Spontaneous extrahepatic biliary duct perforation in infancy

Spontaneous extrahepatic biliary duct perforation in infancy is exceedingly rare. We report a patient in whom the diagnosis was established by ultrasonography and hepatobiliary scintigraphy.     

Changes in extrahepatic bile duct caliber in liver transplant recipients without evidence of biliary obstruction.

To better understand changes in the size of the extrahepatic bile duct after liver transplantation, we retrospectively studied the luminal diameter of the extrahepatic bile duct on serial cholangiograms in 40 liver transplant recipients with choledochocholedochostomy biliary anastomoses and without biliary complications. Forty operative and 105 postoperative cholangiograms were reviewed. The average interval between operative and last postoperative cholangiogram was 5 weeks (range, 1-17 weeks). The mean diameter of the donor common hepatic duct increased from 5.5 +/- 2.1 mm to 6.3 +/- 2.4 mm (p = .015). The mean diameter of the native common bile duct increased from 5.1 +/- 1.4 mm to 6.8 +/- 2.4 mm (p less than .001). The diameter of the donor common hepatic duct increased by 3 mm or more in six patients (15%); the diameter of the native common bile duct increased by 3 mm or more in nine (23%). Increased diameter of the native common bile duct was associated with T-tube migration into the duct in four cases. The size of the extrahepatic bile duct on cholangiograms is stable or increases slightly in most liver transplant recipients. Mild increases unassociated with a specific cause of obstruction or hepatic dysfunction do not portend biliary obstruction and are clinically benign.     

肝外胆管梗阻的磁共振胆胰管造影诊断

目的 评价磁共振胆胰管造影（ＭＲＣＰ）对肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的临床诊断价值。方法 对５４例肝外胆管梗阻性疾病（肝外胆管结石３０例,恶性胆管梗阻２４例）进行ＭＲＣＰ检查,并与临床诊断或手术和病理结果对照分析。ＭＲＣＰ采用不屏气快速自旋回波（ＴＳＥ）序列重工Ｔ２ＷＩ扫描,结合呼吸触发及脂护抑制技术,原始图像以最大信号强度投影（ＭＩＰ）法进行三维重建。结果 全部５４例ＭＲＣＰ检查均一次成功,５２例胆胰管显     

多层螺旋CT在肝外胆管梗阻病变诊断中的应用

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）在肝外胆管梗阻病变中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析经手术、病理以及临床随访证实的均做了CT检查的肝外胆管梗阻病变51例,其中良性41例,恶性10例。结果肝外胆管梗阻性病变中,良性多表现为肝内胆管呈枯枝状或残根状轻、中度扩张,梗阻部胆管呈漏斗样改变,肝外胆管壁呈环形弥漫性增厚;恶性多表现为肝内胆管呈软藤状中、重度扩张,梗阻部胆管呈截断型或突然狭窄并伴肿块,肝外胆管壁呈环形局限性增厚。结论良恶性肝外胆管梗阻病变均有其特征性的CT征象,注意观察胆管的形态改变,以及与周围组织结构的关系,结合临床综合分析,有助于提高诊断的准确性。     

磁共振胰胆管成像对肝外胆管梗阻的诊断价值(附35例分析)

目的：探讨磁共振胰胆管成像对肝外胆管梗阻的诊断价值。方法：对35例肝外胆管梗阻性疾病行MRCP检查，MRCP采用呼吸门控重T2 FSE序列，把资源图像行MIP和／或MPR法重建。全部病例与临床诊断或手术和病理对照分析。结果：全部35例MRCP检查均一次成功，且胰胆管显示满意。经手术病理证实或临床综合诊断，恶性胆管梗阻28例(胆管癌14例，胰头癌11例，壶腹癌2例，转移癌1例)，胆管结石7例。MRCP对肝外胆管梗阻程度的判断和定位诊断准确率为100％，总定性诊断准确率为88．6％。结论：MRCP对肝外胆管梗阻定位诊断准确，结合资源图像和MR平扫，对肝外胆管结石和恶性梗阻的定性诊断均有较高的准确性。     

