美欧卡霉素胃内滞留漂浮型缓释片的制备及药代动力学研究

本文根据流体动力学平衡药物控释系统的设计原理,制备了美欧卡霉素胃内滞留漂浮型缓释片(简称MOM-HBS)。该片剂由缓释、速释两种颗粒压制而成,其胃内滞留时间长达7h以上,明显长于普通片(3～4h)。体外溶出符合一级动力学过程(Kr=0.1619h^-1).体内血约浓度经时曲线平缓持久,达到良好的缓释效果。体内外实验数据有显著的相关性(P<0.001),相对生物利用度较日本产干糖浆有明显提高。     

美托洛尔酒石酸盐胃内滞留漂浮型控释片的制备及药代动力学研究

本文根据水动力学平衡药物控释系统的设计原理制备了美托洛尔胃内滞留漂浮型控释片剂(简称M-HBS)。实验表明,本品的体外溶出符合一级动力学过程(K′r=0.1651 h^-1);贮存期为两年;人体胃内γ-闪烁照相结果表明,本品在胃内滞留时间(5～6 h)明显比普通片剂(1.0～1.5 h)长;体内动力学过程符合表观一级吸收与一级消除的单室模型;ⅳ美托洛尔体内为双室模型;体内数据经NONLIN计算机程序处理,求得各项参数:Ka=0.1944 h^-1,K=0.1867 h^-1,Vd=2.813,t_max=5.247 h,C_max=125.1 ng/ml。本品的体内外数据具有显著的相关性(P<0.01)。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定犬血浆中布地奈德

建立液相色谱-串联质谱法测定犬血浆中布地奈德。血浆样品碱化后，经乙酸乙酯液-液萃取，以乙腈-5 mmol·L^-1醋酸铵(60∶40，v/v)为流动相，Capcell Pak C₁₈ MG柱分离；采用电喷雾电离源，以多反应监测(MRM)方式进行负离子检测，用于定量分析的离子反应分别为m/z 489→m/z 357(布地奈德)和m/z 493→m/z 413(内标，曲安奈德)。测定血浆中布地奈德方法的线性范围为25.0～2 000 pg·mL^-1，定量下限为25.0 pg·mL^-1，日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于15%，准确度(RE)在-8.1%～-1.7%。应用本法研究6只比格犬单次和多次给予布地奈德缓释胶囊9 mg后的药代动力学结果显示：单次给药后T_max为(3.5±3.3) h，C_max为(786±498) pg·mL^-1；多次给药后C_max为(2 142±1 515) pg·mL^-1。该法选择性强、灵敏度高、操作简便，适用于布地奈德缓释制剂的药代动力学研究。     

家犬单剂量和多剂量口服阿昔莫司缓释制剂的药代动力学和生物等效性研究

目的研究阿昔莫司缓释片在家犬体内单剂量和多剂量的药代动力学和生物等效性。方法测定6只家犬单剂量和多剂量口服缓释片和普通胶囊后的血药浓度。结果阿昔莫司的药-时曲线符合非隔室模型。单剂量给药后，缓释片和普通胶囊的AUC分别为(158±30)和(147±37) μg·h·mL^-1；T_max分别为(4.3±0.8)和(2.6±1.3) h；C_max分别为(29±6)和(42±10) μg·mL^-1；T_1/2分别为(2.3±0.7)和(1.60±0.10) h；MRT分别为(6.0±0.8)和(3.9±0.7) h；F_r为(108±16)%。多剂量给药后，缓释片和普通胶囊的AUC分别为(209±23)和(195±26) μg·h·mL^-1；T_max分别为(6.3±0.8)和(3.4±1.5) h；C_max分别为(27±4)和(36±5) μg·mL^-1；Cmin分别为(2.2±1.0)和(0.20±0.20) μg·mL^-1；C_av分别为(8.7±1.0)和(8.1±1.1) μg·mL^-1；FI分别为(293±73)%和(448±91)%；F_r为(114±19)%。结论单剂量实验的双单侧检验结果表明：缓释片和普通胶囊生物等效；缓释片具有良好的缓释效果。多剂量实验结果表明：缓释片和普通胶囊生物等效；缓释片的波动系数优于普通胶囊。     

