心肺复苏中机械通气时机选择对急诊心博骤停患者预后的影响

目的探讨心肺复苏的机械通气时机选择对急诊心博骤停患者预后影响。方法选取在本院接受心博骤停自动循环恢复机械通气的50例患者为研究对象,按照机械通气的时间分为早期上机组24例,以及晚期上机组26例,统计两组患者的年龄、性别、心博骤停心率类型以及心博骤停的原因,同时统计两组患者心肺复苏成功效率、心博骤停24 h、有无角膜性反射、有无瞳孔反射、疼痛躲避反应、运动反应、出院时神经功能分类以及治愈出院率。对两组患者的各项指标进行相应比较。结果两组患者的年龄、性别、心博骤停心率类型以及心博骤停原因,两者差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）;两组患者的心肺复苏率、24 h角膜反射（＋）、24 h瞳孔反射（＋）、24 h疼痛躲避反应（＋）、24 h运动反应（＋）以及其出院时神经功能分类等,其指标差异有统计学意义,早期上机组明显优于晚期上机组（ P＜0．05）;两组患者成活出院率（45．5％∶40．0％）之间差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）,其总成活出院率为33．41％。结论对心博骤停的患者应及早给予机械通气呼吸支持,从而促进患者心脏的恢复,以提高心博骤停疾病患者的治疗效果,提高心博骤停患者心肺复苏的成功率,并且对其神经功能的预后进行改善。     

Comparison of supraglottic airway versus endotracheal intubation for the pre-hospital treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Introduction

Both supraglottic airway devices (SGA) and endotracheal intubation (ETI) have been used by emergency life-saving technicians (ELST) in Japan to treat out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs). Despite traditional emphasis on airway management during cardiac arrest, its impact on survival from OHCA and time dependent effectiveness remains unclear.

Methods

All adults with witnessed, non-traumatic OHCA, from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2008, treated by the emergency medical services (EMS) with an advanced airway in Osaka, Japan were studied in a prospective Utstein-style population cohort database. The primary outcome measure was one-month survival with neurologically favorable outcome. The association between type of advanced airway (ETI/SGA), timing of device placement and neurological outcome was assessed by multiple logistic regression.

Results

Of 7,517 witnessed non-traumatic OHCAs, 5,377 cases were treated with advanced airways. Of these, 1,679 were ETI while 3,698 were SGA. Favorable neurological outcome was similar between ETI and SGA (3.6% versus 3.6%, P = 0.95). The time interval from collapse to ETI placement was significantly longer than for SGA (17.2 minutes versus 15.8 minutes, P < 0.001). From multivariate analysis, early placement of an advanced airway was significantly associated with better neurological outcome (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) for one minute delay, 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88 to 0.95). ETI was not a significant predictor (AOR 0.71, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.30) but the presence of an ETI certified ELST (AOR, 1.86, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.34) was a significant predictor for favorable neurological outcome.

Conclusions

There was no difference in neurologically favorable outcome from witnessed OHCA for ETI versus SGA. Early airway management with advanced airway regardless of type and rhythm was associated with improved outcomes.     

Available ventilation monitoring methods during pre-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation

High quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the pre-hospital setting has been associated with improved survival rates during cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). Recent documentation of hyperventilation associated deterioration in hemodynamics during CPR, suggests that guided or controlled ventilation strategies may contribute to improved hemodynamics and increased survival. This article briefly reviews the mechanical methods, advantages, and disadvantages of the available ventilation monitoring methods currently available for clinical use, with an emphasis on pre-hospital implementation. We recommend that more objective measurement of ventilation during CPR be performed, with emphasis on a strategy for measuring both attempted ventilation frequency (f) and delivered tidal volume (VT). The use of improved thoracic impedance pneumography and capnography are appealing for such monitoring because of the widespread availability, but modifications to existing software and clinical data compared to a clinical standard would be required before general acceptance is possible. Other methods listed may offer advantages over these in select circumstances.     

