Clinical significance and therapeutic potential of the programmed death-1 ligand/programmed death-1 pathway in human pancreatic cancer.

PURPOSE: The programmed death-1 ligand/programmed death-1 (PD-L/PD-1) pathway has been recently suggested to play a pivotal role in the immune evasion of tumors from host immune system. In this study, we tried to reveal the clinical importance and therapeutic potential of the PD-L/PD-1 pathway in pancreatic cancer, which is one of the most aggressive and intractable malignant tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We used immunohistochemistry to investigate PD-L expression in 51 patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent surgery and explored the therapeutic efficacy of blocking the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway in murine pancreatic cancer in vivo. RESULTS: PD-L1-positive patients had a significantly poorer prognosis than the PD-L1-negative patients, whereas there was no significant correlation of tumor PD-L2 expression with patient survival. PD-L1 expression was inversely correlated with tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes, particularly CD8(+) T cells. These clinical data have suggested that the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway may be a critical regulator in human pancreatic cancer. Monoclonal antibodies against PD-L1 or PD-1 induced a substantial antitumor effect on murine pancreatic cancer in vivo. PD-L1 blockade promoted CD8(+) T-cell infiltration into the tumor and induced local immune activation. Furthermore, the combination of anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody and gemcitabine exhibited a significant synergistic effect on murine pancreatic cancer and resulted in complete response without overt toxicity. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest for the first time that PD-L1 status may be a new predictor of prognosis for patients with pancreatic cancer and provide the rationale for developing a novel therapy of targeting the PD-L/PD-1 pathway against this fatal disease.     

PD-1 expression on Melan-A-reactive T cells increases during progression to metastatic disease

Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is known as an important factor for the development of tolerogenicity. This has been proven in chronic viral infections and different tumor models. To address the role of PD-1 and its ligand programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in different stages of malignant melanoma, we investigated peripheral blood and tumor tissues in regard to overall survival (OS) and prognostic relevance. One hundred samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HLA-A2(+) patients with malignant melanoma (Stages I-IV) were analyzed in seven color FACS combined with multimer analyses for the immunodominant epitope of Melan-A (peptide A2/Melan-A(p26-35mod) ). Corresponding formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of primary tumor and distant organ metastases from 37 cases were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for Melan-A, PD-L1 and PD-1 expression. Compared to the total CD8(+) T cell population, PD-1 expression by A2/Melan-A(+) CD8(+) T cells was over-represented in melanoma stages III and IV (p < 0.001). Although elevation of PD-1(+) Melan-A(+) CD8(+) T cells had no significant influence on OS, a positive correlation was observed between PD-L1 expression on melanoma cells and OS (p = 0.05). Correlation of advanced tumor stage with increased A2/Melan-A-multimer(+) PD-1(+) T cells in the peripheral blood suggest that blocking of PD-1 could have therapeutic potential in advanced stage melanoma.     

Augmented expression of programmed death-1 in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic CD4+ T-cells in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cell malignancy infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I). HTLV-I infection causes the T-cell dysfunction, which contributes to the immunodeficient state of the patients. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) can negatively regulate T-cell response, when its ligand, PD-L1 or PD-L2 mainly expressed on antigen presenting cells, binds to this B7 family receptor. We investigated whether PD-1 is expressed on CD4(+) neoplastic (and/or non-neoplastic) cells or CD8(+) cytotoxic cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 patients with ATL. By flow cytometry, we found that the levels of PD-1 expression on both CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-) T-cell populations were increased in ATL patients compared to normal healthy volunteers, while PD-1 levels on CD8(+) T-cells were comparable between the patients and normal subjects. In stimulation with anti-CD3 antibody, the proliferation of PD-1-expressing T-cells from ATL patients was weak when compared to that of PD-1-nonexpressing normal T-cells. In addition to PD-1, PD-L1 was coexpressed on ATL cells in some patients, and PD-L1 expression was enhanced by stimulation with anti-CD3 antibody. Finally, the production of cytokines such as TNF-alpha by ATL cells was restored by blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. These findings suggest that CD4(+) T-cells are the main PD-1-expressing cells rather than CD8(+) T-cells in ATL patients, and both neoplastic and normal CD4(+) cells are exhausted as a result of PD-1 expression, and additionally PD-L1 expression on the neoplastic cell.     

