血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平与心脑血管疾病死亡的相关性

目的分析血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平与心脑血管疾病死亡的相关性。方法选取2009—2014年在浙江省宁波市鄞州区卫生信息大数据平台建档的18岁以上且有完整基线资料的71 618名居民作为研究对象。根据血清HDL-C水平将研究对象分组:低水平组(HDL-C<1.0 mmol/L);中水平组(1.0 mmol/L≤HDL-C<1.5 mmol/L);中高水平组(1.5 mmol/L≤HDL-C<2.0 mmol/L);高水平组(HDL-C≥2.0 mmol/L), 利用Cox比例风险模型分析HDL-C不同水平组人群心脑血管疾病死亡的风险比。结果研究对象累计随访427 989.4人年, 随访时间(5.98±1.04)年, 随访期间共有799例患者死于心脑血管疾病。调整混杂因素后, 以HDL-C中高水平组为参照, 低水平组患者心脑血管疾病死亡的HR(95%CI)为1.43(1.13～1.82), 中水平组患者心脑血管疾病死亡的HR(95%CI)为1.22(1.02～1.46)。结论 HDL-C<1.5 mmol/L会增加人群心脑血管疾病死亡的风险, HDL-...     

老年男性冠心病人群总胆固醇水平与全因死亡的相关性研究

目的 探讨老年男性冠心病人群总胆固醇(TC)水平与全因死亡的关系。方法 连续入选878例65~86岁的男性冠心病患者,按基线TC水平分为4组:组1(TC<4.16 mmol/L)、组2(4.16≤TC<4.68 mmol/L)、组3(4.68 mmol/L≤TC<5.2 mmol/L)、组4(TC≥5.2 mmol/L),应用Cox比例风险模型对TC与1996年~2007年间发生的全因死亡进行多因素分析。结果 (1)老年男性冠心病人群的最主要死因是冠心病,占31.30%;(2)与组1相比,组2、组3、组4的全因死亡相对风险分别降低了33%、19%、33%;(3)在≥75岁人群中,高TC血症组(组4)的全因死亡相对危险较组1降低13%;(4)Coxs比例风险模型分析显示,在老年男性冠心病人群中,年龄、吸烟、饮酒、空腹血糖、高血压病史是全因死亡的危险因素,降脂治疗是保护性因素。结论 在老年男性冠心病人群中,降脂有益,但TC过低(TC<4.16 mmol/L)增加全因死亡率;对于≥75岁冠心病人群,高TC血症不增加全因死亡率,提示对该人群可能无需强化降脂。     

基线总胆固醇水平对糖尿病人群新发脑梗死事件的影响

目的探讨基线总胆固醇水平对糖尿病人群新发脑梗死事件的影响。方法采用前瞻性队列研究方法,以空腹血糖≥7.0 mmo/lL或<7.0 mmo/lL但已确诊为糖尿病,正在使用降糖药物的8 306例糖尿病人群作为观察队列,随访(48.01±3.14)个月,随访期间每半年收集一次新发脑梗死事件情况。分析基线总胆固醇水平对糖尿病人群新发脑梗死事件的影响。结果 (1)随着基线总胆固醇水平的增高,研究对象的空腹血糖、甘油三酯、收缩压和舒张压的水平逐渐增高(P<0.05)。(2)总胆固醇<4.46 mmo/lL组累积发生脑梗死事件率最低(2.2%,P<0.05)。校正年龄、性别、空腹血糖、收缩压、舒张压、甘油三酯、体重指数、吸烟和糖尿病病程因素,Cox比例风险回归分析表明,相对于总胆固醇<4.46 mmo/lL组,总胆固醇≥5.93 mmo/lL组发生脑梗死事件的相对危险(RR)增加1.90倍(95%CI 1.24～2.89,P<0.01)。结论糖尿病人群总胆固醇控制在4.46 mmo/lL以下发生脑梗死事件率最低。     

吸烟校正因素间接调整法在职业流行病学队列研究中的应用

目的介绍一种新的吸烟校正因素间接调整法在职业流行病学队列研究中的应用。方法以1981—1999年香港男性矽肺回顾性队列研究人群纯石英暴露组作为研究实例,用吸烟组[1/((1-PAR%)×RR)]与非吸烟组(1/(1-PAR%))各自的吸烟校正因素校正原始的标准化死亡比(SMR),用暴露超相对危险度和增效指数作为指标来判断吸烟与暴露对肺癌死亡的危险有无偏离乘法和相加模型。结果非吸烟和吸烟组矽肺队列人群的吸烟校正因素分别为1/0.33和1/1.62,校正吸烟后矽肺队列肺癌的SMR由原来的1.61(95%CI:1.22～2.10)显著地下降到1.08(95%CI:0.81～1.41),结果与Axelson方法完全一致。矽肺超相对危险度和增效指数分别为0.63(95%CI:0.08～0.79)和0.90(95%CI:0.42～1.94),提示吸烟与矽肺对肺癌死亡的危险呈明显的负相乘交互作用。结论吸烟校正因素间接调整法的优势是能定量分析和评估吸烟的混杂和交互作用的影响,但也有局限性。     