79例患者院前心跳呼吸骤停采取心肺复苏的临床分析

目的探讨院前急救心跳呼吸骤停患者的有效抢救措施。方法选取本院院前急救患者79例为研究对象,从心跳呼吸骤停后开始复苏时间、抢救半径、现场有无目击者参与、气管插管耗时(含气囊—面罩给氧)、是否使用电除颤等方面进行相关因素分析。结果 79例患者中,心肺复苏成功抢救患者7例,抢救成功率8.86%。心跳呼吸骤停后开始复苏时间4 min与开始复苏时间≥4 min心肺复苏(CPR)成功率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。开始复苏时间4 min能有效提高CPR复苏成功率(OR=13.64,95%CI:1.43~130.08);在院前急救心跳呼吸骤停患者的过程中,抢救半径5 km、气管插管(含气囊—面罩给氧)耗时90 s及现场有目击者参与的情况下和抢救半径≥5 km、气管插管(含气囊—面罩给氧)耗时≥90 s及现场无目击者参与,CPR复苏成功率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。使用电除颤是CPR复苏成功要素之一(OR=10.00,95%CI:1.14~87.59)。结论 79例患者临床分析表明,院前急救患者心跳呼吸骤停后开始复苏时间早,抢救半径短,气管插管(含气囊—面罩给氧)耗时少和有目击者参与是影响CPR复苏成功的关键因素,实施专业化院前急救可提高院前心肺复苏成功率。     

心肺复苏质量的影响指标分析

心肺复苏质量是影响心搏骤停生存率的关键,除开始心肺复苏时间外,反映心肺复苏质量的指标还包括按压频率、按压深度、按压位置、胸廓充分回弹、避免按压中断以及通气过度等,通过综合分析反映心肺复苏质量的指标参数,以期促进心肺复苏的质量的提高。     

Reduced effectiveness of vasopressin in repeated doses for patients undergoing prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Introduction

The efficacy of repeated administration of vasopressin alone during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) remains unconfirmed. This study was conducted to estimate the effectiveness of the repeated administration of vasopressin vs. epinephrine for cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) patients receiving prolonged CPR.

Methods

We conducted a prospective randomized controlled study on patients who experienced out-of-hospital CPA. The patients were randomly assigned to receive a maximum of four injections of either 40 IU of vasopressin (vasopressin group) or 1 mg of epinephrine (epinephrine group) immediately after emergency room (ER) admission. Patients who received vasopressors before ER admission or suffered non-cardiogenic CPA were excluded after randomization.

Results

In total, 336 patients were enrolled (vasopressin group, n = 137; epinephrine group, n = 118). No differences were found between these groups (vasopressin group vs. epinephrine group) in the rates of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) (28.7% vs. 26.6%), 24-h survival (16.9% vs. 20.3%), or survival to hospital discharge (5.6% vs. 3.8%). In a subgroup analysis by the Fisher's exact test, the rate of ROSC was higher in the vasopressin group than in the epinephrine group, among the patients whose arrests were witnessed (48.1% vs. 27.8%, p = 0.010) or who received bystander CPR (68.0% vs. 38.5%, p = 0.033). When the independent predictors of ROSC were calculated in the subgroup analysis, however, vasopressin administration (Odds ratio: 0.87–0.28) did not affect the outcome.

Conclusions

This is the first report of a possible vasopressin-alone resuscitation without additional epinephrine. However, repeated injections of either vasopressin or epinephrine during prolonged advanced cardiac life support resulted in comparable survival.     

有效人工通气在心肺脑复苏中的价值探讨

目的 :评价 A (气道 )、B(呼吸 )、C(循环 )抢救步骤在心肺脑复苏 (CPCR)中的价值。方法 :收集 70例心搏、呼吸骤停行 CPCR患者临床资料 ,分析单纯心脏疾患致心搏、呼吸骤停 (4 4例 )和非单纯心脏疾患致心搏、呼吸骤停 (2 6例 )患者在实施 CPCR过程中采取的 A、B、C顺序及 CAB组依 C AB间隔时间 (<5分钟、5～ 10分钟和 >10分钟 )所分组的各期复苏成功率。结果 :单纯心脏疾患致心搏、呼吸骤停患者中 ,C组 (11例32例次 )各期复苏成功率均 >87.5 %,显著高于其它各组 (P均 <0 .0 1) ;CAB组 (2 4例 )依 C AB间隔时间不等 ,各期复苏成功率不同 ,<5分钟组各期复苏成功率均明显高于 >5分钟组 (P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1) ;AB组(3例 )各期复苏成功率均≥ 6 6 .7%,ABC组 (6例 )各期复苏成功率均≥ 33.3%,均显著高于 CAB组 (P均 <0 .0 1)。非单纯心脏疾患致心搏、呼吸骤停患者中 ,ABC组各期复苏成功率与 CAB组总体成功率比较无显著差异 (P均 >0 .0 5 ) ;CAB组依 C AB间隔时间不等 ,一、二期复苏成功率间均无显著差异 (P均 >0 .0 5 ) ,三期复苏成功率差异显著 ,>10分钟组明显低于 <10分钟组 (P均 <0 .0 1)。结论 :CAB可能是各种原因致心搏骤停患者 CPCR中可取的抢救步骤 ,但 5分钟可能是进行有效人工通气的极限。     

