Measurement of blood viscosity using a conicylindrical viscometer

The use of a conicylindrical viscometer in the measurement of blood viscosity has been investigated. Measurements at constant rates of shear and in situations of changing shear rate were performed. The practical details involved in blood measurement and the effect of packed cell volume and plasma fibrinogen concentrations on blood viscosity are described.     

中老年人群血液黏度的有创检测及其影响因素分析

目的 检测心血管疾病高发的中老年人群的血液黏度值,并找出具有统计学意义的血液黏度影响因素及拟合经验公式。方法 采集被测者静脉血液和生理病理信息,利用LG-R-80系列旋转黏度计检测血液黏度,通过SPSS软件分析具有统计学意义的血液黏度影响因素并拟合经验公式。结果 血液黏度随年龄、体重指数BMI的增加而增加,男性60岁达峰值5.35 mPa?s,女性50岁达峰值4.45 mPa?s,此后变化趋于平稳,不再升高;各年龄段内男性血液黏度值均明显高于女性,其差值范围在0.28 ~0.90 mPa?s内;高血压患病者伴有明显的血液黏度值增加,且其与对照组的黏度值差异具有统计学意义（P<0.1）。结论 心血管疾病高发年龄段人群血液黏度值分布具有一定的规律性,研究所得到的不同影响因素与血液黏度关系的经验公式,对于探讨不同生理条件下血液黏度变化、不同黏度值对一些心血管疾病的影响程度以及进一步研究血液黏度的无创检测提供有意义的参考依据。     

胆囊结石豚鼠血液粘度的实验研究

将４０只健康豚鼠分为两组,致石组和对照组各２０只,于饲养２５天和６０天后分两批处死,分别豚鼠的血液粘度,饲养６０天后,除血浆比粘度外,胆结石豚鼠的全血比粘度和全血还原比粘度均明显高于对照组,其差异有显著性意义。且这种改变处在饲２４５天后就已发生,之后几乎保持稳定,直到６０天。     

Study on relation between blood viscosity and blood resistivity under the condition of large samples

INTRODUCTION　　Theapparentbloodviscosity,whichhasahightheoryandclinicvalue,isoneofthesignificantmacro-mechanicscharacteristicsofthebloodandalsooneofthebasichemorheologicalparameters.Themeasurementofthebloodapparentviscositypart-edfromthebodyisaffectedbys…     

肺心病患者的表观粘度,氧释放系数与血气的相关性分析

在37例慢性肺原性心脏病,包括急性期17例,缓解期20例的病人中对其血液流变学和血气的相关性进行研究。急性期病人的ηa(230.4/s)和ηa(5.76/s)、TK值、红细胞聚集指数和PaCO_2均明显高于缓解期病人组。急性期组中氧释放系数和pO_2低于缓解期组病人。ηa(230.4/s)与OD和pH呈密切负相关(r=-0.58,-0.40,P<0.01);ηa(5.76/s)与RA1呈密切正相关(r=0.828,P<0.001),上述规律见于急性期组。这些发现提示抗凝和血液稀释疗法对肺心病急性期是有用的治疗措措。     

Trajectories of red blood cell flow in microvessels studied by automatic image analysis

Laboratory of Physiology and Pathology of the Cerebral Circulation, I. S. Beritashvili Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, Tbilisi. Laboratory of General Physiology of the Microcirculation, Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR M. M. Khananashvili.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 109, No. 4, pp. 343–344, April, 1990.     

静脉输入休克大鼠肠淋巴液对正常大鼠红细胞的损伤作用

目的: 观察静脉输入休克大鼠肠淋巴液对正常大鼠红细胞参数、代谢以及血液黏度的影响,探讨休克肠淋巴液对红细胞的损伤作用。方法: 将引流休克1~3 h的大鼠肠淋巴液离心去细胞后,以等量生理盐水稀释,经股静脉输入正常大鼠(2 mL/kg),时间为30 min;另一组大鼠输入等量生理盐水作为对照组。输液结束后2.5 h,经腹主动脉取血,检测红细胞常规参数、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、乳酸(LA)、2,3-二磷酸甘油酸(2,3-DPG)含量、内外液离子浓度以及血液黏度等指标。结果: 静脉输入休克肠淋巴液降低了正常大鼠红细胞数目、血红蛋白浓度、血细胞比容和ATP含量,使红细胞平均体积、2,3-DPG和LA含量及全血还原黏度显著增高,但对红细胞内外液离子浓度、全血黏度和血浆黏度无明显影响。结论: 静脉输入休克肠淋巴液引起正常大鼠红细胞能量代谢障碍,从而导致红细胞体积与全血还原黏度增加,即休克肠淋巴液可损伤红细胞。     