HPLC/MS法研究左旋黄皮酰胺及其代谢物在Beagle犬血浆中的药代动力学HPLC/MS法研究左旋黄皮酰胺及其代谢物在Beagle犬血浆中的药代动力学

目的用HPLC/MS法研究左旋黄皮酰胺［(-)-clau］及其代谢物6-羟基-黄皮酰胺(6-OH-clau)在Beagle犬血浆中的药代动力学过程。方法Beagle犬灌胃左旋黄皮酰胺30 mg·kg^-1，采集静脉血样，血浆经乙酸乙酯萃取分离后，用HPLC/MS选择性正离子检测内标(格列吡嗪，［M+H］⁺，m/z 446)法测定左旋黄皮酰胺(［M+H］⁺，m/z 298)及6-羟基-黄皮酰胺(［M+H-H₂O］⁺，m/z 296)的浓度，以甲醇-水-冰醋酸(60∶40∶0.8)为流动相，流速1.0 mL·min^-1。用3P97软件计算药代动力学参数。结果左旋黄皮酰胺和6-羟基-黄皮酰胺分别在1.0～200 ng·mL^-1和0.2～40.0 ng·mL^-1线性关系良好(r>0.999)，萃取回收率均大于85%。原药及其代谢物的体内过程均符合二室模型；左旋黄皮酰胺及6-羟基-黄皮酰胺的C_max分别为(21±10) ng·mL^-1和(3.9±2.2) ng·mL^-1；T_max分别为(0.8±0.5) h和(1.3±0.5) h；T_1/2α分别为(0.9±0.6) h和(1.4±0.6) h；T_1/2β分别为(19±23) h和(13±12) h；AUC_{0-24 h}分别为(69±14) h·ng·mL^-1和(12±7) h·ng·mL^-1。结论Beagle犬灌胃左旋黄皮酰胺后迅速吸收，血药浓度一相消除很快，但末端消除较慢；其代谢物6-羟基-黄皮酰胺血药浓度经时过程与左旋黄皮酰胺相似，但血药浓度相对较小。     

溴泰君(W198)在大鼠和比格狗体内的药代动力学

目的研究溴泰君(W198)在大鼠和比格狗的药代动力学。方法采用HPLC紫外检测方法测定大鼠及比格狗注射W198后血清药物浓度。结果大鼠iv W198 10,20和40 mg·kg^-1 3个剂量的T_1/2β分别为6.60,7.36和6.77 h,AUC_0-24h分别为3.797,7.371和15.192 mg·h·L^-1,V_d分别为7.14,4.33和4.13 L·kg^-1,CL分别为2.83,2.60和2.71 L·(kg·h)^-1。大鼠im W198 20 mg·kg^-1后T_1/2β为11.61 h,AUC_0-24h为4.191 mg·h·L^-1,im的生物利用度为56.9%。比格狗iv W198 5 mg·kg^-1,T_1/2β为11.72 h,AUC_0-24h为12.646 mg·h·L^-1,V_d为0.70 L·kg^-1,CL为0.46 L·(kg·h)^-1。W198与人血浆蛋白的结合率平均为78.0%。结论W198 im的T_1/2β比iv的略长,其生物利用度为56.9%。在10～40 mg·kg^-1剂量内的吸收呈现一级动力学特征。     

多剂量口服5-单硝酸异山梨酯缓释片及普通片的药代动力学和生物利用度研究

对10名健康男性受试者连续6d多剂量交叉poIS-5-MN缓释片和普通片的药代动力学性质和相对生物利用度进行了研究。结果表明:IS-5-MN缓释片和普通片的T_max分别为5.0h和1.4h(P<0.05),前者的缓释效果十分明显;AUC经对数转换后的多种统计分析表明,IS-5-MN缓释片(40mg)与IS-5-MN普通片(20mg×2)生物等效;IS-5-MN缓释片的相对生物利用度为108.95%;IS-5-MN缓释片和普通片的C_min分别为74.20ng·ml^-1和134.42ng·ml^-1(P<0.05),而两种制剂的其他药代动力学参数如C_max,AUC²⁴₀,AUC^∞₀,Ke,T_1/2以及波动系数(FI)等均无显著性差异(P<0.05)。多次给药后两种制剂都无明显的蓄积。     

