偏位投照与锥形束CT在寻找遗漏根管中的准确性比较

目的:分析比较偏位投照与锥形束CT(CBCT)在根管治疗中发现遗漏根管的应用。方法:对200例患牙常规拍摄术前正位根尖片和CBCT,术中插诊断丝拍摄20°～30°偏位投照根尖片,完善根管治疗。比较偏位投照与CBCT发现的遗漏根管数,采用SPSS 19.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果:200例患牙中,偏位投照发现8例患牙有遗漏根管,前牙及前磨牙3例,磨牙5例。而CBCT扫描显示有15例,其中,前牙及前磨牙4例,磨牙11例。CBCT发现数量大于偏位投照,但差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:偏位投照与CBCT有利于发现遗漏根管,帮助临床完善根管治疗。     

下颌切牙双根管的显微根管治疗

目的评价显微根管治疗术处理下颌切牙双根管的临床疗效。方法选取143颗需进行根管治疗的下颌切牙（下颌中切牙68颗,下颌侧切牙75颗）,拍摄术前X线正位投照片和偏位投照片。对单根管患牙采用常规根管治疗;对疑为双根管的患牙先常规探查根管,再在牙科手术显微镜下探查并疏通根管,机用镍钛器械预备根管,垂直加压充填技术充填根管。记录根管类型,不同X线投照角度、使用和未使用牙科手术显微镜时多根管的发现率,根据术前、术中及术后X线片评价根管预备和充填效果。结果采用显微根管治疗,下颌中切牙、侧切牙双根管的发现率分别为26.47%、29.33%,X线偏位投照片双根管的发现率高于正位投照片;使用牙科手术显微镜后,多根管的发现率高于未使用时;在牙科手术显微镜下进行根管预备,无根管堵塞、偏移、台阶、器械分离等并发症发生;134颗患牙适充,9颗有糊剂或牙胶超充,无欠充。结论显微根管治疗是处理双根管下颌切牙的有效方法,在牙科手术显微镜下以机用镍钛器械预备根管,垂直加压充填技术充填根管可取得良好的治疗效果。     

X线投照角度对判断后牙颊舌向多根管的作用

目的探讨X线投照角度在判断多根管磨牙根管充填效果时的作用。方法选取存在近颊第二根管的上颌第一磨牙87颗、下颌第一磨牙105颗，拍摄术前X线片，完成根管治疗，术后分别拍摄X线正位投照片和远中偏位投照片，判断根充效果。结果X线正位投照片和远中偏位投照片能显示上颌第一磨牙MB与MB2的比例分别为23．0％和81．6％，显示下颌第一磨牙近中两根管的比例分别为38．1％和90．5％，X线远中偏位投照片显示颊、舌向根管的比例大于正位投照片（P〈0．005）。结论采用X线远中偏位投照法能更好地显示上、下颌第一磨牙颊舌向根管的充填效果。     

不同角度根尖片对诊断下颌第一前磨牙多根管的作用

目的探讨联合应用平行和偏移投照根尖片在诊断下颌第一前磨牙多根管中的作用。方法选择临床上需要进行根管治疗的130人的132颗下颌第一前磨牙为研究对象,每颗患牙术前均需拍摄平行和偏移投照X线片,初步判断是否为多根管牙;术中配合使用根管显微镜用K锉探寻根管口及根管,使用手用镍钛锉进行根管预备,侧方加压技术充填根管。结果132颗下颌第一前磨牙中,术前平行和偏移投照x线片共初步诊断多根管牙41颗;平行投照诊断多根管牙16颗,偏移投照诊断多根管牙37颗,其中有12颗患牙2种投照方法均表现为多根管影像。两种投照方法诊断的下颌第一前磨牙多根管与在临床治疗中发现的多根管数一致,发现率为31．06％。结论平行和偏移投照X线片联合应用有助于提高下颌第一前磨牙多根管的发现率,从而减少临床遗漏根管的发生。     

