胃幽门窦癌浸润胰头联合胰十二指肠切除43例临床分析

目的探讨胃幽门窦癌浸润胰头时的手术方法。方法回顾性分析1984年6月至2004年6月收治的采用胰十二指肠切除术(PD)治疗的胃癌侵及胰头43例临床资料。结果无手术死亡。19例根治手术中联合胰十二指肠切除术15例,胰头局部切除4例;姑息切除17例;探查及胃空肠吻合7例。术后并发症发生率:PD术后为33%(5/15),胰头部分切除为25%(1/4),姑息切除为18%(3/17),探查活检为14%(1/7)。组间差异无显著性意义(P>0·05)。随访:中位生存时间PD为26个月(12~156个月),胰头部分切除为23个月(14~73个月),姑息切除为8个月(3~37个月),探查及胃空肠吻合为3个月(1·5~9·0个月)。联合PD和胰头部分切除的生存期明显长于姑息切除和探查及胃空肠吻合组(P<0·01)。结论胃幽门窦癌联合PD或胰头局部切除能够提高病人的生存期,手术指征选择恰当和肿瘤的彻底根治是取得良好临床效果的关键。     

原发性胃腺鳞癌和胃鳞癌的临床病理特点分析

目的 探讨原发性胃腺鳞癌和胃鳞癌的临床病理特点.方法 回顾性分析12例原发性胃腺鳞癌和胃鳞癌的临床病理资料,对腺鳞癌进行CK17及CK18免疫组化染色.结果 本组原发性胃腺鳞癌和胃鳞癌病例占同期全部外科治疗胃癌病例的0.28%,其中原发性胃腺鳞癌10例,胃鳞癌2例;男10例,女2例;平均年龄65岁.主要临床症状有上腹隐痛或胀痛不适,呕血及黑便.术前胃镜活检确诊率为33%(4/12).肿瘤直径≤5 cm 3例,>5 cm 9例.根治性切除8例,姑息性切除4例.TNM分期Ⅰ期1例,Ⅲ期5例,Ⅳ期6例.本组术后2年内死于肿瘤转移复发10例,其中4例腺鳞癌姑息切除患者存活少于半年,且鳞癌和腺癌所占瘤体成分均在30%以上.术后3年死于其他疾病1例,术后5个月存活1例.结论 原发性胃腺鳞癌和胃鳞癌在临床上少见,具有独特的临床病理特点,腺鳞癌预后较差可能与其兼有腺癌和鳞癌两种恶性生物学行为有关.     

胰腺体尾部癌的外科治疗

目的探讨胰腺体尾部癌患者的外科治疗及预后。方法回顾性研究1996年1月至2006年6月我院外科治疗的87例胰体尾癌患者的临床资料,分析R0切除、姑息性切除、短路手术和未手术治疗对患者近期和远期疗效的影响。结果本组手术探查59例,肿瘤切除27例,其中R0切除21例,姑息切除6例。R0切除组中联合脏器或血管切除9例。短路手术13例,仅行开腹探查、活检19例。各组围手术期死亡率无差异,联合脏器切除组合并症发生率高于其他各组。87例胰体尾癌患者总中位生存期为7.9个月。R0切除组、姑息性切除组、短路手术组与未切除组中位生存期分别为17.2个月、7.3个月、4.7个月和5.2个月。肿瘤切除组患者疼痛缓解率高于姑息手术组及短路手术组（P=0.03）。结论对胰体尾癌患者应提倡积极手术治疗,即使姑息切除,亦可缓解疼痛症状。     

Surgical Treatment of Metastatic Tumors to the Pancreas: A Single Center Experience and Review of the Literature