20(R)-人参皂苷Rg3人体药代动力学研究

目的　研究20(R)-人参皂苷Rg3(GRg3)人体药代动力学。方法高效液相色谱－紫外检测法。结果　8名健康志愿者单剂量口服3.2mg.kg^-1GRg3,其药时曲线符合口服吸收有滞后时间的二房室模型,T_max为(0.66±0.10)h,C_max为(16±6)ng.mL^-1,T_1/2α为(0.46±0.12)h,T_1/2β为(4.9±1.1)h,T_1/2(Ka)为(0.28±0.04)h,AUC_0-∞为(77±26)ng.mL^-1.h;6名健康志愿者单剂量口服0.8mg.kg^-1GRg3,由于血药浓度低,可测数据点少,未进行模型模拟;两组给药剂量与相应C_max实测值比较,二者成正比关系。结论　本品口服吸收快,消除也较快,但血药浓度很低。在所试剂量范围内,GRg3属一级动力学吸收、消除过程。     

慢性孵育β-淀粉样肽(25-35)对培养大鼠海马神经元外向钾电流的影响

目的　研究慢性孵育β-淀粉样肽_(25-35) (β-AP_25-35)对海马神经元上瞬时外向钾电流(I_A)和延迟整流钾电流(I_K)的影响。方法　在培养的大鼠海马神经元上用膜片钳全细胞记录钾通道电流。结果　β-AP_25-35 3μmol·L^-1 孵育细胞24h ,I_K 电流幅度增加(44.3±5.4)% ,电流密度由(30.4±6.4)pA·PF^-1 增加至(43.8±4.7)pA·PF^-1 ;β-AP_25-3510μmol·L^-1 孵育12h ,I_K 电流幅度增加(69.8±4.1) % ,电流密度增加至(51.6±7.9)pA·PF^-1,呈浓度依赖性;β-AP_25-35引起的I_K 增加对TEA 5mmol·L^-1 敏感;β-AP_25-35上调I_K 的作用主要发生在β-AP_25-355用药后48h内。β-AP_25-35对I_A无显著性影响。结论　β-AP_25-35选择性地增加海马神经元上I_K,这一作用可能与β-AP的神经毒性有关     

LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中辛伐他汀的浓度及相对生物利用度

目的 建立人体血浆中辛伐他汀的LC-MS/MS测定方法,研究辛伐他汀片在男性健康志愿者体内的药代动力学行为,评价其生物利用度和生物等效性。方法 20名健康成年男性志愿者采用随机分组自身交叉对照试验设计,单剂量口服辛伐他汀片40 mg后,用LC-MS/MS联用法测定血浆中药物浓度。结果 试验制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:t_max分别为(1.8±1.3)h和(2.10±1.00)h;c_max分别为(7.12±1.61)μg·L^-1和(7.38±1.54)μg·L^-1;AUC_(0-24)分别为(30.50±11.25)μg·L^-1·h^-1和(30.17±10.21)μg·L^-1·h^-1;t_1/2分别为(3.90±0.78)h和(3.76±0.85)h。以AUC_(0-24)计算的试验制剂的相对生物利用度为101.2%±7.8%。结论 建立的分析方法准确灵敏,测得的数据可靠,统计学分析表明两种制剂生物等效。     

利格列汀双层缓释片的制备及体外释放研究

目的 制备一种新型利格列汀双层缓释片，并考察其体外释放行为。方法 以羟丙基甲基纤维素（hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose，HPMC）为骨架材料、黄原胶为黏合剂，采用单因素设计筛选处方，进行利格列汀双层缓释片的制备，并绘制处方在pH 6.80介质中的体外溶出曲线；采用常规Ritger-Peppas、Higuchi、一级、零级释放曲线方程进行拟合，分析样品释药原理。结果 经优化后的样品由含药缓释层和含药速释层构成。缓释层由主成分利格列汀3 mg、缓释骨架材料HPMC（型号：K4M及K100M，用量均50 mg）、填充剂微晶纤维素100 mg、凝胶缓释基质黄原胶15 mg、润滑剂硬脂酸镁1 mg组成；速释层由主成分利格列汀2 mg、填充剂微晶纤维素10 mg、崩解剂交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮15 mg、润滑剂硬脂酸镁1 mg组成。最终结果与零级释放方程匹配度最高，极具相关性，拟合结果r²无限接近于1。结论 成功制得利格列汀双层缓释片，并实现零级释放。     