非小细胞肺癌组织PD-L1的表达及其与临床因素的关系

目的:探索程序性死亡配体1 (programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)在中国非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung carcinoma,NSCLC)患者肿瘤组织中的表达水平及影响因素.方法:免疫组织化学法检测2008年4月至2014年8月天津医科大学肿瘤医院122例NSCLC初治患者肿瘤组织中PD-L1、PD-1和CD3+T细胞表达情况,采用x2和kruskal-wallis检验分析PD-L1表达在临床因素中分布差异性,用Person检验和Spearman检验分析PD-L1表达与EGFR基因型、CD3+T细胞数量及淋巴细胞PD-1表达的相关性,以及原发灶与淋巴结PD-L1表达相关性.结果:所有患者原发灶肿瘤细胞PD-L1表达百分比中位值1.5％(0～93.2％),PD-L1表达在TNM分期分布上有统计学差异(P =0.003),与TNM分期呈显著正相关(r=0.273,P=0.002),与性别、年龄、有无吸烟史、肿瘤最大径、病理类型、CEA水平分布无显著相关(P ＞0.05);PD-L1表达水平与CD3+T细胞数量、淋巴细胞PD-1表达水平无相关性,PD-L1表达阴性、低表达和高表达与表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因突变亦无显著相关(P ＞0.05);48例有淋巴结转移的NSCLC患者原发灶与相应转移淋巴结肿瘤细胞PD-L1表达水平无统计学相关性(P＞0.05).结论:NSCLC患者原发灶肿瘤细胞PD-L1表达在TNM分期分布上有差异,与CD3+T细胞数量、淋巴细胞PD-1表达水平、EGFR基因突变情况无相关性;原发灶与相应转移淋巴结之间肿瘤细胞PD-L1的表达亦没有相关性.     

PD-1/PD-L1 interactions contribute to functional T-cell impairment in patients who relapse with cancer after allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Tumor relapses remain a serious problem after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT), despite the long-term persistence of minor histocompatibility antigen (MiHA)-specific memory CD8(+) T cells specific for the tumor. We hypothesized that these memory T cells may lose their function over time in transplanted patients. Here, we offer functional and mechanistic support for this hypothesis, based on immune inhibition by programmed death-1 (PD-1) expressed on MiHA-specific CD8(+) T cells and the associated role of the PD-1 ligand PD-L1 on myeloid leukemia cells, especially under inflammatory conditions. PD-L1 was highly upregulated on immature human leukemic progenitor cells, whereas costimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86 were not expressed. Thus, immature leukemic progenitor cells seemed to evade the immune system by inhibiting T-cell function via the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Blocking PD-1 signaling using human antibodies led to elevated proliferation and IFN-γ production of MiHA-specific T cells cocultured with PD-L1-expressing leukemia cells. Moreover, patients with relapsed leukemia after initial MiHA-specific T-cell responses displayed high PD-L1 expression on CD34(+) leukemia cells and increased PD-1 levels on MiHA-specific CD8(+) T cells. Importantly, blocking PD-1/PD-L1 interactions augment proliferation of MiHA-specific CD8(+) memory T cells from relapsed patients. Taken together, our findings indicate that the PD-1/PD-L pathway can be hijacked as an immune escape mechanism in hematological malignancies. Furthermore, they suggest that blocking the PD-1 immune checkpoint offers an appealing immunotherapeutic strategy following alloSCT in patients with recurrent or relapsed disease.     