Background Unlike primary pancreatic carcinoma, metastases to the pancreas are rare, and their resection may be performed as palliative treatment. The aim of this study was to review our experience with the operative management of pancreatic metastases. Materials and Methods Between January 1994 and December 2004 13 patients (nine women and four men; median age: 59 years; range: 36–79 years) were admitted to our institution with metastatic lesion to the pancreas. The clinical features of the treatment and results were examined. Results Primary tumors were renal cell carcinoma (n = 5), lobular carcinoma of the breast (n = 3), endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary (n = 1), colonic adenocarcinoma (n = 1), jejunal leiomyosarcoma (n = 1), melanoma (n = 1), and non-small-cell lung cancer (n = 1). The median interval between primary tumor and pancreatic metastases was 36 months (range: 5–192 months). Six patients (46%) were asymptomatic, while the other seven patients presented with jaundice, pain, and duodenal obstruction. Two patients with extrapancreatic disease underwent palliative surgery, and the remaining 11 patients underwent operative procedures that included seven pancreaticoduodenectomy and four distal pancreatectomies with splenectomy. Postoperative mortality was nil, and the morbidity rate was 30%. The two patients who underwent palliative surgery died after 7 and 9 months, respectively. The median survival of the resected patients was 26 months (range: 13–95 months). Five patients died of disease, eight are alive at the time of this report. Conclusion A trend towards improved survival, even if not statistically significant, was observed in the renal carcinoma patients reported here. Surgical resection can be performed safely in selected patients with isolated metastases to the pancreas, achieving long-term survival as well as good palliation.     

非小细胞肺癌术后支气管切缘癌与预后

为探讨肺癌术后支气管切缘癌的发生率及预后特点，提高肺癌５年生存率，回顾总结１９８１～１９９０年经手术治疗１０２４例非小细胞肺癌，显微镜下发现支气管残端癌阳性者８９例占８．７％。此８９例病人平均５年生存率２３．７％。中位数生存期２７．６个月。其中ＰＴＮＭＩ、ＩＩ、ＩＩａ和ＩＩｂ期病人平均生存期分别为４４．３、２７．１、１２．４和１２．６个月，鳞癌、腺癌、大细胞癌及鳞腺混合癌病人的平均生存期分别为３１．０、１９．３、１４．８和２８．３个月。结论：影响病人预后的因素主要是病变的ＴＮＭ分期及细胞类型，对有残端癌的病人应强调术后综合治疗     

多种肿瘤成分并存的胰腺及壶腹部恶性肿瘤生存分析

目的 探讨多种肿瘤成分并存的胰腺及壶腹部恶性肿瘤的生物学特点及临床治疗方 法.方法 回顾性分析复旦大学附属中山医院2005年1月至2007年5月收治的18例多种肿瘤成分并存的胰腺及壶腹部恶性肿瘤的临床特点、影像学改变、病理特征、治疗过程及随访资料并结合文献讨论.结果 该组18例病人,男11例,女7例;平均年龄62.4±11.7(36～80)岁.其中碰撞癌11例,即肿瘤成分间无混合及移行状态;其余7例为混合癌,即肿瘤成分相互掺杂.肿瘤分别位于胰腺、胆总管下端及十二指肠壶腹部14例,其余4例则分别位于胰头+胆囊(双碰撞癌)、胰头+胆总管下端、十二指肠壶腹部+胆总管下端以及十二指肠乳头+十二指肠近幽门部.组织学类型以导管内乳头状黏液腺癌(intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma,IPMC)合并导管腺癌/神经内分泌癌以及导管腺癌合并其它壶腹部少见类型恶性肿瘤为主.pT分期以2、3期多见,而病理分期则以早、中期为主.行胰十二指肠切除术15例,胰体尾+脾切除术2例,全胰切除术1例.所有病人均无围手术期死亡,术后均未出现严重并发症.随访18例,术后均辅以化疗或加中医治疗,其中10例死亡,多死于肿瘤复发或肝脏转移.全部病人中位生存期仅13.2个月,较同期实施的胰腺导管腺癌根治性切除者(中位生存期27个月)、胰腺及壶腹部恶性肿瘤姑息性手术者(中位生存期20.9个月)更差.结论 多种成分并存的胰腺及壶腹部恶性肿瘤多发生在胰头及胆总管下端,以导管内乳头状黏液腺癌或导管腺癌合并其它少见类型恶性肿瘤为主,pT分期以2、3期多见,而病理分期则以早、中期为主,预后极差.     