不同投照角度X线片诊断下颌第一前磨牙多根管的临床分析

目的探讨不同投照角度X线片在诊断下颌第一前磨牙多根管中的作用。方法选取需行根管治疗的88颗下颌第一前磨牙为研究对象。每颗患牙均拍摄术前X线正位、偏位投照片判断是否为多根管牙;K型锉探查和定位根管口,冠下法预备根管,冷侧压法充填根管,充填时记录根管形态及数量,并拍摄根管充填术后X线正位和偏位投照片,对根管进行分型。结果88颗下颌第一前磨牙中,术前X线片诊断多根管31颗,临床发现多根管30颗。术前X线诊断为多根管的31颗牙,临床治疗中3颗未定位到多根管;而术前诊断为单根管的2颗牙,在临床治疗中发现为多根管。术前正位X线片诊断多根管牙13颗,术前偏位X线片诊断多根管牙25颗,其中7颗牙的术前正位和偏位X线片均表现为多根管影像。下颌第一前磨牙多根管的临床发现率为34.09%（30/88）,其中Ⅳ、Ⅴ型根管为21颗,占多根管牙的70.00%。结论不同投照角度X线片有助于提高下颌第一前磨牙多根管的临床发现率。     

多根管下颌前磨牙显微根管治疗的效果观察

目的观察下颌前磨牙多根管的发现率以及显微根管治疗方法处理多根管下颌前磨牙的临床疗效。方法选取152颗需进行根管治疗的下颌前磨牙，拍摄术前X线正位投照片和偏位投照片。对单根管患牙采用常规根管治疗，对怀疑多根管的患牙先常规探查根管，再在显微镜下探查并疏通根管，镍钛机动器械预备根管，垂直加压充填技术充填根管。记录根管类型，使用和未使用显微镜时多根管的发现率，根据术前、术中及术后X线片评价根管预备和充填效果。结果下颌第一前磨牙、第二前磨牙多根管的发现率分别为32．9％、7．5％；使用显微镜多根管的发现率高于未使用显微镜者；治疗中无根管堵塞、偏移、台阶、器械折断等并发症发生，完成治疗的31颗多根管下颌前磨牙30颗适充，1颗超充。结论显微根管治疗是处理多根管下颌前磨牙的有效方法。     

平行和偏移投照根尖片在确诊上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管中的作用

目的：探讨X线片检查在确诊上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管（MB2）中的作用。方法：选取临床上需要进行上颌第一磨牙牙髓治疗 患者59例作为实验对象。每个患牙均需拍摄术前X线正位投照片、X线偏移投照片和诊断丝正位、偏移投照片。患牙经根管治疗术后，计算MB2的发现率。比较4种X线投照方法与MB2发生率的相关关系。结果：59例59个患牙中，存在MB2的患牙为24个，占40.7%。X线正位投照片发现根管偏移的占49.2％，X线偏移投照片发现根管偏移的占52.5%，诊断丝正位投照片发现根管偏移的占44.1%，诊断丝偏移投照片发现根管偏移的占55.9%。统计学分析显示：X线正位投照片和诊断丝正位投照片中根管偏移比率与MB2发生率无显著性差异（P＞0.05）；应用偏移投照，发现二者之间存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。结论：根据不同角度X线片和诊断丝照相，分析根管影像偏移程度，有助于寻找和确定MB2根管的存在。     

493颗根管再治疗患牙的临床分析

目的研究影响根管治疗效果的常见因素,以提高根管治疗成功率。方法收集405例根管再治疗患者共493颗患牙,包括前牙115颗,前磨牙91颗,磨牙287颗。记录患牙的临床表现、X线片表现、冠修复或充填情况、根管再治疗情况等,分析临床上影响根管治疗效果的问题,总结引起治疗失败的原因。结果患牙中,根管欠填464颗(94.1%)、超填8颗(1.6%),遗漏根管138颗(28.0%),存在钙化根管134颗(27.2%),根管偏移202颗(41.0%),根管内异物27颗(5.5%),髓腔或根管穿孔15颗(3.0%),冠方修复不完善340颗(69.0%),有根尖暗影356颗(72.2%),有症状的患牙307颗(62.7%)。磨牙遗漏根管、根管偏移的比例较前磨牙和前牙高。470颗患牙能够顺利完成根管再治疗,23颗患牙因根管异物无法取出、根管超填、根管偏移严重、治疗中根尖区侧穿、髓腔穿孔较大等问题经根管再治疗后症状不缓解而拔除。结论引起根管治疗失败的常见因素主要是根管欠填、冠方修复不完善、根管偏移、遗漏根管,大多数患牙采用规范的根管治疗技术进行根管再治疗可以取得较好的临床治疗效果。     