Surgical sponge blood salvage spinning device design and testing

Abstract

One method to clear intraoperative blood from the surgical field is to remove blood with surgical sponges. Currently, absorbed blood cannot be retrieved effectively and is lost. A spinning device was created to salvage red blood cells from the sponges. With this device the sponges are gently washed with saline and the resultant bloody fluid can be delivered to a cell saver to prepare it for autologous blood transfusion. In this article, we demonstrate how a novel sponge extractor can be used to extract blood from sponges. Several tests were conducted with porcine blood to optimise viable blood salvage by varying spin speed, and spin time of the device. At spin speeds greater than 1000?RPM, the blood salvaged from the device was similar to blood volumes obtained by hand wringing sponges. Cell viability testing yielded no significant differences in haemolysis for device trials compared to gently hand wringing. Spin time testing showed no significant differences in the blood salvaged at times greater than one minute. Optimal parameters for the device were determined to be a one-minute spin time at 1500?RPM.     

荧光定量RT-PCR测定人颗粒溶素基因表达水平

目的:通过建立荧光定量RT-PCR的方法,检测颗粒溶素(Granulysin,GNLY)mRNA在人外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)中基因表达的水平。方法:基于TaqMan荧光探针技术,构建克隆载体pMD18-T-GNLY,建立荧光定量RT-PCR方法,并检测了40名正常健康献血者外周血中GNLY的表达水平。结果:内参18SrRNA的动态检测范围为103～108拷贝/μgRNA;而40名正常健康人外周血的PBMCs中均有GNLYmRNA的表达,范围为3.12×106～4.32×107拷贝/μgRNA,均值为[(2.0±1.3)×107]拷贝/μgRNA。结论:建立了人GNLY基因表达水平的荧光定量PCR检测方法,结果准确可靠,为今后进一步研究GNLYmRNA表达水平与感染性疾病免疫机制的相关性研究打下了基础。     

利用毛细管测量血液粘度的研究

目前普遍使用的毛细管式血液粘度计一般只能给出两个切变率下的粘度值,而且高切和低切所对应的切变率的具体值又不确切.为此,本文提出了一种解决毛细管粘度计测量非牛顿流体(如血液)的粘度时切变率不可知的问题的方法,提出了一种结构设计模型,并推导出了切变率-粘度-体积流量的关系,并以测量不同切变率下的粘度为例给出了仪器结构设计模型.     

Effects of oxidized fibrinogen on the functions of blood cells,blood clotting,and rheology

Oxidatively-modified fibrinogen induces platelet aggregation and potentiates ADP-induced platelet aggregation and production of active oxygen forms in zymosan-stimulated leukocytes. Fibrinogen induces IL-8 production in primary culture of endothelial cells from human umbilical vein; the oxidized form of fibrinogen is more active, similarly as during induction of the expression cell adhesion molecules (P-selectin and ICAM-1). Oxidized fibrinogen (10 and 20% oxidation degree) impairs microrheological properties of the blood, sharply reduces erythrocyte deformability, modifies blood viscosity, and reduces suspension stability of the blood. Oxidized fibrinogen modified blood clotting parameters and ADP-, ristocetin-, and collagen-induced platelet aggregation in whole blood. Oxidized fibrinogen disordered the formation of fibrin clot and blood clotting process. Platelet aggregation was activated in response to ADP, but not to ristocetin and collagen, the degree of activation increased in direct proportion to the degree of fibrinogen oxidation. This indicates the “dysregulatory” effect of oxidized fibrinogen on platelets. The formation of platelet complexes with polymorphonuclear leukocytes was intensified in the presence of oxidized fibrinogen; polymorphonuclear leukocyte luminol-dependent fluorescence intensity in the presence of platelets increased after incubation with oxidized fibrinogen in comparison with native fibrinogen. Hence, oxidized fibrinogen plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and its complications (thromboses). __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Supplement 2, pp. 21–32, April, 2007     