Chances in surgical treatment of bronchial carcinoma under palliative conditions

Palliative surgery aims at symptomatic relief in patients in whom curative therapy seems not feasible. When diagnostic imaging techniques describe advanced stage IIIa, IIIb or IV malignancy, despite of palliative intention curative resection may still be possible. Objective of the present study was to investigate lung cancer patients undergoing surgery with palliative intent and to compare their prognosis with patients whose tumor resection had been complete (R0) or incomplete (R1/R2). PATIENTS AND METHOD: Patients were assigned to one of the three groups on the basis of the following criteria: palliative intention with subsequent complete resection (group I, n = 11); curative intention with subsequent incomplete resection (group II, n = 38), palliative intention with incomplete resection (group III, n = 23). Additionally 3 patients were operated on by explorative thoracotomy. A total number of 75 patients was therefore investigated. Median follow-up period was 34.5 months. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The following procedures involving resection of pulmonary tissue were performed: pneumonectomy (n = 10), extended pneumonectomy (n = 32), lobectomy (n = 5), extended lobectomy (n = 11), sleeve lobectomy (n = 7), bilobectomy (n = 3), extended bilobectomy (n = 4). The 30 days hospital mortality rate was 13%. Median survival times were 25.5 months in group I, 12.8 months in group II and 7.7 months in group III (statistical significance: group I vs. group II/III, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Results of the present study show that patients with bronchial carcinoma in advanced tumor stages III and IV may still benefit from pulmonary resection, particularly when reduction of their somatic complaints is considered. In 11 patients, R0 resection was feasible leading to a statistically significant prolongation of their survival rates.     

Survival predictors of patients with primary duodenal adenocarcinoma

This single-institution experience retrospectively reviewed the outcomes in 21 patients with primary duodenal adenocarcinoma. Twelve patients underwent curative surgery, and 9 patients underwent palliative surgery at the Chiba University Hospital. The maximum follow-up period was 8650 days. All pathologic specimens from endoscopic biopsy and surgical specimens were reviewed and categorized. Twelve (57.1%) patients underwent curative surgery (R0): 4 pancreaticoduodenectomies (PD), 4 pylorus-preserving PDs (PpPD), 2 local resections of the duodenum and 2 endoscopic mucosal resections (EMR). Palliative surgery was performed for 9 patients (42.9%) following gastro-intestinal bypass. The median cause-specific survival times were 1784 days (range 160-8650 days) in the curative surgery group and 261 days (range 27-857 days) in the palliative surgery group (P = 0.0003, log-rank test). The resectability of primary duodenal adenocarcinoma was associated with a smaller tumor size, a lower degree of tumor depth invasiveness, and less spread to the lymph nodes and distant organs.     

胰头癌的外科手术综合治疗143例临床分析

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头癌的外科临床价值。方法 回顾性分析我院2005年3月至2009年3月外科治疗的143例胰头癌患者的临床资料,分为非手术治疗组（27例）、姑息性手术组（88例）、手术切除组（28例）。结果 本组外科治疗胰头癌143例,随访率97.4%（140/143）,中位生存时间11.3个月,1、3及5年术后生存率分别49.1%、10.3%、4.3%。其中,外科手术治疗的胰头癌患者的根治性切除率为24.1%（28/116）,手术切除组1、3及5年术后生存率（85.7%、42.9%、17.9%,中位生存时间25.5个月）较非手术治疗组（0、0、0,中位生存时间6.6个月）或姑息性手术组（37.5%、0、0,中位生存时间8.3个月）明显提高（P＜0.01）,但其围手术期并发症发生率也明显升高（P＜0.05）。三组围手术期病死率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。术前减黄组与术前未减黄组在围手术期并发症发生率、死亡率及1、3、5年生存率方面比较,其差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 外科手术切除是治疗胰头癌的重要手段,尤其根治性胰十二指肠切除术是治愈胰头癌的唯一有效的方法,联合门静脉或肠系膜上静脉切除术、半肝切除的胰十二指肠扩大切除术提高了胰头癌的根治性切除率、临床治愈的机会以及改善了患者的生存质量。     

Pancreatic cancer--is an aggressive approach justified?

