HPLC同时测定黄石感冒片中阿魏酸、芦丁、大黄酸、大黄素和大黄酚的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定黄石感冒片中阿魏酸、芦丁、大黄酸、大黄素和大黄酚的含量。方法 采用HPLC,色谱柱为Welch Topsil-C₁₈柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,4 μm);以甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(78∶22)为流动相;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;柱温：30 ℃;检测波长：280 nm。结果 阿魏酸、芦丁、大黄酸、大黄素和大黄酚峰线性范围分别为0.020 82~0.416 3 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 7),0.011 32~0.278 3 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 3),0.017 22~0.344 3 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 5),0.015 79~0.315 8 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 6)和0.051 34~1.027 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率分别为97.4%(RSD=1.1%),95.0%(RSD=0.88%),97.5%(RSD=1.3%),97.4%(RSD=1.4%)和96.3%(RSD=0.87%)。结论 新建方法简便、准确,可用于黄石感冒片的定量分析方法。     

HPLC同时测定依折麦布辛伐他汀片中两种成分的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法同时测定依折麦布辛伐他汀片中依折麦布和辛伐他汀的含量。方法 色谱柱Phenomenex Luna Phenyl Hexyl(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm),以乙腈-0.02 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠(pH 4.5)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长231 nm,柱温30 ℃。结果 依折麦布在10.0~100.0 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),辛伐他汀在20.0~200.0 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9)。依折麦布的平均回收率为99.5%,RSD为1.3%(n=9),辛伐他汀的平均回收率为99.8%,RSD为0.9%(n=9)。结论 本方法简便、可靠、准确度高、重复性好,可用于同时测定依折麦布辛伐他汀片中的依折麦布和辛伐他汀的含量。     

HPLC测定硫酸阿托品片的含量及含量均匀度

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定硫酸阿托品片的含量及含量均匀度。方法 采用SHISEIDO CAPCELL C_{18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以0.01 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(含0.15%三乙胺,用磷酸调节pH值至6.0)-甲醇(75∶25)为流动相,流速：1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长：210 nm,柱温：35 ℃,进样量：20 μL。结果 硫酸阿托品浓度在5.878 8~ 58.788 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好,回归方程为Y=24.015 8X+0.095 9,r=1.000 0,平均回收率为100.2%(n=9)。结论 该方法简便快速,可用于硫酸阿托品片含量和含量均匀度的测定。}     

HPLC测定口服液体制剂中防腐剂和甜味剂的含量

目的 建立快速定性定量检测口服液体制剂中违法添加防腐剂和甜味剂的高效液相色谱法。方法 ZORBAX SB-C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相：甲醇-0.02 mol·L^-1乙酸铵溶液,梯度洗脱,流速：1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长：240 nm,柱温：25 ℃。结果 安赛蜜、苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠、脱氢乙酸、羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、羟苯丙酯、羟苯丁酯在5~100 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好(r>0.999),检测限分别为0.02,0.04,0.01,0.10,0.06,0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01 μg·mL^-1,平均回收率在90.0%~110.0%内,精密度和重复性均<2.0%(n=6)。结论 该方法简单、可靠、准确,可用于口服液体制剂中防腐剂和甜味剂含量的测定。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定鼠肝微粒体中依普黄酮及其在代谢研究中的应用

目的　建立鼠肝微粒体中依普黄酮的反相高效液相色谱测定法,以研究依普黄酮的体外代谢。方法　本法中依普黄酮与鼠肝微粒体共孵育之后用氯仿提取,采用地非三唑为内标,以Nova parkC₁₈柱为分析柱,乙腈0.1%醋酸溶液(60∶40)为流动相,流速1.0mL·min^-1,紫外检测波长为250nm。结果　依普黄酮在1～100μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好(r=0 .9998)。检测限为0.02μg·mL^-1(S/N≥3) ,定量限为0.1μg·mL^-1(RSD<5.0% ,S/N=8,n=3)。方法回收率达96 .90 %～112 .8% ,日内,日间RSD分别<8.0%和<10% (n=5)。结论　此法简便,准确,可用于依普黄酮的体外代谢研究     