总胆固醇与男性原发性肝癌发病关系的前瞻性队列研究

目的分析我国男性总胆固醇(TC)水平与原发性肝癌发病风险的关联。方法于2006年5月以开滦集团在职及离退休男性职工为研究对象,基线调查时收集人群社会人口学、个人疾病史和总胆固醇等信息,建立动态前瞻性队列,每两年进行一次随访,截至2015年12月31日,共有109 878名男性进入队列;收集研究对象原发性肝癌发病结局信息。将研究人群按照TC四分位数进行分组:Q1组(<4.27 mmol/L),Q2组(4.27～4.90 mmol/L),Q3组(4.90～5.56 mmol/L)和Q4组(≥5.56 mmol/L),并以Q1组作为参比组,采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析TC与男性原发性肝癌发病风险的关联。结果累计随访861 711.45人年,中位随访时间为8.83年;收集原发性肝癌新发病例355例。调整年龄、教育程度、收入情况、吸烟状况、饮酒状况、体质指数(BMI)和空腹血糖(FBG)水平后,随着TC水平的升高,原发性肝癌的发病风险逐渐降低[Q2、Q3和Q4组HR(95%CI)值分别为0.76(0.58～1.01)、0.59(0.43～0.79)和0.36(0.25～0.52);P趋势...     

湖南地区≥30岁社区人群高同型半胱氨酸血症现状及影响因素分析

目的了解湖南地区≥30岁社区人群血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平现状及相关影响因素,为湖南地区心脑血管疾病防治提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,于2013年6月—2014年5月对湖南地区≥30岁常住居民4 012人进行调查。内容包括人口学特征、体格检查和实验室检测等资料。通过χ2检验和多因素logistic回归分析,探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)现状及影响因素。结果调查人群总Hcy水平为(13.77±7.68)μmol/L,HHcy患病率为35.4%,其中男性为45.3%,女性为28.5%。HHcy组与非HHcy组人群性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒、高血压患病率及尿酸、肌酐、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)含量差异有统计学意义(均P 0.01);Pearson积差相关分析结果显示,Hcy水平分别与年龄、肌酐、尿酸、TC、TG呈正相关(r=0.068、0.072、0.138、0.109、0.266,均P 0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,男性(OR=1.307,95%CI=1.078～1.585)、吸烟(OR=1.294,95%CI=1.053～1.589)、高血压(OR=3.707,95%CI=3.195～4.302)、高胆固醇(OR=1.276,95%CI=1.175～1.386)、高甘油三酯(OR=3.993,95%CI=2.960～5.388)、高尿酸(OR=1.002,95%CI=1.001～1.003)、高肌酐血症(OR=1.004,95%CI=1.001～1.008)是HHcy的影响因素。结论 HHcy患病率男性高于女性,并随年龄增长而升高。男性、吸烟、高血压、高胆固醇、高甘油三酯、高尿酸、高肌酐血症是HHcy的影响因素。     

牙周干预改善冠心病伴牙周炎患者血脂水平的研究

目的观察牙周干预对冠心病伴牙周炎患者血脂的影响。方法予51例冠心病伴牙周炎患者牙周干预3个月,观察干预后血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯的水平变化。结果干预后总胆固醇、甘油三酯分别较干预前降低0.3 mmol/L、0.2 mmol/L,高密度脂蛋白较干预前升高0.2 mmol/L,低密度脂蛋白干预前(3.4±0.8)mmol/L,干预后(3.3±0.7)mmol/L,变化无统计学差异。结论牙周干预可降低伴牙周炎的冠心病患者血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯,升高高密度脂蛋白水平,牙周干预有可能减缓伴牙周炎的冠心病发生、发展。     