INTRODUCTION: Surgery is the only curative treatment for carcinoma of the pancreas. Resection rates can be low (4.5%), figures of 30% have also been suggested as possible. The approach undertaken in this unit is to consider all patients as potentially resectable unless otherwise proven. PATIENTS & METHODS: 140 patients were studied over 6-year period; 113 underwent palliative treatment (48% distant metastases, 40% local spread, 11% high operative risk); 14 had a triple bypass (14/113 = 12%), 99 were managed conservatively, 43 received palliative chemotherapy. 23/140 (16%) underwent Whipple's procedure (n = 23; 12 females, 11 males; mean age, 60 years); 4/23 had chronic pancreatitis. Distal pancreatectomy was undertaken in 4 patients. RESULTS: Median survival time for patients undergoing a triple bypass was 5 months (range, 0.1-20 months), 3 months for patients treated conservatively (range, 0.1-30 months) and 5 months for patients undergoing palliative chemotherapy (range, 1-30 months). 30-day mortality for Whipple's procedure was 4% (1/23) with median survival rate for patients with carcinoma of 13 months (range, 5-66 months); 31 months for patients with clear resection margins and negative nodes (n = 5). CONCLUSION: This policy allows a resection rate of 19% with increased median survival rate for patients with cancer by 8 months more than those who where not resected. Aggressive staging and pancreatic biopsies allow patients to be entered into chemotherapy trials with improvement in survival and potential future benefits.     

胰体尾癌的根治切除与外科疗效分析

目的 探讨胰体尾癌R0(根治性)切除率的影响因素和外科疗效.方法 回顾性分析214例胰体尾癌病例的临床病理、手术资料及预后.结果 该组214例胰体尾癌中有120例接受手术治疗,手术治疗组总切除率为59.2%(71/120例),R0率为40.8%(49/120例).与其他治疗方式相比,R0切除病例的肿瘤直径小、淋巴结转移率低及周围脏器浸润率低,且Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期病例的根治切除率(分别为100%、100%和87.5%)明显高于ⅣA期(29%)和ⅣB期(0)病例(P＜0.01).该组病例总的1、3及5年生存率分别为14.5%(31/214例)、7.0%(15/214)和2.4%(5/214例),R0切除组1、3及5年生存率分别为53.1%(26/49例)、30.6%(15/49例)和10.2%(5/49),显著好于其他治疗方式病例(9.1%、0及0 vs12.2%、0及0 vs.1.2%、0及0)(P＜0.01).结论 提高胰体尾癌的切除率在于早期诊断,且根治性切除是提高肿瘤疗效的关键.     

Poor prognosis after lung resection for patients with adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the prognosis of adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung after lung resection in comparison with other types of carcinoma. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed charts of patients who underwent lung resection for lung cancer. RESULTS: Surgical outcomes for 30 patients with adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung, who were treated between 1976 and 1998, were compared with the surgical results for 1,219 patients similarly treated for adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma during the same period. Adenosquamous carcinoma comprised only 2.1% of 1,408 lung cancer cases treated by resection. The overall cumulative 5-year survival rate was only 6.2% for the patients with adenosquamous carcinoma, indicating a significantly poorer prognosis than for adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative survival rate for patients with adenosquamous carcinoma in pathologic stages IA to IIB was similar to that of patients with stage IIIA adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma.     

Is resection of left-sided ductal pancreatic carcinoma of value?]

The ductal adenocarcinoma of the left part of the pancreas is concerned to be incurable. With the aid of the own patient material and the data from the literature an analysis was made to find out whether this negative prognostic assessment can be accepted. METHODS: The findings of 60 patients with tumors in the corpus/cauda region of the pancreas served as a basis for the investigation (observation time: 1986-1998). The resected tumors were reclassified according to the UICC from 1997. The survival rates were calculated with the method of Kaplan-Meier. RESULTS: Only 12 (20%) of the 60 tumors were resectable, in 6 cases only by multivisceral resection. A R0-resection was possible in 8 cases. 11 of these 12 patients had already a lymph vessel invasion (L1) and 50% an involvement of lymph nodes (pN1). After curative resection the median survival time was 17 months, after palliative resection 4 months and in cases with inoperability only 3.6 months. The survival time is identical with the results after operative treatment of carcinomas of the pancreatic head. CONCLUSIONS: Stage related the prognosis of the left sided pancreatic carcinoma is comparable with the results after similar therapy of the pancreatic head carcinoma. Therefore therapeutic nihilism is not indicated.     