经内镜胆管引流术治疗胆道梗阻

目的：评价胆道梗阻的内镜治疗效果。方法：应用鼻胆管引流术9ENBD）及胆道内支架置入术（ERBD）进行胆道内、外引流。结果：58例病人内镜下胆管引流88例次，成功84次，成功率95．5％，ENBD 37例次，ERBD 51例次，引流后黄疽均有减退，恶性胆道梗阻者带瘤生存平均9．7月（3－18月），生活质量较高。结论：内镜下胆管引流是胆道梗阻的有效治疗方法，是急性梗阻性胆管炎、胆源性胰腺炎的有效治疗措施，可延长胆道恶性梗阻者带瘤生存时间并提高生活质量。     

带蒂胆囊瓣转移修补肝外胆管壁缺损

目的：探讨有效修补肝外胆管缺损的简易方法。方法：１９９６－０９～１９９９－１２,采用带蒂胆囊瓣修补肝外胆管缺损１４例,术后带Ｔ型管３～６个月。结果：所有病例均治愈,效果良好,无并发症。经Ｔ管造影顺利拔管。结论：带蒂胆囊瓣是修补肝外胆管缺损的良好方法。     

肝外胆道恶性肿瘤切除术后辅助放化疗的临床观察

目的探讨肝外胆道恶性肿瘤切除术后辅助放化疗的临床价值和安全性。方法 2003年1月—2007年12月,45例肝外胆道恶性肿瘤患者在我院实施手术,其中外科切缘病理阴性(R0切除)24例、阳性(R1/R2切除)21例,伴区域淋巴结癌细胞浸润27例。术后给予辅助放疗(36～50 Gy)及3～6个疗程化疗(第1天奥沙利铂130 mg/m2,第1～14天卡培他滨2 000 mg/m2,21 d为1个疗程)。随访5年,观察术后肿瘤局部控制、局部复发或转移情况,分析中位生存期、5年总生存率及放化疗不良反应。结果本组患者均接受了术后辅助放化疗及随访。中位化疗周期数4.5个,中位放疗剂量42 Gy;中位随访32个月,中位生存期36个月。至随访终点16例仍存活,其中14例无瘤生存;除1例术后13个月失访外,其余患者死于肿瘤局部失控或伴远处转移(腹膜、肝、肺、骨),原发肿瘤局部淋巴结远处转移(tumor lymbp node metastasis,TNM)分期≥Ⅲ期患者占92.9%(26/28)。5年内肿瘤局部控制率66.7%(30/45),外科切缘病理阴性、阳性患者的局部控制率分别为83.3%(20/24)、47.6%(10/21)(P<0.005)。患者5年的总生存率为35.6%(16/45),外科切缘病理阴性患者和阳性患者的总生存率分别为58.3%(14/24)和9.5%(2/21)(P<0.005)。TNM分期早(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)与分期晚(Ⅲ、Ⅳ)患者的中位生存期分别为50个月和21个月(P=0.035)。辅助放化疗治疗不良反应轻微,多为1～2度;无患者因不良反应而完全中断治疗。结论根治性外科手术(R0切除)是肝外胆道恶性肿瘤患者长期生存的重要因素。术后辅助放化疗有益于患者肿瘤的局部控制,提高了中位生存期和5年的总生存率;外科切缘病理阴性患者优于阳性患者;安全及耐受性好,有待于进一步深入探讨研究。     

肿瘤标志物联合检测对肝外胆道梗阻的诊断价值

目的评价CA19-9、CA125与CEA联合检测对肝外胆道梗阻的鉴别诊断价值。方法采用化学发光免疫分析法测定97例肝外胆道梗阻患者血清CA19-9、CA125及CEA水平,进行统计分析。结果 CA19-9在恶性梗阻时的阳性率明显高于CEA和CA125（P〈0.01）,三项联检,诊断准确率可提高至89.1%。结论血清CA19-9、CA125与CEA联合检测对肝外胆道梗阻的鉴别诊断具有一定价值,CEA和CA125还可以为恶性梗阻的腹腔转移提供可靠信息。     