总胆固醇与2型糖尿病关联性的前瞻性队列研究

目的  探讨总胆固醇与2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes, T2DM)发病的关系。 方法  筛选20~90岁入队列时未患糖尿病并且体检次数≥2次者, 应用t检验或χ²检验比较有无发生T2DM两组人群基线特征, 按总胆固醇四分位数由低到高划分4组(2.10~mmol/L组、4.16~mmol/L组、4.76~mmol/L组和5.42~13.29 mmol/L组), 应用广义估计方程(generalized estimating equation, GEE)分析总胆固醇对2型糖尿病发病的影响。 结果  此队列共纳入12 928人, 共随访45 626人年, 平均随访时间为3.53年。随访期间, 新发T2DM患者447人, 发病密度为9.80‰, 随着总胆固醇水平增高, T2DM高发病密度呈上升趋势, 在多因素GEE分析中, 调整年龄、高密度脂蛋白、是否患高血压、是否肥胖后, 以2.10~mmol/L组为参照, 4.16~mmol/L组、4.76~mmol/L组和5.42~13.29 mmol/L组的相对危险度(relative risk, RR)值分别为1.24(95%CI:0.83~1.86)、1.75(95%CI:1.19~2.56)、3.60(95%CI:2.51~5.17)。 结论  总胆固醇与T2DM存在相关性, 随着总胆固醇水平的上升, 发生T2DM的危险性逐渐增大。     

基线心率对中国北方成年人群全因死亡率的影响

目的探讨基线心率水平对人群全因死亡的影响.方法选取参加2006-2007年度开滦集团健康体检有完整心电图资料且心率在40 ～ 120次/分、无心肌梗死和脑卒中病史93 716人为研究对象,研究随访期为2006年7月至2010年12月,平均随访时间(47.5±4.3)个月,随访期间每6个月收集一次全因死亡事件.结果(1)总人群心率60 ～ 69次/分组累积死亡率最低为1.61%;男性心率60～ 69次/分组累积死亡率最低为1.78%;女性心率<50次/分组中没有发生全因死亡事件,80～89次/分组累积死亡率最低为0.60%.(2)Cox风险比例模型结果显示总人群心率70～ 79次/分组、80～ 89次/分组、90 ～ 99次/分组和≥100次/分组发生全因死亡的RR值(95%CI)分别为1.187(1.039 ～ 1.336)、1.392(1.185～1.636)、1.733(1.404 ～ 2.139)和2.716(2.171～3.398),男性人群各心率组发生全因死亡的RR值(95%CI)分别为1.227(1.067 ～ 1.410)、1.481 (1.254～1.750)、1.754(1.406 ～ 2.188)、2.831(2.245～ 3.571),女性人群以心率80～ 89次/分组作为对照组,心率60～ 69次/分组、70～79次/分组和≥100次/分组发生全因死亡的RR值(95%CI)分别为0.671(0.568～ 0.793)、0.825(0.703～ 0.970)、1.925(1.512 ～2.453).结论心率≥70次/分后,随心率增加发生全因死亡事件率增加.心率与发生全因死亡的风险比呈J形曲线关系.     

职业有害因素接触或(和)吸烟对死亡的影响——广州165 660名职工队列的前瞻性研究

目的研究职业有害因素接触或(和)吸烟对死亡的影响.方法利用1989～1992年广州市实施职业健康监护系统建立的165660名年龄≥30岁的工厂职工和司机的个体健康档案为基础资料,填入光学扫描直读表(ICR)并建立基线数据库,随访至1998年12月31日,了解队列中职工生存状态和死亡原因,计算RR(95%CI),绘制产生职业有害因素接触或吸烟的累积生存曲线.结果(1)165 660名队列职工,平均年龄(42.0±6.3)岁,30～49岁占87%;37.3%的职工接触职业有害因素,工厂男职工吸烟率为70.8%,男司机吸烟率为54.8%,全部女职工吸烟率不足2.0%;(2)平均随访时间为(7 6±1.1)年,共随访1 252 168人年,总死亡人数为2 437人,有51名死因不明(占2.1%),总死亡率为194.6/10万人年;(3)调整相关因素后,职业有害因素接触对总死亡、中风和其他原因的死亡,其RR(95%CI)分别为1.11(1.02～1.20)、1.30(1.01～1.68)和1.27(1.06～1.51);吸烟对男职工总死亡、恶性肿瘤和肺癌死亡,其RR(95% CI)分别为1.23(1.11～1.35)、1.34(1.16～1.54)和2.51(1.81～3.48);职业有害因素接触并吸烟者,总死亡和恶性肿瘤死亡的RR(95% CI)增至1.32(1.16～1.51)和1.35(1.12～1.62);(4)调整相关因素后的总死亡、恶性肿瘤死亡、肺癌和胃癌死亡的RR随吸烟总量(包年)的增加而明显增高,差异有显著性(P<0.01).结论职业有害因素接触对死亡有影响,吸烟对死亡的影响比职业有害因素接触的影响更大,职业有害因素接触并吸烟对死亡的影响非常大.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.