初诊多发性骨髓瘤患者T细胞亚群和骨髓瘤细胞中PD-1、PD-L1及PD-L2的表达与意义

目的 探讨程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)、程序性死亡配体-1/2(PD-L1/2)在初诊多发性骨髓瘤(NDMM)患者骨髓T细胞亚群和骨髓瘤细胞中的表达水平及其与临床特征的关系.方法 收集22例NDMM患者及18例健康对照组骨髓及临床资料,利用流式细胞术分选CD4+、CD8+T细胞及骨髓瘤细胞,观察PD-1、PD-L1/...     

Clinical significance of programmed death-1 ligand-1 and programmed death-1 ligand-2 expression in human esophageal cancer.

PURPOSE: The negative regulatory programmed death-1/programmed death-1 ligand (PD-1/PD-L) pathway in T-cell activation has been suggested to play an important role in tumor evasion from host immunity. In this study, we investigated the expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in human esophageal cancer to define their clinical significance in patients' prognosis after surgery. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: PD-L1 and PD-L2 gene expression was evaluated in 41 esophagectomy patients by real-time quantitative PCR. The protein expression was also evaluated with newly generated monoclonal antibodies that recognize human PD-L1 (MIH1) and PD-L2 (MIH18). RESULTS: The protein and the mRNA levels of determination by immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR were closely correlated. PD-L-positive patients had a significantly poorer prognosis than the negative patients. This was more pronounced in the advanced stage of tumor than in the early stage. Furthermore, multivariate analysis indicated that PD-L status was an independent prognostic factor. Although there was no significant correlation between PD-L1 expression and tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes, PD-L2 expression was inversely correlated with tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that PD-L1 and PD-L2 status may be a new predictor of prognosis for patients with esophageal cancer and provide the rationale for developing novel immunotherapy of targeting PD-1/PD-L pathway.     

PD-1+ CD8+ T cells are exhausted in tumours and functional in draining lymph nodes of colorectal cancer patients

Background:

The blockade of PD-1–PD-L1 pathway is emerging as an effective therapeutic strategy for several advanced cancers. But the immune regulatory role of PD-1–PD-L1 pathway is not clear in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. This study aims to evaluate the role of PD-1–PD-L1 pathway in CD8⁺ T-cell functions in tumour-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) and tumours of CRC patients.

Methods:

PD-1 expression on CD8⁺ T cells was examined by flow cytometry, and PD-L1 expression in TDLNs and tumour tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry. Production of IFN-γ, IL-2 and expression of granzyme B, perforin in CD8⁺ T cells were detected by intracellular staining.

Results:

PD-1 expression is markedly upregulated on CD8⁺ T cells in TDLNs and tumours compared with that in peripheral blood. PD-1-expressing CD8⁺ T cells are competent for production of cytokine (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and perforin in the tumour-free lymph nodes (TFLNs), but exhibit exhausted phenotypes in tumours. In addition, PD-L1 is highly expressed in tumours rather than TFLNs, which is closely correlated with the impairment of IFN-γ production of tumour-infiltrating PD-1⁺ CD8⁺ T cells.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest a suppressive effect of PD-1 on CD8⁺ T-cell function in tumours, but not in TFLNs.     

NSCLC原发部位和转移淋巴结中PD-L1的表达及临床分析

目的 探讨非小细胞肺癌原发部位和转移淋巴结中程序性细胞死亡因子1配体(programmed death-lig-and 1,PD-L1)的表达水平及其临床特征和预后情况.方法 收集病理组织学确诊的55例非小细胞肺癌手术标本和40例超声支气管内镜活检的淋巴结标本.采用免疫组织化学法和实时荧光定量PCR法检测PD-L1蛋白和mRNA的表达.采用生存分析探讨PD-L1蛋白表达和肺癌患者预后的关系.结果 PD-L1蛋白在非小细胞肺癌原发部位的阳性率是23.6%(13/55).PD-L1表达阳性率在病理类型(腺癌vs鳞癌,P=0.047)和病理分期(Ⅰ期vsⅡ~Ⅲ期,P=0.025)方面差异均具有统计学意义.PD-L1蛋白表达阳性患者平均无复发生存时间较短(P=0.049).PD-L1 mRNA在原发部位鳞癌组织中的表达高于腺癌组织(P=0.017),且随病理分期的增加而升高(P=0.029).原发部位和转移淋巴结中PD-L1蛋白和mRNA的表达差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05).PD-L1蛋白在转移淋巴结中的表达在患者年龄、性别、吸烟状态、病理类型、分化程度、病理分期和总生存方面差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05).结论 PD-L1可促进非小细胞肺癌细胞的浸润和转移,在原发部位鳞癌组织中的表达高于腺癌组织.     