螺旋CT对诊断肝外胆管梗阻的临床价值研究

目的 分析肝外胆管梗阻的螺旋CT表现,结合其他影像检查结果、临床资料及手术病理,评价螺旋CT对诊断肝外胆管梗阻的临床价值.方法 回顾分析46例肝外胆管梗阻的螺旋CT表现,其中26例平扫后进行了CT增强扫描,部分病例进行了MRCP、ERCP、PTC检查,对肝外胆管梗阻的定位和定性结果与手术病理结果进行对照.结果 经术后病理证实,良性病变为20例,恶性病变为26例,螺旋CT定位的准确率为96%,定性的准确率为87%.结论 螺旋CT对诊断肝外胆管梗阻的定位和定性诊断具有重要的临床价值,然而,肝外胆管梗阻的定性仍存在一定的困难,综合各种临床及影像学资料是提高确诊率的有效手段.     

Suprapancreatic biliary obstruction: CT evaluation

In a 5-year period, 92 patients with biliary obstruction proximal to the pancreatic segment were evaluated with computed tomography (CT). Seventy-three were judged to have technically optimal studies. Observations of the level of obstruction were compared with data from 50 percutaneous transhepatic cholangiograms; CT data enabled the level of obstruction to be correctly predicted in 46. CT enabled correct prediction of the distribution of obstructing lesions in all 18 patients with intrahepatic obstruction. Forty-four of the 73 patients had pathologic examination of the porta hepatitis. CT findings of obstructing mass and lesser omental nodes resulted in correct prediction of malignancy in 25 (92%) of 27 patients; the absence of such findings enabled correct prediction of benign disease in 13 (77%) of 17 individuals. CT is most valuable as a noninvasive means of planning surgical or radiologic drainage procedures in patients with biliary obstruction.     

Positive predictive value of cholescintigraphy in common bile duct obstruction

Technetium-99m DISIDA imaging was employed in 400 patients to differentiate obstruction of the common bile duct from medical and other surgical causes of hyperbilirubinemia. Sequential anterior images demonstrated variable degrees of liver uptake, yet there was no evidence of intrabiliary or extrabiliary radioactivity for at least 4 hr after injection in 25 patients. Twenty-three patients were surgically documented to have complete obstruction of the common bile duct. One patient had hepatitis, and another had sickle cell crisis without bile duct obstruction. The remaining patients had either partial or no obstruction of the common bile duct. We conclude that the presence of liver uptake without evident biliary excretion by 4 hr on cholescintigraphy is highly sensitive and predictive of total obstruction of the common bile duct.     

Accuracy of biliary duct ultrasound: comparison with cholangiography.

Thirty patients were studied by diagnostic ultrasound and percutaneous transhepatic or surgical cholangiography to evaluate diagnostic accuracy in differentiating obstructive from nonobstructive hepatobiliary disease. Correct recognition of biliary duct caliber was accomplished by ultrasound in 86% of cases, and was most accurate (89%) in patients with dilated intrahepatic biliary radicals. Diagnostic ultrasound is sufficiently accurate to be a useful screening tool for determining the caliber of the biliary duct system and, on this basis, obstructive from nonobstructive hepatobiliary disease.     

术中胆道造影胆总管阻塞征象的研究

目的探索术中胆道造影中出现的假性胆总管阻塞征(简称假性阻塞)X线征象,减少误诊。材料与方法搜集整理200例术中胆道造影,其中男性72例女性128例,年龄为23～84岁,手术时胆囊切除经胆囊管注入造影剂,造影剂为60％胆影葡胺或12．5％碘化钠溶液10～20ml。结果本组出现假性阻塞55例占27．5％。X线表现常能鉴别假性阻塞与真性阻塞,假性阻塞表现为阻塞远端钝圆、有柔软感,而不象真性阻塞的远端有僵直感。如胆总管括约肌痉挛时,可向胆总管内注入1％普鲁卡因5ml,使痉挛缓解。结论熟悉术中胆道造影胆总管假性阻塞与真性阻塞X线征象十分重要否则会误诊。