莲子心总碱缓释片体外释放度试验

目的 考察莲子心总碱缓释片体外释放度。方法 模拟人体体内环境,用紫外分光光度法测定莲子心总碱的体外释放度。结果 莲子心总碱释药方程:log(100-R_n)=2.112-0.128t(F=219.310,P<0.001),r=-0.982(P<0.001),T₅₀=3.233h,T_d=4.274h,K_r=0.128h^-1。结论 莲子心总碱缓释片体外释药符合一级释药模式,具有缓释特点。     

卡维地洛凝胶骨架缓释片的处方优选与表征

目的 优选12 h内体外缓慢释药的卡维地洛凝胶骨架缓释片的处方工艺并进行表征。方法 以2种型号的HPMC为骨架材料,通过正交试验法,优选处方工艺并验证,考察制剂在4种介质中12 h内的体外释放度,利用X-射线衍射法和红外光谱法分析药物的存在状态。结果 最佳处方为卡维地洛7.5%,单硬脂酸甘油酯30%,HPMC K4M+E50占片重25%,HPMC K4M∶E50的比例为2∶1,乳糖占15%,硬度为3.5 kg;制剂在pH 1.2的介质中释药最快,12 h内达到90%以上,体外释药稳定（RSD<1.5%,n=3）,符合Higuchi动力学方程,属于骨架溶蚀型释药系统;药物在片中以部分晶体存在,原辅料之间没有新键生成。结论 该制备工艺简单,重复性良好,在12 h内具有良好的体外缓释特征。     

对乙酰氨基酚非pH依赖性缓释片的处方优化

目的:设计及优化非pH依赖性缓释片处方.方法:以对乙酰氨基酚为模型药物,设计不同配比的海藻酸钠和壳聚糖为混合骨架的缓释片处方,测定各处方在 0.1 mol·L-1盐酸和pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中的释放度,采用多指标同步优化筛选处方.结果:优化的乙酰氨基酚缓释片处方含壳聚糖 85 mg、海藻酸钠 135 mg 时,呈现良好的体外非pH依赖性释放特征.结论:采用海藻酸钠和壳聚糖混合骨架易制得非pH依赖性缓释片,且方法简单、成本低,具有较高的实用价值.     

盐酸尼卡地平缓释微丸的制备

目的 制备盐酸尼卡地平缓释微丸,并考察其体外释药的影响因素.方法 采用底喷式流化床包衣法,以空白丸芯为基础制备速释微丸,乙基纤维素水分散体为包衣材料制备盐酸尼卡地平缓释微丸,考察其包衣处方及工艺的影响因素.结果 所得缓释微丸在2、6、12h的累积释药百分率分别为24％、69％、87％,体外释放曲线符合一级方程.结论 制备的微丸缓释效果理想,且制备工艺简单,操作方便.     

Box-Behnken效应面法筛选聚氧乙烯骨架缓释片处方和释药机制的研究

目的：优化聚氧乙烯骨架片的处方并对释药机制进行研究。方法：以水溶性药物酒石酸美托洛尔为模型药物,釆用药物与聚氧乙烯等辅料混合均匀后直接压片的方法制备聚氧乙烯骨架片。以药物释放数据的零级方程拟合度R₀²和处方在1小时和24小时的累积释药百分率Q_1h、Q_24h为评价指标。用Box-Behnken效应面法筛选最优处方。获得最优处方的释放数据进行Higuchi equation、Korsmeyer equation、Peppas-Sahlin equation方程拟合。结果：优化处方是：酒石酸美托洛尔100 mg、聚氧乙烯170 mg、卡波姆65 mg、碳酸钠102 mg,按照该处方制备的酒石酸美托洛尔聚氧乙烯骨架片,对应的评价指标测得值与预测值的偏差小于5%。经验方程拟合和各种方法验证了骨架片的药物释放是扩散和溶蚀的协同作用。结论：利用Box-Behnken效应面法筛选酒石酸美托洛尔聚氧乙烯骨架片的处方的主方法是有效可行的,模型的预测值与理论值相符。药物的释放机制是扩散和溶蚀的协同作用。     

Hollow Fibers as an Oral Sustained-Release Delivery System Using Propranolol Hydrochloride

Fibers were spun by the downward configuration of the wet spinning technique. This configuration is capable of encapsulating nonspherical and/or coarse particles. We examined encapsulation of propranolol hydrochloride and the ability of the fibers to act as a sustained-release delivery system for propranolol hydrochloride as a model drug. The U.S.P. basket dissolution method was used to evaluate the in vitro drug release kinetics and the effect of the aspect ratio (length/diameter) on drug release. For in vivo evaluation, selected fibers were administered to dogs in gelatin capsules. The results of these in vitro and in vivo studies were compared to those obtained with a marketed sustained-release propranolol product (Inderal LA). The fiber delivery system provided a sustained-release profile of plasma propranolol concentrations similar to that observed with Inderal LA.     