外周T细胞淋巴瘤患者中PD-1的表达对CD45RA+、CD45RO+T细胞的影响

目的:探讨外周T细胞淋巴瘤(PTCL)患者淋巴瘤组织中PD-1的表达与外周血中初始和记忆T细胞水平的关系.方法:20例PTCL患者采用免疫组化法检测淋巴瘤组织中PD-1的表达,采用流式细胞术检测CHOP方案化疗前后外周血中CD4+CD45RA+、CD4+CD45RO+、CD8+CD45RA+和CD8+CD45RO+T细胞的比例,分析PD-1的表达与T细胞亚群的关系.结果:PD-1、PD-L1蛋白在PTCL患者中表达升高,PD-1阳性患者疗效较差.PD-1阳性患者中CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞明显低于PD-1阴性患者;PD-1阴性组患者CD4+CD45RO+、CD8+CD45RA+、 CD8+CD45RO+T细胞明显高于PD-1阳性患者,差异有统计学意义.结论:PTCL患者中存在PD-1/PD-L1蛋白的表达异常,PD-1阳性患者存在更明显的T细胞免疫功能缺陷.     

Anti program death-1/anti program death-ligand 1 in digestive cancers

Human tumors tend to activate the immune system regulatory checkpoints as a means of escaping immunosurveillance. For instance, interaction between programdeath-1 (PD-1) and program death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) willlead the activated T cell to a state of anergy. PD-L1 is upregulated on a wide range of cancer cells. Anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), called immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have consequently been designed to restore T cell activity. Accumulating data are in favor of an association between PD-L1 expression in tumors and response to treatment. A PD-L1 expression is present in 30% to 50% of digestive cancers. Multiple anti-PD-1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab) and anti-PD-L1 mAbs (MPDL3280A, Medi4736) are under evaluation in digestive cancers. Preliminary results in metastatic gastric cancer with pembrolizumab are highly promising and phase II will start soon. In metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), a phase III trial of MPDL3280A as maintenance therapy will shortly be initiated. Trials are also ongoing in metastatic CRC with high immune T cell infiltration (i.e., microsatellite instability). Major challenges are ahead in order to determine how, when and for which patients we should use these ICIs. New radiologic criteria to evaluate tumor response to ICIs are awaiting prospective validation. The optimal therapeutic sequence and association with cytotoxic chemotherapy needs to be established. Finally, biomarker identification will be crucial to selection of patients likely to benefit from ICIs.     

胃腺癌患者外周血中CD4+T淋巴细胞表面抑制性分子PD-1的表达

目的:检测胃腺癌患者外周血中程序性死亡分子1（programmed death-1,PD-1）在CD4+T淋巴细胞上的表达水平,探讨其与胃腺癌的关系。方法:选取未经放、化疗或外科手术治疗的胃癌患者57例、疾病对照22例与健康对照20例,取新鲜抗凝血经流式细胞术（flowcytometry,FCM）检测抑制性分子PD-1的百分比例;同时对胃腺癌患者进行TNM分期比较。结果:胃腺癌患者外周血中PD-1在CD4+T淋巴细胞上的表达水平（10.91±4.36）%比疾病对照（8.14±3.65）%和健康对照（7.37±3.06）%显著升高,Ⅲ-Ⅳ期胃腺癌患者的CD4+PD-1+T细胞的百分比例（11.9±3.85）%显著高于Ⅰ-Ⅱ期（9.08±3.13）%。结论:抑制性分子PD-1在胃腺癌外周血中CD4+T淋巴细胞表面表达增加,并随胃腺癌进展而升高,提示CD4+PD-1+T淋巴细胞与胃腺癌的发生发展相关。     