Open- versus closed-chest cardiac compressions in a canine model of pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Whether or not the principles of adult resuscitation apply to the pediatric population remains unknown. In order to study this issue, a pediatric animal model was developed using puppies 6-12 weeks of age and 2-8 kg in weight. Hemodynamic status was assessed using standard methods, and measured global cerebral blood flow was assessed using the nitrous oxide (Kety-Schmidt) technique after placement of a catheter in the sagittal sinus. In this initial study, five puppies resuscitated with closed-chest cardiac compression (CCCC) were compared with five receiving open-chest cardiac compression (OCCC). Although mean systolic arterial pressures were equal with both methods during resuscitation (40 versus 49 mm Hg, P = 0.19), OCCC produced a greater cardiac output and a higher cerebral blood flow (5 versus 18 ml/100 g/min, P = 0.008). Only one of five dogs treated with CCCC had a blood flow during resuscitation greater than 15 ml/100 g/min, as compared with four of five receiving OCCC. Finally, three of five dogs in the CCCC group experienced liver lacerations, while none who were resuscitated by OCCC sustained any gross visceral injuries.     

心源性心脏骤停心肺复苏成功的分析

目的分析影响心源性心脏骤停患者心肺复苏成功的临床因素。方法选择该院收治的心源性心脏骤停患者共58例,根据复苏成功与否分成心肺复苏成功组(成功组)22例和心肺复苏失败组(失败组)36例。分析两组患者的临床资料,探讨与心肺复苏成功的相关因素。结果两组患者性别比和发病种类比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);成功组患者的年龄和入院时间明显低于失败组,院前给予抢救的比例明显高于失败组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。成功组患者的心脏停搏时间、抢救时间、心肺复苏循环平均次数、肾上腺素剂量和电除颤次数明显低于失败组,应用辅助机械通气的比例明显高于失败组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论心肺复苏成功的因素可能与发病年龄、入院时间、院前给予抢救的比例、心脏停搏时间、抢救时间、心肺复苏循环次数、肾上腺素剂量、平均电除颤次数和应用辅助机械通气有关。     

Quantification of ventilation volumes produced by compressions during emergency department cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Background

Clinical investigations have shown improved outcomes with primary compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation strategies. It is unclear whether this is a result of passive ventilation via chest compressions, a low requirement for any ventilation during the early aspect of resuscitation or avoidance of inadvertent over-ventilation.

心肺复苏患者急诊护理的效果及预后

目的探讨心肺复苏患者急诊护理的效果及预后。方法选择70例心脏骤停并行心脏复苏的患者,通过随机数表法分为观察组和对照组,各35例。对照组给予常规护理,观察组在对照组的基础上加用针对性的护理干预。比较2组患者护理效果。结果护理后,观察组SAS、SDS评分均低于对照组,呼吸机维持时间、住ICU时间均少于对照组,格拉斯哥昏迷指数评分高于对照组(P0.05);观察组在心房颤动、胸部不适、记忆减退、反应迟钝的并发症发生率上均比对照组低(P0.05);观察组28 d存活率、出院时存活率均比对照组高(P0.05)。结论在心肺复苏患者中给予针对性的急诊护理,在提高预后上具有积极意义,值得应用推广。     