血液黏性对小血管网计算流体力学的影响

背景：骨质疏松症患者多伴血液黏稠性增加,属于中医学“血瘀”范畴。血液黏性增加如何影响微血管流体性能有待阐明。目的：基于计算流体力学探讨血液黏性对小血管网流体力学的影响。方法：在ANSYS 19.0软件Geometry模块构建小血管网三维模型,在Mesh模块进行体网格划分,属性设定小血管网管壁为无滑移的刚性壁,血液为层流、黏性、不可压缩的牛顿流体,设定血液密度、入口流速等物理信息,并设定多个血液黏性系数,采用Navier-Stokes(NS)方程组进行计算。分析比较不同血液黏性下,小血管网不同部位流体力学性能差异。结果与结论：(1)血液流线、血液流速、质量流量及管壁剪切力在小血管网内均呈现“U”型分布,即出、入口处大,血管网中间交接处小;随着血液黏性系数增大,小血管网各部位血液流线逐渐稀疏、血液流速逐渐降低、质量流量逐渐减少,管壁剪切力则显著增大;血管网交接处的管壁剪切力改变量百分比最大。(2)结论：血液黏性会改变小血管网内流体力学环境,其中对管壁剪切力影响最为明显。基于计算流体力学可以很好地反映血液黏性改变对血液流体力学性能的影响,为基于成血管-成骨偶联的补肾活血法防治骨质疏松症提供新...     

Measurement of Rheologic Property of Blood by a Falling-Ball Blood Viscometer

The viscosity of blood obtained by using a rotational viscometer decreases with the time elapsed from the beginning of measurement until it reaches a constant value determined by the magnitude of shear rate. It is not possible to obtain an initial value of viscosity at time t = 0 that is considered to exhibit an intrinsic property of the fluid by this method. Therefore, we devised a new method by which one can obtain the viscosity of various fluids that are not affected by both the time elapsed from the beginning of measurement and the magnitude of shear rate by considering the balance of the forces acting on a solid spherical particle freely falling in a quiescent viscous fluid. By using the new method, we studied the rheologic behavior of corn syrups, carboxy-methyl cellulose, and human blood; and compared the results with those obtained with a cone-and-plate viscometer. It was found that in the case of corn syrups and washed red cell suspensions in which no red cell aggregate (rouleau) was formed, the viscosity obtained with the two different methods were almost the same. In contrast to this, in the case of the whole blood in which massive aggregates were formed, the viscosity obtained with a falling-ball viscometer was much larger than that obtained with a cone-plate viscometer.     

Effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-tyrosol on blood viscosity and platelet aggregation

Experiments on rats showed that n-tyrosol limited the increase in blood viscosity during thermal exposure at a shear rate of 5–300 sec⁻¹ and inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation. The effects of n-tyrosol are comparable to that of pentoxyphylline. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 143, No. 1, pp. 67–69, January, 2007     

孕妇外周血中胎儿有核红细胞用于产前诊断的研究进展

本文概述孕妇外周血中胎儿有核红细胞的分离与检测用于产前诊断的研究状况,描述母体外周血中的胎儿细胞的特点,胎儿有核红细胞的富集和分离方法,并对各方法的优点、缺点、病理性妊娠的意义、临床应用、存在的问题及研究进展作一综述。     

Noninvasive electromagnetic blood flowmeter: Theoretical aspects and technical evaluation

A new noninvasive device for measuring pulsatile blood flow is described. This device operates on the same well known principle as the invasive electromagnetic flowmeter. The theoretical aspects are developed from Maxwell's equations to obtain the direct relationship between blood flow rate and measured electrical potentials, which allow calibration in this method. Computerised signal processing is used to purify these potentials from noise and to isolate the pulsatile blood flow signal from physiological artefacts such as the electrocardiogram and ballistocardiogram.In vivo andin vitro experiments have been performed to determine the influences of physical and biological factors on the recorded blood flow curve. Correlation with the invasive electromagnetic device has been established. Application to the measurement of the pulsatile blood flow from human lower limbs is presented.     