Development of gastroretentive drug delivery system for cefuroxime axetil: In vitro and in vivo evaluation in human volunteers

The objective of this investigation was to develop the cefuroxime axetil sustained-release floating tablets to prolong the gastric residence time and compare their pharmacokinetic behavior with marketed conventional tablets (Zocef). The floating tablets were developed using polymers like HPMC K4M and HPMC K100M alone, and polymer combination of HPMC K4M and Polyox WSR 303 by effervescent technique. Tablets were prepared by slugging method and evaluated for their physical characteristics, in vitro drug release, and buoyancy lag time. The best formulation (F10) was selected based on in vitro characteristics and used in vivo radiographic and bioavailability studies in healthy human volunteers. All the formulations could sustain drug release for 12 h. The dissolution profiles were subjected to various kinetic release models and it was found that the mechanism of drug release followed Peppas model. The in vivo radiographic studies revealed that the tablets remained in stomach for 225±30 min. Based on in vivo performance, the developed floating tablets showed superior bioavailability than Zocef tablet. Based on in vivo performance significant difference was observed between C_max, t_max, t_1/2, AUC_0–∞, and mean residence time of test and reference (p<0.05). The increase in relative bioavailability of test was 1.61 fold when compared to reference.     

A thermo-sensitive PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrogel for sustained release of docetaxel

The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of poly-(d,l-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-PLGA triblock copolymer as a matrix material for a sustained-release system for docetaxel (DTX). The copolymers were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization reaction and characterized by ¹H-NMR and gel permeation chromatography. The DTX-loaded formulations were prepared, characterized. And the antitumor efficacy and the pharmacokinetics of DTX-loaded copolymer on A-549 lung tumor-bearing BALB/cA mice were investigated. The results showed that DTX-loaded copolymer highly increased the solubility of DTX by more than 3000-fold. And copolymer concentration as well as drug loading level exerted appreciable influence on the drug release behavior. Further, the pharmacokinetic test showed that DTX-loaded copolymer could be with the sustained-release nature for over 3 weeks, which correlated well with the in vitro release. Additionally, one intratumoral injection of the thermo-sensitive hydrogel containing DTX was comparable to three intravenous injections of DTX injection in inhibiting the tumor growth in A-549 lung tumor-bearing BALB/cA mice with a less toxic manner. PLGA-PEG-PLGA could thus provide a promising alternate locally delivered vehicle for DTX to achieve prolonged exposure having greater efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth with lower toxicity.     

Chitosan microspheres of aceclofenac: In vitro and in vivo evaluation

The objective of this investigation was to achieve controlled drug release of Aceclofenac (ACE) microspheres and to minimize local side-effects in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Sustained release chitosan microspheres containing ACE were prepared using double-emulsion solvent evaporation method (O/W/O). Chitosan microspheres were prepared by varying drug to polymer ratio (1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6). Microspheres were characterized for morphology, swelling behavior, mucoadhesive properties, FTIR and DSC study, drug loading efficiency, in vitro release, release kinetics, and in vivo study was performed on rat model. ACE-loaded microspheres were successfully prepared having production yield, 57–70% w/w. Drug encapsulation efficiency was ranging from 53–72% w/w, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed particle size of microspheres was between 39 and 55 μm. FTIR spectra and DSC thermograms demonstrated no interaction between drug and polymer. The in vitro release profiles of drug from chitosan microspheres showed sustained-release pattern of the drug in phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. In vitro release data showed correlation (r² > 0.98), good fit with Higuchi/Korsmeyer-Peppas models, and exhibited Fickian diffusion. ACE microspheres demonstrated controlled delivery of aceclofenac and apparently, no G.I.T. erosion was noticed.