GSS内固定治疗胸腰椎骨骨折

目的探讨通用型脊柱系统(GSS)复位内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的疗效。方法对26例胸腰椎骨折的病例采用通用型脊柱系统(GSS)内固定、后外侧或后外侧加椎体间植骨融合治疗。结果随访8个月-31个月,平均18个月。椎体前缘高度由术前42.1%恢复至术后83.5%,椎体后缘高度由术前78.2%恢复至术后93.7%,Cobb角由术前18.5°恢复至术后3.6°。神经功能按Frankel分级法评价,恢复满意。结论通用型脊柱系统(GSS)结构合理、操作方便、固定坚强,是治疗胸腰椎骨折的有效方法。     

经椎弓根内固定椎体植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折初步报告

目的:提高胸腰椎骨折手术治疗的植骨融合率,防止术后矫正度丢失。方法:对34例胸腰椎骨折患者行手术整复,应用椎弓根内固定、经病椎椎弓根行椎体植骨及后外侧植骨治疗。结果:术后1周X线片示伤椎椎体前缘高度由术前的平均20mm恢复至平均35mm,占上下椎体平均高度的94.5%;后凸Cobb角(病椎术后上下终板连线的夹角)由术前的平均27°矫正至平均4.5°。23例术后6个月以上的患者Cobb角丢失不超过1°,椎体前缘高度丢失不超过2mm,椎体植入骨碎块全部成活,有骨小梁形成。结论:经椎弓根内固定椎体植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折植骨融合率高,能有效防止术后矫正度丢失。     

后路减压加短节段椎弓根螺钉系统内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折并脊髓损伤

目的探讨脊柱后入路减压加短节段椎弓根螺钉系统内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折并不全瘫的效果。方法对27例胸腰椎骨折进行后路减压、植骨及Dick、RF内固定治疗。结果术后平均随访时间为11个月(6～20个月),脊柱后凸角度(Cobb’s角)由术前的24°平均恢复到10°(5°～15°);伤椎椎体前缘高度由术前35%(10%～60%)平均恢复到90%(80%～100%)。按Frankel脊髓神经功能分级标准D级19例,E级8例。结论后入路减压加短节段椎弓根螺钉系统内固定具有手术操作简单、损伤小、椎管减压充分等优点,有利于脊髓功能的恢复。     

椎管前后闰压与固定治疗胸腰椎骨折伴脊髓损伤

目的：评价后入路行椎管前、后减压及内固定对伴有脊髓损伤的胸腰椎骨折的疗效。方法：１１２ 例胸、腰椎骨折伴脊髓损伤病例经后路行椎管前、后减压及内固定治疗。减压、内固定及植骨融合同时进行。结果：９４ 例随访,平均随访时间３ 年２ 个月。伤椎椎体前缘高度由术前的４６ ％ 恢复到８８ ．６ ％ ,ｃｏｂｂ 氏角由平均１７ ．６°恢复到２°,ＣＴ 显示椎管矢径明显扩大。结论：本术式具有减压彻底、畸形矫正满意,内固定可靠。并具有创伤小、出血少、手术简便、减压、植骨与内固定１ 次性完成的优点。     

RF、AF系统内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的　总结RF、AF系统手术治疗胸腰椎骨折的经验。方法　使用RF、AF系统内固定手术治疗胸腰椎骨折 86例。结果　经 6个月～ 6年随访 ,椎体平均前后高度由术前的 4 7 1%和 74 8%恢复到术后的 90 3%和 95 3% ,Cobb角由术前平均 17 2°恢复为术后平均 1°。结论　RF、AF系统结构简单 ,操作方便 ,固定坚固 ,疗效优于Steffee内固定器械。     

GSS—I固定治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的探讨GSS-Ⅰ(GeneralSpineSystem,GSS)治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床应用效果。方法回顾性分析20例应用GSS-Ⅰ治疗胸腰椎骨折患者手术前后的神经功能和骨折固定、复位、愈合情况。结果全部20例获得随访,平均18个月(12~35个月)。所有骨折均愈合,局部无疼痛,无内固定失效。椎体畸形从术前Cobb角平均35°恢复至2°。按Frankel分级,神经功能4例无变化(其中A级2例,E级2例),其余16例均有1~2级提高。结论GSS-Ⅰ具有良好的复位和固定作用,术后维持复位效果好,操作简单,是理想的治疗胸腰椎骨折的内固定器械。     

椎弓根内固定治疗合并脊髓损伤的胸腰椎骨折

[目的]探讨经后路短节段椎弓根内固定治疗合并脊髓损伤的胸腰椎骨折的临床疗效.[方法]分析本科自1999～2004年应用椎弓根内固定治疗合并脊髓损伤胸腰椎骨折并获完整随访的47例病例资料.通过影像学、神经功能及社会功能来综合评估疗效.[结果]47例患者平均随访51.9月(18～86个月),伤椎前、后缘高度压缩率术前平均43.6%、71.4%,术后平均恢复至92.2%、96.4%,至末次随访时为88.3%、93.1%;Cobb′s角术前平均23.5°,术后矫正至4.3°,末次随访时为8.8°.椎管占位率术前、术后、随访时分别为:62.8%、11.4%、6.2%.脊髓不完全损伤的患者神经功能均有FrankeⅡ级以上的改善,61.7%的患者可继续从事伤前的社会工作.[结论]椎弓根内固定治疗合并脊髓损伤的胸腰椎骨折可重建脊柱稳定性,恢复脊柱正常序列,有利于神经功能恢复和植骨融合.     

应用SF经椎弓根脊柱内固定系统治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的 讨论应用SF系统内固定手术治疗脑、腰椎骨折的方法和治疗效果。方法 脊柱后侧入路椎管减压或单纯采用SF系统内固定手术治疗不稳定型胸、腰椎骨折30例。结果 经一年以上随访,椎体前缘平均高度由术前的48％恢复到术后的93.2%,椎体后缘平均高度由86％恢复到97.7%,cobb角由术前平均23.1°恢复为术后平均4.9°。结论 SF系统结构简单,操作方便,复位完美,固定牢靠,在脊柱内固定器械中具有较明显的优越性。     

SOCON系统治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的综合评价SOCON椎弓根螺钉复位内固定系统治疗胸腰椎骨折的效果.方法回顾性分析27例应用SOCON椎弓根内固定治疗的胸腰椎骨折患者手术前后的神经功能及复位情况.结果27例患者均获随访,平均随访14个月(9～20个月).术后神经功能按Frankel分级,A级的5例无变化,其余22例均有1～2级的提高.椎体前缘高度由术前的47.9%恢复至95.1%,椎体后缘高度由术前的78%提高至术后的98.5%,Cobb角由术前的平均22.3°恢复至术后的5.8°.结论SOCON系统具有良好的复位和固定作用,是治疗胸腰椎骨折的有效方法之一.     

后外侧减压AF固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折并截瘫

目的:探讨后外侧减压椎间植骨AF固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折并截瘫患者神经功能恢复的作用。方法:后外侧减压AF固定治疗胸椎爆裂骨折并截瘫的57例患者进行治疗,术前术后均对患者的神经功能进行了Frankel分级评估。结果:术后随访10月~2年(平均13月),所有病例植骨融合,术后后凸的Cobb角由术前平均25°恢复到5°,内固定变形2例,断裂1例Frankel分别除4例无变化,其余53例均有1~2级恢复。结论:后外侧减压,可完全去除后突骨块(5周内),椎间植骨融合AF固定可促进胸腰椎爆裂骨折并截瘫的神经功能的恢复,系统的康复锻炼可减少截瘫的并发症。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.