Chirurgische Palliation beim Pankreascarcinom Ergebnisse aus einem 7-Jahresintervall

INTRODUCTION: High perioperative complication rates in the 1980s led to preferred use of endoscopic therapy for surgical palliation of pancreatic cancer. This encouraged us to analyse our own patients retrospectively. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the period from 1 January 1992 to 31 December 1998, 253 patients with an exocrine carcinoma of the pancreas were operated on at the St. Elisabeth Hospital Cologne-Hohenlind: 73 patients (28.9%) underwent curative resection (R0) while 180 patients (71.1%) had palliative operative treatment (R1/R2). Palliative resection was performed in 22 patients (8.7%). Intestinal bypass surgery was done in 113 patients (44.7%) as a gastrojejunostomy and in 16 patients (6.3%) as a duodenojejunostomy. A biliodigestive anastomosis was performed in 85 patients (33.6%). This procedure was combined with a gastroenterostomy in 78 patients (30.8%). In 18 patients (7.1%) no surgical palliation was possible and the operation finished as a diagnostic laparotomy. RESULTS: The overall mortality rate within the first 30 (60) days was 5.5% (12.7%). Patients whose carcinoma had been resected curatively had a 30 (60)-day mortality rate of 2.7% (4.1%), compared to a rate in palliatively treated patients (resection/bypass/probatoria) of 6.7% (16.1%). Patients with palliatively resected tumor had perioperative mortality of 4.5% (4.5%), whereas patients who did not undergo resection had 6.9% (17.7%). The survival rate for curatively resected patients after Kaplan-Meier extrapolation was 64.7% after 1 year and 31.2% and 26.2% after 3 and 5 years, with a median survival time of 552 days. Palliatively operated patients had a survival rate of 19.4%, 2.5% and 0% for 1, 3 and 5 years. Median survival time was 171 days in this situation. Compared to patients without resection (17.4% and 2.0%), patients with palliative resection had survival rates for 1 and 3 years of 40% und 5.9%. After 5 years none of these patients were alive. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show a high success of surgical palliation in pancreatic cancer in centers with a high frequency of pancreatic surgery. Patients that could not be cured (R1/R2), although undergoing extensive procedures, had better survival rates than patients treated with bypass surgery. Perioperative mortality rate was comparatively low. This justifies aggressive surgical management of pancreatic carcinoma.     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer of the head of the pancreas. 201 patients.

OBJECTIVE: This single-institution study examined the outcome after pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients with adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: In recent years, pancreaticoduodenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas has been associated with decreased morbidity and mortality and, in some centers, 5-year survival rates in excess of 20%. METHODS: Two hundred one patients with pathologically verified adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1970 and 1994 were analyzed (the last 100 resections were performed between March 1991 and April 1994). This is the largest single-institution experience reported to date. RESULTS: The overall postoperative in-hospital mortality rate was 5%, but has been 0.7% for the last 149 patients. The actuarial 5-year survival for all 201 patients was 21%, with a median survival of 15.5 months. There were 11 5-year survivors. Patients resected with negative margins (curative resections: n = 143) had an actuarial 5-year survival rate of 26%, with a median survival of 18 months, whereas those with positive margins (palliative resections; n = 58) fared significantly worse, with an actuarial 5-year survival rate of 8% and a median survival of 10 months (p < 0.0001). Survival has improved significantly from decade to decade (p < 0.002), with the 3-year actuarial survival of 14% in the 1970s, 21% in the 1980s, and 36% in the 1990s. Factors significantly favoring long-term survival by univariate analyses included tumor diameter < 3 cm, negative nodal status, diploid tumor DNA content, tumor S phase fraction < 18%, pylorus-preserving resection, < 800 mL intraoperative blood loss, < 2 units of blood transfused, negative resection margins, and use of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Multivariate analyses indicated the strongest predictors of long-term survival were diploid tumor DNA content, tumor diameter < 3 cm, negative nodal status, negative resection margins, and decade of resection. CONCLUSIONS: The survival of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated by pancreaticoduodenectomy is improving. Aspects of tumor biology, such as DNA content, tumor diameter, nodal status and margin status, are the strongest predictors of outcome.     