院前心脏停搏与院内心脏停搏复苏存活率的比较

目的：分析我院急诊中心心脏停搏患者心肺复苏（CPR）存活率及其影响因素,并比较院前发生心脏停搏与院内发生心脏停搏复苏存活率。方法：对我院急诊中心78例心搏骤停（cardiacarrest,CA）患者的资料进行回顾性分析,比较院前发生心搏骤停组和院内发生心搏骤停组的CPR开始时间（从心脏停搏至CPR开始时间）、气管插管时间、CPR持续时间、开始除颤时间、除颤次数、肾上腺素用量及存活率。结果：院前组复苏存活率2．86％,院内组复苏存活率11．62％。两组CPR开始时间、气管插管时间、存活率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,CPR持续时间、除颤次数及肾上腺素用量比较差异无统计学意义。结论：院前心脏停搏较院内心脏停搏复苏存活率低,与“生命链”未彻底落实及急救水平低有关。普及全民急救知识,加强完善急救医疗体系建设,早期除颤及早期亚低温治疗,是提高CPR成功率及复苏存活率的重要措施。     

山莨菪碱对心搏骤停大鼠复苏的影响

目的 观察山莨菪碱对心搏骤停大鼠自主循环恢复(ROSC)及复苏成功率的影响,旨在探寻心肺复苏的新方法.方法 采用盲法将45只成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组、肾上腺素组和肾上腺素+山莨菪碱组(联用组),每组15只.实验采用经食道心脏起搏诱发心室纤颤或心室静止,使用电动机械胸外按压机进行胸外按压.盲法给药,肾上腺素剂量200 μg/kg,山莨菪碱为10 mg/kg,对比各组ROSC率及复苏成功率.结果 联用组ROSC率(93.3%比46.7%)、复苏成功率(80.0%比33.3%)及3 h存活率(83.3%比20.O%)均高于肾上腺素组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);对照组仅1只大鼠ROSC.ROSC即刻肾上腺素组平均动脉压(MAP)明显高于联用组(P<0.05);ROSC后两组MAP均呈逐渐下降趋势,且自5 min开始,肾上腺素组MAP明显低于联用组,至ROSC后30 min,两组比较差异仍有统计学意义(P均<0.05).结论 肾上腺素合用山莨菪碱可以提高心搏骤停ROSC率和复苏成功率.     

心肺复苏中亚低温治疗的研究现状及展望

心搏骤停后病人心、脑、肺、肾等全身各脏器由于缺血缺氧出现不可逆损害,而复苏后期病人死亡的主要原因是大脑的缺血、缺氧性损伤.病人在低温状态下组织耗氧量减少,一定程度上能提高复苏成功率.亚低温治疗为现代临床研究的热点问题,现阶段主要对脑、肺、肾等重要脏器影响研究较多,但就适合的降温时间窗、温度窗及降温方法还有待进一步研究,现本文就心肺复苏中亚低温治疗的研究现状及不同观点进行综述.     

Effect of metronome rates on the quality of bag-mask ventilation during metronome-guided 30:2 cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A randomized simulation study

BACKGROUND: Metronome guidance is a feasible and effective feedback technique to improve the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The rate of the metronome should be set between 100 to 120 ticks/minute and the speed of ventilation may have crucial effect on the quality of ventilation. We compared three different metronome rates (100, 110, 120 ticks/minute) to investigate its effect on the quality of ventilation during metronome-guided 30:2 CPR.     

与胸外心脏按压同时和非同时机械通气对心肺复苏影响的比较

目的：探讨与胸外心脏按压同时和非同时机械通气在心肺复苏中应用的效果。方法：将12例心跳呼吸骤停患者随机分为与胸外心脏按压同时控制机械通气组和与胸外按压非同时手控机械通气组。采用控制通气模式机械通气与持续循手胸外心脏按压同时进行;后者采用手控通气模式机械通气（MAMV）与间断徒手胸外心脏按压非同时配配合进行心肺复苏,胸外心脏按压每5次后暂停1次,在暂停间期给予MAMV1次,之后通气与按压依此比例进行。2组均进行无创动脉血压、心电、经皮氧饱和度（SpO2)、潮气量（VT)、气道峰压（Ppeak)等监测。结果：与胸外心脏按压非同时手控机械通气组的SpO2、VT均明显高于与胸外心脏按压同时模式通气组的SpO2和VT,P均＜0．05;而peak则明显低于后者,P＜0．05;2组的平均动脉压无显著差别。结论：与胸外心脏按压非同时手控机械通气在提高SpO2、VT,降低Ppeak,恢复窦性心律及提高心肺复苏成功率等方面明显优于与胸外心脏按压同时控制机械通气。     