程序性死亡受体1和程序性死亡受体配体1在非小细胞肺癌组织中的表达情况及临床意义

目的探讨程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)和程序性死亡受体配体1(PD-L1)在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)组织中的表达情况及临床意义。方法选择150例NSCLC患者的NSCLC组织及其癌旁组织,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测两种组织中PD-1 mRNA和PD-L1 mRNA的相对表达量。采用免疫组织化学染色法检测NSCLC组织中PD-1和PD-L1的表达情况,分析PD-1和PD-L1表达情况与患者临床特征的关系。采用流式细胞术检测NSCLC组织和癌旁组织中CD4^+-PD-1、CD8^+-PD-1、CD14^+-PD-L1、CD68^+-PD-L1的表达水平。结果NSCLC组织中PD-1 mRNA和PD-L1 mRNA的相对表达量分别为(5.03±1.92)和(4.95±1.09),分别高于癌旁组织的(1.72±0.81)和(1.25±0.24),差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。TNM分期为Ⅲ~Ⅳ期、低分化、有淋巴结转移、有远处转移的NSCLC患者NSCLC组织中PD-1和PD-L1的高表达率均明显高于TNM分期为Ⅰ~Ⅱ期、高+中分化、无淋巴结转移、无远处转移的患者,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。NSCLC组织中CD4^+-PD-1、CD8^+-PD-1、CD14^+-PD-L1、CD68^+-PD-L1的表达水平均明显高于癌旁组织,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。结论PD-1和PD-L1在NSCLC组织中高表达,可能成为一种新的生物标志物,PD-1/PD-L1信号通路可能参与了NSCLC的免疫逃逸过程,对其逃逸机制进行研究可以为NSCLC患者的临床治疗提供新靶点。     

程序性死亡受体1与其配体在T淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤/白血病中的表达及其临床意义

目的 研究程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)与程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)在T淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤/白血病(T-LBL/ALL)中的表达情况,探讨两者的表达与患者临床病理特征及预后的关系.方法 应用免疫组织化学法(IHC)及实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)对56例T-LBL/ALL(实验组)和20例淋巴结反应性增生(LH)(对照组)组织中PD-1与PD-L1表达水平进行检测.结果 IHC结果:PD-1在T-LBL/ALL肿瘤细胞不表达,在肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的阳性表达率为17.9 %(10/56),与对照组(90.0 %,18/20)相比,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000).PD-L1蛋白在实验组和对照组的阳性率分别为37.5 %(21/56)和10.0 %(2/20),两组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P=0.044).qRT-PCR结果:T-LBL/ALL组中PD-L1 和PD-1 mRNA相对表达量均高于对照组(12.255比2.575;37.990比3.615),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).单因素分析:年龄、PD-L1蛋白和mRNA表达水平与预后有关(P<0.05).多因素Cox回归分析:PD-L1蛋白高表达及患者年龄≤25岁为独立的预后危险因素(P<0.05).结论 PD-1/PD-L1可能参与T-LBL/ALL的免疫逃逸,有望成为治疗T-LBL/ALL新的靶点.     