Margin Positive Pancreaticoduodenectomy Is Superior to Palliative Bypass in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Background

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is an aggressive disease. Surgical resection with negative margins (R0) offers the only opportunity for cure. Patients who have advanced disease that limits the chance for R0 surgical resection may undergo margin positive (MP) pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), palliative surgical bypass (PB), celiac plexus neurolysis alone (PX), or neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in anticipation of future resection.

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine if there is a difference in the perioperative outcomes and survival patterns between patients who undergo MP PD and those who undergo PB for locally advanced disease in the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Methods

We reviewed our pancreatic surgery database (January 2005–December 2007) to identify all patients who underwent exploration with curative intent of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma of the head/neck/uncinate process of the pancreas. Four groups of patients were identified, R0 PD, MP PD, PB, and PX.

Results

We identified 126 patients who underwent PD, PB, or PX. Fifty-six patients underwent R0 PD, 37 patients underwent MP PD, 24 patients underwent a PB procedure, and nine patients underwent PX. In the PB group, 58% underwent gastrojejunostomy (GJ) plus hepaticojejunostomy (HJ), 38% underwent GJ alone, and 4% underwent HJ alone. Of these PB patients, 25% had locally advanced disease and 75% had metastatic disease. All nine patients in the PX group had metastatic disease. The mean age, gender distribution, and preoperative comorbidities were similar between the groups. For the MP PD group, the distribution of positive margins on permanent section was 57% retroperitoneal soft tissue, 19% with more than one positive margin, 11% pancreatic neck, and 8% bile duct. The perioperative complication rates for the respective groups were R0 36%, MP 49%, PB 33%, and PX 22%. The 30-day perioperative mortality rate for the entire cohort was 2%, with all three of these deaths being in the R0 group. The median follow-up for the entire cohort was 14.4 months. Median survival for the respective groups was R0 27.2 months, MP 15.6 months, PB 6.5 months, and PX 5.4 months.

Conclusions

Margin positive pancreaticoduodenectomy in highly selected patients can be performed safely, with low perioperative morbidity and mortality. Further investigation to determine the role of adjuvant treatment and longer-term follow-up are required to assess the durability of survival outcomes for patients undergoing MP PD resection.     

侵犯门静脉的胰头癌手术切除方法探讨

目的探讨胰头癌侵犯肠膜上静脉及/或门静脉时手术切除的方法,以及胰头癌姑息性切除的临床意义.方法回顾3年间手术治疗的71例胰头癌患者的临床资料,对有血管侵犯者,采取直接切断胰腺的方法切除肿瘤,配合局部放疗、化疗.结果手术切除率57.75%;围手术期并发症发生率22.54%;死亡1例（肺炎并发多器官衰竭）.术后6个月生存率100%,1年81.69%,2年40.85%.结论直接切断胰腺的方法简单、安全,可以显著提高进展期胰头癌手术切除率,延长患者生存时间.     

Results of surgical treatment in ampullary and pancreatic carcinoma and its prognostic parameters after R0-resection