不同X线投照角度对下颌第一磨牙根管治疗的评价

目的探讨能清晰显示下颌第一磨牙全部根管的X线最佳投照角度,为根管治疗提供准确的信息。方法选取需行根管治疗且扩大针探查具有4个根管的下颌第一磨牙245例,完成根管治疗后,分别拍摄X线常规投照片、远中偏位投照片,判断所显示的根充效果。每颗牙拍摄角度分别为常规0°、远中偏30°、远中偏45°。由一个技师单独完成拍片,4位医师统一阅片,诊断牙根内的根管数目、形态及根管治疗情况。结果 X线常规投照片和远中偏30°位和45°位,显示下颌第一磨牙有四个根管的比例分别为36%、82%和95%。X线远中偏位投照片显示颊、舌向根管的比例大于常规投照片(P<0.001)。结论采用远中偏移30°～45°X线投照,能充分显示下颌第一磨牙的根管数目、形态,更好的评价根管治疗后根管显示情况。     

Clinical evaluation of different angulation radiograph in diagnosing distolingual root of the mandibular first molar

目的 评价不同投照角度X线根尖片诊断下颌第一磨牙远中舌根的作用.方法 选择需行根管治疗的205颗下颌第一磨牙为研究对象.术前拍X线正位根尖片及近中20°～30°偏位根尖片,对比分析是否存在远中舌根.术中根据根管的弯曲情况把远中舌根分为3类.记录下颌第一磨牙牙根和根管的数量.结果 术前X线正位、近中偏位根尖片判断48颗(48/205)下颌第一磨牙存在远中舌根,临床治疗中均确定有远中舌根,其余157颗下颌第一磨牙术中均未见远中舌根.远中舌根发生率为23.41%.48颗下颌第一磨牙远中舌根中,Ⅰ类根管22颗(45.83%);Ⅱ类根管17颗(35.41%);Ⅲ类根管9颗(18.75%).205颗下颌第一磨牙106颗(51.70%)为3根管;98颗(47.80%)为4根管;1颗(0.48%)为5根管.结论 术前多角度根尖片能准确诊断下颌第一磨牙远中舌根.     

A radiographic study of the prevalence of endodontically treated teeth and procedural errors of root canal filling.

The aim of this radiographic investigation was to study procedural errors encounterd in root canal treatment in a Jordanian population as evidenced using periapical radiographs A total of 2380 periapical radiographs including 3178 endodontically treated teeth were assessed in respect of the quality of endodontic treatment. The results indicated that the prevalence of endodontically treated teeth in the maxilla was higher than that in the mandible ( P < 0.001 ), the maxillary central incisors have the highest prevalence of endodontic treatment, and the maxillary second molars have the lowest prevalence of endodontic treatment. In respect of the quality of endodontic treatment, 30.2% of endodontically treated teeth exhibited an ideal length of root canal filling, 23.64% of the evaluated teeth were mummified, 37.45% of the teeth have short root canal fillings, 6.25% were overfilled, 1.35% were with preparations which deviated from the line of the root canal and 1.10% of the evaluated teeth have perforations of the root walls or the floor of the pulp chamber. It is concluded that the Maxillary teeth were found to be endodontically treated more frequently than the mandibular teeth, anterior teeth were found to be endodontically treated more than premolar and molar teeth, maxillary central incisors have the highest prevalence of endodontic treatment whilst the maxillary second molars have the lowest prevalence. The quality of endodontic treatment was disappointing. Therefore, emphasis on continuing education and post graduate courses in endodontics must be a priority in Jordan.     