Impact of bystander-performed ventilation on functional outcomes after cardiac arrest and factors associated with ventilation-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A large observational study

AimTo determine the effectiveness of ventilations in bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR) and to identify the factors associated with ventilation-only BCPR.MethodsFrom out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) data prospectively collected from 2005 to 2011 in Japan, we extracted data for 210,134 bystander-witnessed OHCAs with complete datasets but no prehospital involvement of physician [no BCPR, 115,733; ventilation-only, 2093; compression-only, 61,075; and conventional (compressions+ventilations) BCPR, 31,233] and determined the factors associated with 1-month neurologically favourable survival using simple and multivariable logistic regression analyses. In 91,885 patients with known BCPR durations, we determined the factors associated with ventilation-only BCPR.ResultsThe rate of survival in the no BCPR, ventilation-only, compression-only and conventional group was 2.8%, 3.9%, 4.5% and 5.0%, respectively. After adjustment for other factors associated with outcomes, the survival rate in the ventilation-only group was higher than that in the no BCPR group (adjusted OR; 95% CI, 1.29; 1.01–1.63), but lower than that in the compression-only (0.76; 0.59–0.96) or conventional groups (0.70; 0.55–0.89). Conventional CPR had the highest OR for survival in almost all OHCA subgroups. The adjusted OR (95% CI) for survival after dividing BCPR into ventilation and compression components was 1.19 (1.11–1.27) and 1.60 (1.51–1.69), respectively. Older guidelines, female sex, younger patient age, bystander-initiated CPR without instruction, early BCPR and short BCPR duration were associated with ventilation-only BCPR.ConclusionsVentilation is a significant component of BCPR, but alone is less effective than compression in improving neurologically favourable survival after OHCAs.     

Outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation for patients on vasopressors or inotropes: A pilot study

Hypothesis

Outcomes of critically ill patients who receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are poor, and the subgroup on vasopressors or inotropes before cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) rarely survives.

Setting

The setting of the study was a critical care unit of a 350-bed community teaching hospital.

Study Design

This was a retrospective, cohort study.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of medical records of all patients, identified through medical billing and hospital committee records, who received CPR for CPA in a critical care unit.

Results

Of 83 patients, with an average age of 66 years, 14 (17%) survived to hospital discharge. Patients with pulseless electrical activity and asystole were significantly less likely to survive (9% and none, respectively; P = .0001). Only 2 (4%) of 55 critically ill patients receiving vasopressors before CPR survived, whereas 12 of 28 patients not on vasopressors survived (P < .0001). Although mechanical ventilation just before CPR was highly associated with administration of vasopressors, ventilation was not significantly associated with mortality (P = .13). Mortality of patients on vasopressors was higher for both mechanically ventilated (95% vs 33%, P < .001) and spontaneously breathing (100% vs 64%, P = .02) patients. In multiple logistic regression analyses, administration of vasopressors was the only variable independently associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 35.1; 95% confidence interval = 4.1-304.3).

Conclusions

Survival of patients requiring CPR during critical care admission was 17%. Very few patients survived who required vasopressors or inotropes immediately before CPA. This study is limited significantly by its retrospective design and small cohort, and so this question should be reexamined in a larger study.     

插入式腹部按压心肺复苏术和标准心肺复苏术对心脏骤停病人脑复苏效果的对比研究

[目的 ]为明确院内心脏骤停病人在行标准心肺复苏术 (CPR)的同时加插入式腹部按压 (IAC)能否提高脑复苏成功率。 [方法 ]将 72例心脏骤停病人随机分为实验组和对照组。对照组按照ABC程序行标准心肺复苏术 (S -CPR ) ;实验组在进行S -CPR的同时 ,在胸部按压放松时行一次腹部按压 ,按压力度为 13 .3 3kPa～2 6.67kPa ,按压频率为10 0 /min ,压胸与压腹交替进行。监测两组心肺脑复苏效果。 [结果 ]实验组在自主循环恢复率、自主呼吸恢复率、2 4h生存率、出院存活率及脑复苏结局评价方面均明显优于对照组 ,差异有统计学意义 ,并未发现明显并发症。[结论 ]IAC -CPR在显著提高心肺复苏成功率的同时提高了远期存活率和脑复苏效果 ,是一项有利于脑复苏的循环支持新技术