Characterization of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in paired primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma specimens

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most chemo- and radio-resistant malignancies, with poor associated patient survival if the disease metastasizes. With recent advances in immunotherapy, particularly with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, outcomes are improving, but a substantial subset of patients does not respond to the new agents. Identifying such patients and improving the therapeutic ratio has been a challenge, although much effort has been made to study PD-1/PD-L1 status in pre-treatment tumor. However, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) content might also be predictive of response, and our goal was to characterize TIL content and PD-L1 expression in RCC tumors from various anatomic sites. Utilizing a quantitative immunofluorescence technique, TIL subsets were examined in matched primary and metastatic specimens. In metastatic specimens, we found an association between low CD8+ to Foxp3+ T-cell ratios and high levels of PD-L1. High PD-L1-expressing metastases were also found to be associated with tumors that were high in both CD4+ and Foxp3+ T-cell content. Taken together these results provide the basis for combining agents that target the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway with agonist of immune activation, particularly in treating RCC metastases with unfavorable tumor characteristics and microenvironment. In addition, CD8+ TIL density and CD8:Foxp3 T-cell ratio were higher in primary than metastatic specimens, supporting the need to assess distant sites for predictive biomarkers when treating disseminated disease.     

PD-L1 Expression of Lung Cancer Cells,Unlike Infiltrating Immune Cells,Is Stable and Unaffected by Therapy During Brain Metastasis

BackgroundApproximately 50% of brain metastases originate from non–small-cell lung cancer. The median survival of patients with brain metastases is 1 month without treatment. Novel immunotherapeutic strategies, such as those targeting the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) axis, are promising in patients with advanced systemic disease but are often preferentially administered to patients with tumors showing PD-L1 positivity.Patients and MethodsSurgically resected paired primary lung adenocarcinoma and brain metastasis samples of 61 patients were analyzed. We compared the paired samples regarding the amount of peritumoral and stromal mononuclear infiltration, PD-L1 expression of tumor and immune cells, and PD-1 expression of immune cells. We investigated the effect of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and steroid therapy on PD-L1 expression in brain metastases.ResultsThere was significant positive correlation regarding the PD-L1 expression of tumor cells between the paired primary lung adenocarcinoma and brain metastatic samples with the use of different cutoff levels (1%, 5%, 50%). We found no impact of chemotherapy or steroid therapy on the changes of PD-L1 expression of tumor cells between the 2 sites. There is no or only limited concordance of the proportion of PD-1– or PD-L1–positive tumor-associated immune cells between the paired tumor samples, which suggests that brain metastases develop their own immune environment.ConclusionWe observed a strong correlation of PD-L1 positive tumor cells between primary lung adenocarcinoma cases and their corresponding brain metastases, which is not significantly influenced by chemotherapy or steroid therapy.     

PD-1/PD-L1通路在乳腺癌治疗中的作用及意义

程序性死亡受体1（programmed death-1,PD-1,CD279）为共刺激受体CD28超家族成员,主要表达在活化T细胞、B细胞、单核细胞以及自然杀伤细胞表面。程序性死亡配体1（programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1,CD274）为PD-1的一个重要配体,广泛表达于肿瘤细胞以及抗原呈递细胞（APC）表面。以PD-1/PD-L1为靶点的肿瘤免疫治疗为肿瘤治疗开辟了新的道路。PD-1通过与PD-L1和(或)PD-L2结合,抑制T细胞活化,诱导T细胞凋亡,在肿瘤免疫逃逸中起着重要的作用。目前PD-1/PD-L1信号通路成为免疫靶向治疗的新靶点,相关研究在非小细胞肺癌、晚期黑色素瘤等多种恶性肿瘤领域有重大进展,研究发现PD-L1 在多种肿瘤细胞包括乳腺癌中表达上调,提示 PD-1/PD-L1通路可能参与肿瘤的免疫逃逸。本文将针对PD-1/PD-L1通路在乳腺癌治疗中的作用及意义进行综述。     

基于PD-1/PD-L1靶点的肿瘤免疫治疗研究进展

近年来的研究显示,肿瘤免疫治疗在恶性肿瘤的治疗上成效显著,疗效优于传统的化疗和放疗.程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death 1,PD-1)和程序性死亡受体配体-1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)这对免疫共抑制分子作为肿瘤免疫治疗的靶点备受关注,PD-L1在一些肿瘤细胞中的...