自体牙移植300例临床分析

目的: 评价自体牙移植的临床效果。方法: 选取近5年行传统自体牙移植治疗的患者300例,分别从性别、年龄、受牙区牙位、受牙患病或缺失情况、供牙牙位、手术类型、术中引导骨再生(GBR)、术后根管治疗（RCT）及随访情况等方面进行统计分析。结果: 共移植牙300颗,男120例,女180例;年龄17~62岁,平均（32±9.18）岁;上颌第一磨牙45例,上颌第二磨牙28例,下颌第一磨牙104例,下颌第二磨牙123例,下颌磨牙共占75.67%。残根74例,残冠116例,牙折35例,根尖周炎16例,牙根吸收19例,龋坏及底穿19例,长期缺失21例。供牙来自上颌第三磨牙142例,下颌第三磨牙158例。同期手术191例,二期手术109例。仅用高度浓缩生长因子血纤维蛋白（CGF）40例,用CGF复合骨充填材料64例,用正海生物膜复合骨充填材料2例,仅用骨充填材料5例。活髓未行根管治疗23例,术中逆向行根管治疗3例,术后行根管治疗274例。术后随访≥5年23例,4年10例,3年43例,2年111例,1年65例,6个月48例。总成功率为86.67%,存留率为96.67%,失败率为3.33%。结论: 自体牙移植术作为一种修复牙列缺损的理想方法,简单易行、快速有效,生物相容性最好,值得广泛推广。     

Evaluation of the root canal configurations of the mandibular and maxillary permanent teeth by gender in the Turkish population

A key objective of successful nonsurgical endodontic treatment is obturation of the root canal systems. One factor in achieving this goal is the knowledge of possible root canal morphologies. Root canal morphology may exhibit variation as a result of many factors, including ethnic origin. In this study, 1400 male and 1400 female extracted mandibular and maxillary permanent teeth were evaluated for patterns in root canal morphology. The mandibular and maxillary teeth were divided into seven groups of tooth type (e.g. centrals, laterals, canines, first premolars, second premolars, first molars, and second molars), subdivided into gender, and classified by root canal morphologies. Vertucci's classification was taken as a reference during the evaluation. Although a majority of the specimens corresponded to this classification scheme, the analysis of this large data set revealed 14 additional root canal morphologies.     

Frequency and distribution of teeth requiring endodontic therapy in an Argentine population attending a specialty clinic in endodontics

Objectives: To determine the frequency and distribution of 975 teeth in need of endodontic treatment in an Argentine patient pool and to compare the results with previously published surveys. Methods: Of the 975 teeth from 860 individuals (age range 7–86 years) were endodontically treated during 2007 by postgraduate students enrolled in a specialisation programme in Endodontics. All patients were examined clinically and radiographically. For each case, information was collected in a questionnaire including location of the affected tooth, age and gender and reasons for endodontic treatment. Data were analysed by the Student t‐test, the Fisher exact test, and the chi‐square test with a significance of P < 0.05. Results: Of the 975 treated teeth, 543 (55.69%) were maxillary and 432 (44.30%) mandibular teeth. 635 (65.13%) were from females and 340 (34.87%) from males. Significant differences were found between the maxillary and mandibular arch (P = 0.01). Molars and premolars required significantly more frequent endodontic treatment than canines and incisors (P < 0.001). The most frequently treated tooth was the mandibular right first molar (9.12%) followed by the mandibular left first molar (7.07%). The most frequently diagnosed pathosis was irreversible pulpitis (36.00%), pulp necrosis (30.80%), apical periodontitis or the presence of easily discernible periapical radiolucent areas (27.20%). Caries (59.18%) and failure of previous endodontic treatment (26.97%) were responsible for most of the affected teeth. Conclusions: Comparison with previous surveys revealed that more females than males received endodontic treatment and that mostly molars and premolars were in need of endodontic treatment. The high number of root filled teeth requiring retreatment is in agreement with a pattern similar to that observed in other countries and supports the need for more specialists in endodontics in the Republic of Argentina.     

Acute pulpal-alveolar cellulitis syndrome. IV. Clinical parameters, demographics, and affirmation of a traditional etiologic theory. Part 2

The Part 1 report revealed the microbiologic etiology and introduced the oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) as a major factor in acute cellulitis exacerbations during endodontic therapy. Facultative streptococci were the predominant group of microbes specifically isolated. This Part 2 study revealed a 9.5% incidence of cellulitis exacerbations in patients during endodontic treatment of 168 primarily intact nonvital teeth. These teeth were usually asymptomatic, manifesting radiographic periapical lesions without fistulous tracts and necrotic canals. This category of pulpal periapical inflammation is virtually the only type of tooth that is predisposed to cellulitis exacerbations. A frequency distribution of the 34 permanent teeth studied revealed a spectrum of mandibular and maxillary molars, premolars, and anterior teeth involved with the exacerbations. Sex and age did not appear to be factors. Further clinical evidence is cited, which support the concept of altering the tissue oxidation-reduction potential as the prime etiologic factor in favoring the growth of aerobic microbial pathogens.     

利用根管显微镜诊治恒牙变异根管的临床疗效

目的：评价运用根管手术显微镜和超声技术诊治成人恒牙变异根管的临床疗效。方法：选择需行显微根管治疗的恒牙97颗,在根管手术显微镜下诊断、定位变异根管,机用镍钛旋转器械冠向下法预备根管,热牙胶垂直加压技术充填根管。记录根管变异类型,治疗过程中并发症情况,统计成功率。结果：97颗含有变异根管的患牙波及下颌前牙区、前磨牙区、磨牙区和上颌磨牙区。上颌磨牙区根管变异的主要类型为近颊根双根管,其中2-2型根管多见;下颌第二磨牙根管变异以C形根管为主,C2型根管多见。91颗患牙治疗成功,成功率为93.81%。无一例发生根管壁侧穿或牙根折裂。结论：成人恒牙根管系统的复杂变异是临床诊治的难点,运用现代治疗技术寻找和定位变异根管是治疗成功的关键,根管手术显微镜对提高变异根管的诊治成功率具有重要价值。     

Quality of root canal treatment performed by undergraduate dental students at the University of Khartoum, Sudan

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the quality of root canal treatment performed by undergraduate dental students at the University of Khartoum. Assessment was by examination of periapical radiographs of completed endodontically treated teeth, performed by undergraduate dental students. A total of 166 postoperative periapical radiographs compromising 265 roots were included. The quality of endodontic treatment was examined in relation to the length of the root filling in relation to the radiographic apex, the density of the obturation according to presence of voids and the taper of root canal fillings. Adequate length of the root filling was found in 34.7% of the maxillary teeth and in 10.9% of mandibular teeth in this study. Adequate density was found in 38.87% of maxillary and 16.98% of mandibular teeth and appropriate taper was found in 40% of maxillary and 16.6% of mandibular teeth. Overall 24.2% in all evaluated teeth were found to have a root filling of an acceptable quality. This result may be because of insufficient preclinical endodontic training of the students' operators or because of the introduction of students to endodontic clinical practice late in their program.     

A scanning electron microscopic investigation of accessory foramina in the furcation and pulp chamber floor of molar teeth

Observations of the pulp chamber floor and furcation surface of human maxillary and mandibular first and second molars were made with the scanning electron microscopic to determine the incidence, size, and location of patent accessory foramina. Accessory foramina on both the pulp chamber floor and the furcation surface were found in 36% of maxillary first molars, 12% of maxillary second molars, 32% of mandibular first molars, and 24% of mandibular second molars. Mandibular teeth had a higher incidence (56%) of foramina involving both the pulp chamber floor and furcation surface than did the maxillary teeth (48%).     

Association between Endodontically Treated Maxillary and Mandibular Molars with Fused Roots and Periapical Lesions: A Cone-beam Computed Tomography Cross-sectional Study

IntroductionFused root variations of the root canal system increase the complexity of the inner root canal system anatomy. The aim of the present study was to determine, in in vivo conditions, the proportion of periapical lesions in association with endodontically treated maxillary and mandibular molars with fused roots presenting previous root canal treatment by assessing preexisting data via cone-beam computed tomographic volumes.MethodsA total of 1160 CBCT scans with an overall sample of 20,836 teeth were screened. A global count of 3701 maxillary molars and mandibular second molars were included in the study. The Cohen kappa test and interclass correlation coefficient tested the intra- and interrater reliability, respectively. The percentage of periapical lesions associated with molars with or without root fusion was determined. Proportions were expressed with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The z test for proportions was used to analyze differences between subgroups, and an odds ratio was calculated in order to understand the association between periapical lesions and root configuration.ResultsFused molars presented a prevalence of periapical lesions in endodontically treated teeth of 74.0% (95% CI, 65.2%–82.8%), whereas nonfused molars had a proportion of periapical lesions in root canal–treated teeth of 69.5% (95% CI, 65.2%–73.8%; P > .05). Endodontically treated molars with fused roots presented with 1.3 higher odds of being associated with periapical lesions than endodontically treated molars with nonfused roots.ConclusionsA tendency of a higher proportion of periapical lesions was found in the fused rooted molars with a history of root canal treatment when compared with nonfused teeth; however, no statistically significant difference was noted.