HPLC同时测定四季三黄片中芦荟大黄素、黄芩苷、黄柏酮和西红花苷-I的含量

目的 采用HPLC同时测定四季三黄片中芦荟大黄素、黄芩苷、黄柏酮和西红花苷-I的含量。方法 采用welch Topsil-C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,4 μm);流动相：甲醇-0.2%磷酸水溶液;梯度洗脱;检测波长分别为254 nm(芦荟大黄素、黄芩苷、黄柏酮)和440 nm(西红花苷-I);流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;柱温：30 ℃。结果 芦荟大黄素、黄芩苷、黄柏酮和西红花苷-I线性范围分别为0.079 10~1.582 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 5),0.167 5~3.350 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 8),0.097 92~1.958 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 7)和0.033 57~0.671 5 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 4),平均加样回收率分别为95.9%(RSD=0.7%),97.5%(RSD=0.8),96.4%(RSD=1.0%),95.5%(RSD=1.3%)。结论 该方法简便、准确、专属性强、重复性好,可用于四季三黄片中芦荟大黄素、黄芩苷、黄柏酮和西红花苷-I的定量分析。     

HPLC测定复方氨肽素片中氨茶碱与马来酸氯苯那敏的含量及含量均匀度

目的 建立HPLC测定复方氨肽素片中氨茶碱与马来酸氯苯那敏的含量及含量均匀度。方法 色谱柱为YMC Hydrosphere C₁₈(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈-0.5%磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调pH值至2.2)(10∶90),流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温为30 ℃,检测波长为262 nm。结果 茶碱和马来酸氯苯那敏分别在0.06~0.58 mg·mL^-1和2.2~20.0 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好,回收率分别为100.4%和101.2%,RSD分别为0.74%和1.40%(n=9)。结论 方法快速准确,重复性好,结果可靠,可同时测定氨茶碱及马来酸氯苯那敏,为产品质量标准提高提供基础。     

应用UPLC研究亚胺培南在大鼠体内的药动学

目的 建立灵敏的超高效液相色谱法测定大鼠血浆中亚胺培南的浓度。方法 血浆样品采用乙腈蛋白沉淀方法,色谱柱为Dikma Diamonsil C₁₈;以0.1 mol·L^-1磷酸氢二钠(85%磷酸调pH至7.0)-甲醇(45∶55)为流动相;流速为1.0 mL·minL^-1;柱温为35 ℃;检测波长为295 nm。结果 亚胺培南血药浓度在0.5～100 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),最低检测限为0.5 μg·mL^-1;日内、日间RSD均≤10％,提取回收率在80.5％~81.2％之间。6只SD大鼠单剂量口服给予亚胺培南后药动学参数分别为：C_max(75.3±6.2)μg·mL^-1;t_1/2(6.72±1.58)h;AUC_0-t(694.1±28.3)h·μg·mLL^-1;AUC_0-∞(746.2±32.9) h·μg·mL^-1。结论 本方法简便、准确、灵敏、专属性强,同样适用于人血浆中亚胺培南浓度的测定及其药动学研究,对于评价亚胺培南疗效和安全性有重要意义。     

HPLC同时测定冠心康颗粒中芍药苷、丹酚酸B和羟基红花黄色素A的含量

目的 建立同时测定冠心康颗粒中芍药苷、丹酚酸B和羟基红花黄色素A含量的方法。方法 采用Welchrom C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以乙腈(A)-0.1%磷酸(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长：230 nm。结果 芍药苷在7.02~52.64 μg·mL^-1内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为99.3%,RSD为1.2%;丹酚酸B在23.19~173.90 μg·mL^-1内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为98.2%,RSD为1.1%;羟基红花黄色素A在4.47~ 33.50 μg·mL^-1内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 3),平均回收率为98.0%,RSD为1.0%。结论 本法简便、灵敏、准确、重复性好,可用于冠心康颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定复方芬苯达唑片中芬苯达唑和吡喹酮的含量

摘 要 目的：采用高效液相色谱法测定复方芬苯达唑片中芬苯达唑和吡喹酮的含量。方法: 色谱柱：InertSustainC₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈 磷酸二氢钾缓冲液（pH=3）（48∶52）,流速：1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长：214 nm,柱温：30℃,进样量：10 μl。结果: 芬苯达唑和吡喹酮的线性范围分别为4.545～63.630 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）和0.225～3.150 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率分别为101.09%（RSD =0.28%,n=9）和99.47%（RSD=0.78%,n=9）。结论:该方法简便、快捷、准确度高,适用于复方芬苯达唑片中芬苯达唑和吡喹酮的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.