Influence of temperature on the distribution of blood in humans as assessed by electrical impedance

This study investigated whether ambient temperature influences the distribution of blood as indicated by electrical impedance. In ten supine humans, the room temperature was raised from 14 to 35°C. Skin temperature and blood flow on the thorax increased by 3.6 (SD 0.3)°C and 84 (SD 40)%, respectively, and by 9.8 (SD 1)°C and 115 (SD 45)%, respectively, on the extremities (P < 0.05). Cardiac output remained unchanged, ear temperature and heart rate became elevated, and the oesophageal temperature and mean arterial pressure decreased (P < 0.05). At five discrete frequencies (1.5, 5, 50, 100, 200 kHz) thoracic impedance was increased by 1.2 (SD 1) to 1.5 (SD 1) Ω (P < 0.05). In contrast, total body impedance was reduced by 16.4 (SD 5) Ω and leg impedance was reduced by 4.0 (SD 2) Ω, while an index of intracellular water within the thorax (the difference between the admittances at 100 kHz and 1.5 kHz) was decreased by 10 (SD 1) · 10⁻⁴ S (P < 0.05). The results would suggest that total body impedance is dominated by the impedance of the extremities. The increase in thoracic impedance and a decrease in leg impedance (as in total body impedance) could be explained by a redistribution of blood from the thorax to the extremities during heating. Such a translocation of blood was confirmed by a reduced impedance based index of intracellular water within the thorax. Accepted: 4 June 1999     

孕中晚期胎儿血细胞各项参数变化的研究

目的探讨孕中晚期胎儿血细胞各项参数变化规律,了解胎儿血细胞的生成情况,为产前胎儿宫内疾病诊断提供依据。方法采用Bayer ADVIA120全自动五分类血细胞分析仪对249例孕18～39周胎儿脐血血细胞进行以下各项参数的检测:白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞百分比(NEU%)、淋巴细胞百分比(LYM%)、单核细胞百分比(MON%)、嗜酸性粒细胞百分比(EOS%)、嗜碱性粒细胞百分比(BASO%)、红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白含量(HGB)、红细胞比容(HCT)、红细胞平均体积(MCV)、红细胞平均血红蛋白量(MCH)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、红细胞体积分布宽度(RDW)、血小板PLT等。结果孕中晚期胎儿脐血细胞各项参数中有5项(WBC、NEU%、RBC、HGB、HCT)随着孕周增加而逐渐增大;有2项(MCV、LYM%)随着孕周增加而逐渐减小;还有7项(EOS%、MON%、BASO%、MCH、MCHC、RDW、PLT)在各孕周中变化不大。脐血血细胞各项参数与出生后水平存在显著差异。结论胎儿脐血血细胞成分处在一个动态变化的过程中,不同妊娠阶段胎血中各系血细胞的构成比有较大的差异。因此探讨孕中晚期胎儿血细胞各项参数变化规律有重要意义,在诊断胎儿期贫血,炎症等宫内疾病有重要参考价值。     

大鼠高脂血症与血液粘度关系研究

目的：研究血脂与全血粘度、血浆粘度及其相关因素的关系。方法：以高脂血症大鼠模型，大鼠饲以高脂饲料，连续7周测血脂。结果：血浆TG增加2倍，TC增加13．2倍，LDL增加51．8倍，而HDL无明显改变。随血浆脂质的升高，大鼠血浆粘度也显增加，而红细胞刚性指数、红细胞变形指数及红细胞聚集指数显下降；全血高、中、低切粘度，全血还原粘度，红细胞计数、红细胞压积及红细胞电泳时间均无明显改变。与此同时，血浆纤维蛋白溶酶活性降低而血小板聚集功能增高。结论：上述结果表明，高脂血症主要导致血浆粘度增加，纤维蛋白溶酶活性和血小板聚集功能异常改变。     

Blood flow and blood velocity measurementin vivo by electromagnetic induction

The application of electromagnetic induction to the measurement of blood flow and blood velocityin vivo is reviewed. The electronics requirements are discussed and the associated problems are surveyed. An account is given of Bevir's virtual-current theory and its application to various flow and velocity measuring devices. The devices at present known to be in use or under development are reviewed under the following headings: invasive local-magnetic-field devices, which include cannular and perivascular flowmeters; intravascular velometers and flowmeters, invasive extracorporeal field perivascular and intravascular flowmeters; and noninvasive systems which either utilise skin electrodes and a separate extracorporeal magnet or comprise an integral extracorporeal flowmeter. There is a brief discussion of the present state of development