INTRODUCTION: Resection is currently the only established reasonable therapeutic option with curative potential in pancreatic and ampullary carcinoma. The aim of the study was i) to analyze value and results of surgical therapy and ii) to detect the prognostic parameters, which determine significantly higher survival rates. METHODS: Two-hundred-twenty patients with pancreatic and ampullary carcinoma (mean age, 61.4 years; 104 females/116 males) underwent surgery. Histologic investigation revealed 19 carcinomas of the papilla of Vater and 201 ductal pancreatic carcinomas. In 126 patients, stage IV a or b tumors were found, in addition, stage I (n =26), II (n = 17) and III (n = 51). Survival-rate was determined according to the method by Kaplan/Meier. Survival was compared using log-rank test. Association of several or multiple parameters with survival was tested using Cox model. RESULTS: Hundred-ten patients underwent tumor resection with primary curative intention (50 %): 96 resections of the pancreatic head, 2 total pancreatectomies and 12 left resections of the pancreas. R0-resection was achieved in 94 patients (42.7 %), whereas intervention was classified R1 in 10 and R2 in 6 cases. In addition, 60 palliative interventions (28 gastroenterostomies, 17 biliodigestive anastomoses, 15 anastomoses at both sites) and 50 explorative laparotomies were performed. In 42.3 % of patients, postoperative complications were found, but only 12/220 individuals died (overall letality, 5.4 %). Postoperative letality of curative pancreatic resections was 3.6 % (palliative intervention, 6.7 %; explorative laparotomy, 8.8 %). Five-year survival-rate of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater and pancreatic carcinoma was 73.3 % and 16.2 %, respectively (median survival time was 66.0 and 14.0 months, respectively). Taken together all other interventions, median survival time ranged between 4.0 (palliative intervention) to 10.0 months (R1-resection). No patient survived 5 years. Therefore, the most relevant prognostic factor was R0-resection. In addition, prognosis after successful R0-resection is determined significantly by tumor site, stage of the tumor (according to UICC), T- and N-category. CONCLUSION: Resection of pancreatic and ampullary carcinoma according to oncological criteria with tumor-free margins can be considered a treatment option with curative intention and potential. Despite relative high postoperative morbidity, only a low mortality rate was observed. The 5-year survival-rate of 16.2 % in ductal pancreatic carcinoma underlines the demand for the development of effective multimodal therapeutic concepts. Interventions with primary palliative intention or resections with microscopically or macroscopically detectable tumor residual in situ lead to no significant or only marginal prolongation of survival time. Such interventions in patients with pancreatic carcinoma are no reasonable treatment alternative. They are of value only for treatment of tumor-associated complications and problems.     

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目的　总结原发性胆囊鳞癌、腺鳞癌的诊治经验。方法　回顾性分析了浙江大学医学院附属第二医院 1994～ 2 0 0 3年收治的少见胆囊癌 9例 (鳞癌 1例 ,腺鳞癌 8例 )。结果　行根治性手术 4例 ,姑息性手术 5例。9例中有 8例得到随访 ,均在术后半年内死亡 ,术后中位生存期 5 1d。结论　胆囊鳞癌腺鳞癌恶性程度较高 ,但淋巴结转移相对较晚。对于合适病例应尽可能行根治性胆囊切除 ,必要时行扩大根治性切除 ,术后放疗可能是一个较好的治疗方式。     

The importance of multimodal therapy in the management of nonmetastatic adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas: Analysis of treatment sequence and strategy

BackgroundAdenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas has historically poor survival. We analyzed survival outcomes stratified by treatment regimen and sequence using an administrative dataset.MethodsAdult patients with nonmetastatic adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas were identified using the National Cancer Database (2010?2016). Multivariable analyses were used to determine factors associated with receipt of neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy. Overall survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and a multivariable Cox model was used to evaluate factors associated with survival.ResultsA total of 838 patients with adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas were included in the analysis. The median age was 69 years and 64.7% of patients underwent pancreatectomy. Among patients who underwent pancreatectomy, 60.5% received adjuvant chemotherapy, 14.8% received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and 24.7% underwent surgery alone. Older age and increasing comorbidity index were associated with a reduced likelihood of receiving neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy. Median survival of patients who received chemotherapy alone was similar compared with patients who underwent pancreatectomy alone (9.2 vs 7.2 months, P = .504). Survival was improved if patients received both chemotherapy and pancreatectomy (neoadjuvant = 19.6 months, hazard ratio = 0.58; adjuvant = 19.4 months, hazard ratio = 0.64) compared with pancreatectomy alone.ConclusionPatients with adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas who do not receive multimodal therapy have poor survival. The sequence of chemotherapy and pancreatectomy is not associated with survival, but 25% of patients who undergo surgery do not receive chemotherapy. Given that there is no difference in median survival between patients who undergo pancreatectomy alone or receive chemotherapy alone, our data question whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy should be considered in patients with potentially resectable adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas.