ｂ组（ｎ＝３０）：为对照组 …     

硬膜外注入吗啡和痛立消术后镇痛的临床观察

在连续硬膜外麻醉下，７４例成年病人进行腹部手术，男４４例，女３０例，年龄２０￣７７岁，体重５１￣９０ｋｇ，随机分为两组。在术终时，经硬膜外导管注入：Ⅰ组（ｎ＝３９）麻醉镇痛药吗啡２ｍｇ，Ⅱ组（ｎ＝３５）非甾体新型镇痛药痛立消３０ｍｇ。结果：两组的性别、年龄和体重均无显著性差异，两组术后镇痛效果良好，镇痛持续时间分别为１６．１小时和１８．１小时，无显著性差异，但Ⅰ组出现１例尿潴、３例恶心呕吐和１例腹     

开胸术后硬膜外镇痛对心功能的影响

低浓度（０．２５％）布比卡因间断硬膜外腔注入，用于开胸术后持续镇痛，观察时心功能的影响，与未用硬膜外阻滞组进行比较。结果：两组间术前、术后８ｈ各参数无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５），术后１６、２４ｈ相差显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）；未用硬膜外阻滞镇痛组术后８、１６、２４ｈ各参数与术前比相差显著（Ｐ〈０．０５），硬膜外阻滞镇痛与术前比，８ｈ相差显著（Ｐ〈０．０５），１６ｈ部分参数无显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５），２４ｈ     

1∶20万肾上腺素对硬膜外腔自控镇痛效应的影响

本文旨在观察１∶２０万肾上腺素对丁布氟芬液行术后硬膜外腔病人自控镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）效应的影响。选择ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级，硬膜外腔麻醉下行中下腹部手术病人４０例，随机分为两组，Ⅰ组（ｎ＝２０）：丁布氟芬液１００ｍｌ＋０．１％肾上腺素０．５ｍｌ（即含１∶２０万肾上腺素）；Ⅱ组（ｎ＝２０）：丁布氟芬液１００ｍｌ＋ＮＳ０．５ｍｌ。用双盲法观察两组病人术后镇痛２４小时用药量、镇痛效果、血压、心率变化及嗜睡发生率。结果：２４小时用药量、ＶＡＳ评分、嗜睡发生率，两组相比无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；各组内镇痛前、后血压无明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）；心率变化：Ｉ组镇痛后比镇痛前增快（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果表明：１∶２０万肾上腺素对丁布氟芬液术后ＰＣＥＡ无增强效应。     

硬膜外腔单次注射吗啡加布比卡因用于乳腺癌根治术术后止痛的可行性

目的：研究硬膜外腔单次注射吗啡＋布比卡因混合液治疗乳腺癌根治术术后疼痛的可行性。方法：６０例拟行乳腺癌根治术女性患者,分为对照组（Ａ组）２０例和实验组（Ｂ组）４０例。对照组于手术完毕前３０ ｍｉｎ经硬膜外管注入生理盐水１０ｍｌ,实验组注入吗啡２ ｍｇ与 ０．２５％布比卡困混合液１０ ｍｌ。结果：Ｂ组患者的镇痛效果明显优于Ａ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。Ｂ组副作用如恶心呕吐,瘙痒和尿潴留发生高于Ａ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。Ａ组ＲＲ术后４,８ｈ下降,与术前相比Ｐ＜０．０５。两组ＭＡＰ,ＨＲ,ＳＰＯ２ 维持正常。结论：高位硬膜外腔注入吗啡与布比卡因混合液用于乳腺癌根治术术后止痛效果确切、安全、经济,但副反应发生率较高。     

ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL REGULATION OF THE GROWTH OF TISSUES : THE EFFECTS OF THE DILUTION OF THE MEDIUM ON THE GROWTH OF THE SPLEEN.

It may be concluded that the degree of dilution of the culture medium has a marked influence on the rate of growth of splenic tissue. The maximum acceleration was obtained in a medium composed of three volumes of normal plasma and two volumes of distilled water. The growth in this hypotonic plasma was very much larger than in normal plasma. On the contrary, the growth of the spleen in hypertonic plasma was always less than in normal plasma. In other experiments, we found that in diluted plasma there was also an acceleration of the growth of the skin, the heart, and the liver of chickens. The skin of adult frogs also grew more actively in this plasma. The optimum degree of dilution varied according to the nature of the tissues and to the species of the animals. While the plasma containing two fifths distilled water produced the largest growth of splenic tissue, a slightly less diluted medium was more favorable for the liver and the heart, and generally for the skin also. The action of hypertonic plasma varied also in a large measure. While the spleen did not grow at all in the medium containing 0.0124 and 0.0144 sodium chlorid, the skin, on the other hand, could stand a high concentration of the sodium chlorid. Even its growth was activated in media containing 0.0094 and 0.0124 sodium chlorid and was greater than with normal plasma. The spleen of kittens was very easily affected by the changes of the dilution of the plasma, while the skin of the frog presented its best growth in plasma containing one half distilled water. Marked variations in the sensitiveness of tissues to hypertonic and hypotonic media will probably be observed in animals of different species. From these experiments, three conclusions can be drawn: namely, that certain laws of growth, discovered by Loeb, in lower organisms are true also for higher organisms; that normal plasma is not the optimum medium for the growth of tissue; and that each tissue has probably its optimum medium. The growth of the spleen is, without doubt, considerably modified by the variations of the dilution and perhaps of the osmotic tension of the plasma. It is possible then that the influence of osmotic tension, discovered by Loeb, in the growth of certain organisms, is a general law applicable as well to higher forms of life— frogs, cats, and chickens—as to lower organisms—tubularia and sea-urchins. In placing tubularia in different dilutions of sea-water and distilled water, Loeb found that the greatest rate of regeneration was observed when two volumes of distilled water were added to three volumes of sea-water. But fertilized eggs of sea-urchins were more sensitive to the action of hypertonic plasma, and they all died in a dilution of sea-water with two fifths distilled water. If only one fifth distilled water was added to the sea-water they developed normally. We found that the cells of certain tissues of the chicken follow a similar rule, since the maximal growth of the spleen is obtained in plasma containing two fifths distilled water, while other tissues grow better in a less hypotonic medium. Normal plasma is certainly not the ideal medium for the growth of tissues, since slight modifications of the tension, the alkalinity, or the addition of certain inorganic salts to normal plasma, increase the rate of the growth of tissues.     

THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE HEMORRHAGIC DISEASES OF THE NEW-BORN

Those conditions of the new-born characterized by a hemorrhagic tendency, icterus, and fatty changes, are probably all syndromes which may occur as the result of a number of toxic agents. All of them, however, have been produced, in these experiments, by the action of a single experimental agent. Thus, a picture indistinguishable from that called Buhl''s disease has been obtained by the use of chloroform, as have also the pictures known as Winckel''s disease, melæna neonatorum, etc. Chloroform is not held to be the only substance that has this power. It stands rather as one member of a group of agents, the effects of which in general and in individual organs are similar to those caused by lack of oxygen. The essential features of these conditions have also been produced by direct asphyxiation of the fetus. The suggestion is therefore made that underlying all these symptoms and pathological complexes, there is a deficiency of oxidation, general, local, or selective, thus bringing this group of diseases into the general category of acute yellow atrophy of the liver, eclampsia, pernicious vomiting, cyclic vomiting, phosphorus poisoning, etc. In human beings, chloroform and asphyxia must, in many instances, be the determining causes. There remain, however, other cases in which different factors are to be sought.     

THE INDUCED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE GUINEA-PIG TO THE TOXIC ACTION OF THE BLOOD SERUM OF THE HORSE

Following the divisions before used, the results presented in the preceding pages may be briefly stated. I. The particular method of sensitization and the place where the test injection is made have an important bearing on the results obtained by various workers. Comparing the results obtained by the various methods, we may conclude that the incubation period of the hypersensitive reaction is not sharply limited, but that there is a progressive increase in sensitiveness from the sixth day, and presumably before that, extending over a period of several weeks. It seems very probable that the degree of hypersensitiveness attained where the sensitizing dose consists of a mixture of diphtheria toxin and serum is greater than when a single dose of the same small quantity of serum is given alone. II. Our early experiments, the first in this field, are in thorough agreement with those first reported by Otto, and shortly after him by Rosenau and Anderson. III. This hypersensitive reaction is transmissible from mother to offspring. The transmission is probably not equally effective in all cases, and individual young guinea-pigs probably vary greatly in the rate with which they lose their ability to react. As a result not all of the young of a hypersensitive mother react to a subcutaneous dose of five cubic centimeters of serum given when they are four or five weeks old. The reaction in the young animals differs quite markedly from that in those actively sensitized. These differences are such as to indicate that in the mother there is a considerable localization of the reaction in tissues and organs whose destruction does not cause sudden death. This local reaction is a protective factor and is not transmitted to the same degree as the factors involved in the fatal acute reaction. IV. The hypersensitive reaction to horse serum depends on the development of a special anti-body during the incubation period, which anti-body may be passively transferred to a fresh animal. If the dose of hypersensitive serum be sufficient, and the intoxicating injection be given directly into the circulation, this passive hypersensitiveness may be enough so that the animal will die when tested. There is also in the serum of hypersensitive guinea-pigs an uneliminated horse serum element or "rest," which is distinct from this antibody, and probably without influence on the course of the acute reaction. V. The anti-body on which the hypersensitive reaction depends may be entirely neutralized by horse serum without causing symptoms. The gradual introduction of increasing doses over a total period of twenty-four hours suffices for this. The animal is then, properly speaking, neither immune nor refractory, but is essentially in the condition of a normal animal which has recently had a large dose of horse serum. This rapid neutralization is made possible by the great binding power which the subcutaneous and other relatively unimportant tissues have for the toxic element of the serum. The so-called "Phenomenon of Arthus" is probably the same reaction for the rabbit that we have here dealt with in the guinea-pig. The fact that the manifestation is more prominently a local one depends on racial differences. I have encountered cases in the guinea-pig in which the conditions in the rabbit are closely simulated.     

THE EXTENT OF THE CAPILLARY BED OF THE HEART

By means of injections made into the coronary arteries of beating hearts it has been possible to determine the number of capillaries in the normal heart muscle. This study has shown a very rich blood supply with an average of approximately one capillary for each muscle fibre in the ventricular walls and papillary muscles, and a less abundant supply in the auricular muscle and Purkinje system. The number of capillaries per sq. mm. of ventricular wall or papillary muscle is about twice that found by Krogh in skeletal muscle. Capillaries were not found constantly in the valves of hearts in which there was apparently a complete injection of the capillary bed. The method described for injecting the capillaries of the heart also provides a means of studying the blood supply to the muscle, valves and aortic wall in pathological hearts.     

THE INFLUENCE UPON THE SPLEEN AND THE THYROID OF THE COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE EXTERNAL FUNCTION OF THE PANCREAS

The complete removal of the function of the pancreas concerned in digestion is followed by marked changes in the spleen and in the thyroid apparatus. Second, the spleen shows an extreme simple atrophy. Third, the thyroid apparatus exhibits a constant change shown by the macroscopic transparency of the gland, by the microscopic increase in the amount of colloid, by the chemical increase of the iodine content of the gland, and by the functional test of the delayed appearance of tetany after the complete removal of the thyroid apparatus.     

学生健康体检结果分析

在校学生进行健康体检,对常见病患病率进行统计分析,提议在体检 中应加入血液流变学指标。