盐酸埃他卡林对脑神经元钠、钾、钙通道的影响

目的　研究盐酸埃他卡林 (Ipt)对脑神经元钠、钾、钙通道的影响。方法　在原代培养的大鼠海马神经元上 ,应用膜片钳全细胞记录技术观察Ipt对钠、钾、钙离子通道电流的影响。结果　Ipt对钠、钙电流幅度以及电流 -电压曲线无影响 ,可增强外向钾电流幅度 ,使电流 -电压曲线上移。其中 ,Ipt 1、10、10 0 μmol·L-1分别使钾通道电流峰值增大为给药前的 (12 1 9± 8 1) %、(114 7± 7 1) %和 (10 9 1±10 0 ) % (P <0 0 1～ 0 0 5 )。给予盐酸埃他卡林 1μmol·L-1的同时给予ATP敏感性钾通道拮抗剂格列本脲 30 μmol·L-1时 ,对钾通道电流无影响。结论　盐酸埃他卡林对脑神经元ATP敏感性钾通道具有激活作用 ,它不影响神经元钠通道和钙通道     

三环哌酯对海马脑片神经元烟碱受体及谷氨酸能兴奋性突触传递的阻断作用

目的研究中枢抗胆碱药三环哌酯(TCPN)对海马脑片神经元烟碱受体(nAChR)及谷氨酸能兴奋性突触传递的阻断作用。方法采用海马脑片盲法全细胞记录技术,以自发兴奋性与抑制性突触后电流(sEPSC和sIPSC)为观测指标。结果TCPN(10～500μmol.L-1)浓度依赖地对抗nAChR激动剂碘化二甲基苯基哌嗪(DMPP)增强海马脑片CA1锥体神经元sEPSC的作用,500μmol.L-1完全阻断DMPP的增强作用。同时,TCPN浓度依赖地直接抑制神经元的sEPSC。但TCPN不抑制神经元的sIPSC,也不阻断DMPP对sIPSC的增强作用。结论TCPN对海马脑片神经元突触传递的影响具有双重作用,既能通过阻断谷氨酸能突触前末梢nAChR而抑制sEPSC,同时还能直接抑制sEPSC。     

罗哌卡因和布比卡因对大鼠海马神经元谷氨酸电流的影响

目的:观察和比较不同浓度的局麻药罗哌卡因和布比卡因对大鼠海马神经元谷氨酸诱发电流的作用,以探讨罗哌卡因神经毒性低的可能机制。方法:分离大鼠海马神经元并培养,利用全细胞膜片钳技术记录细胞谷氨酸诱发电流,并观察罗哌卡因和布比卡因对谷氨酸电流的影响。结果:谷氨酸(100μmol.L-1)可在海马神经元细胞上诱发出一内向电流,并且此电流可被非N-甲基-天门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体拮抗剂DNQX所阻断;布比卡因(10、50、100μmol.L-1)和罗哌卡因(10、50、100μmol.L-1)均可使海马神经元细胞的谷氨酸诱发电流明显降低;罗哌卡因高浓度(501、00μmol.L-1)时对谷氨酸诱发电流的降低幅度显著高于布比卡因高浓度时。结论:布比卡因和罗哌卡因对大鼠海马神经元细胞的谷氨酸诱发电流都有明显的抑制作用,罗哌卡因的抑制作用明显高于布比卡因。     

盐酸埃他卡林对缺氧诱导神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的 :探讨盐酸埃他卡林 (Ipt)对缺氧诱导的大鼠皮质神经细胞凋亡的影响。方法 :用电镜和流式细胞分析技术 ,检测原代培养的大鼠皮质神经细胞凋亡 ;应用免疫组化法 ,观察凋亡相关蛋白Bcl 2、Bax表达的改变。结果 :Ipt 10 μmol·L-1可减轻缺氧诱导的细胞染色质浓缩现象 ,逆转缺氧诱导的Bcl 2表达的下调 ,对Bax表达无显著影响 ;Ipt(0 .1～10 μmol·L-1)能剂量依赖性地降低凋亡细胞百分率 ,以 10 μmol·L-1浓度组效果最好 ,其作用可被ATP敏感性钾通道特异性阻断剂格列本脲 (Gli)所拮抗。结论 :Ipt对缺氧诱导的神经细胞凋亡有明显的抑制作用 ,其作用机制与ATP敏感性钾通道、Bcl 2表达相关。     

SKF97541抑制大鼠骶髓后联合核神经元

目的研究GABAB受体特异性激动剂SKF97541对骶髓后联合核(SDCN)神经元的作用。方法在大鼠骶段脊髓横切薄片上,利用全细胞膜片钳法记录骶髓后联合核神经元。电流钳记录模式下,观察SKF97541对神经元膜电位和动作电位发放的影响。电压钳模式下,观察谷氨酸能兴奋性突触后电流(EPSCs)对SKF97541处理的变化。结果SKF97541(0.5μmol.L-1)通过作用于GABAB受体,减少SDCN神经元动作电位发放,同时促进细胞膜超极化。SKF97541在电压钳模式下,减少谷氨酸介导的微小EPSCs的频率,但对振幅无影响,提示SKF97541通过作用于突触前GABAB受体抑制谷氨酸释放。突触前刺激引起的突触后电位,也被SKF97541抑制。结论在骶髓后联合核,SKF97541通过作用于突触后GABAB受体,直接抑制神经元的兴奋性和动作电位发放;并通过突触前GABAB受体,抑制谷氨酸的释放。以上结果提示SKF97541的抑制作用可能抑制骶髓后联合核神经元对伤害性信息的传递。     

皮质酮对大鼠海马CA1区长时程抑制的影响

目的 观察皮质酮对大鼠海马CA1区锥体神经元产生的长时程抑制(LTD)的影响.方法 断头法分离Wistar大鼠海马半脑,切片机切出400μm厚度的海马脑片.对照组不加任何药品,皮质酮组、D-APV组和D-APV 皮质酮组的脑片分别以10μmol/L皮质酮、50μmol/L D-APV和50μmol/L D-APV 10μmol/L皮质酮预孵60min.记录基础兴奋性突触后电流(EPSC)10min,然后给予低频刺激(LFS),记录LTD的表达情况.结果 对照组给予LFS后,产生LTD,LFS后EPSC值为基础值的58.2 %(P＜0.05);皮质酮组给予LFS后EPSC值为基础值的45.4 %(P＜0.05),明显低于对照组(P＜0.05);给予NMDA受体特异性拮抗剂D-APV后,D-APV组和D-APV 皮质酮组大鼠海马CA1区LFS不能诱发LTD.结论 该实验条件诱发的LTD是NMDA受体依赖型的,10 μmol/L皮质酮使大鼠海马CA1区锥体神经元LTD表达增强.     

盐酸埃他卡林对PD模型大鼠脑内突触体谷氨酸摄取的影响

目的　研究谷氨酸转运体功能改变与帕金森病(Parkinson’sdisease ,PD)发病的相关性 ,探讨新型ATP敏感性钾通道 (ATPsensitivepotassiumchannel,KATP)开放剂盐酸埃他卡林 (Iptakalimhydrochloride ,Ipt)对PD模型大鼠脑内突触体摄取谷氨酸的影响及其机制。方法　采用 6 hydrox ydopamine(6 OHDA)建立PD大鼠模型 ,制备脑组织突触体 ;用同位素标记法测定L [3 H] glutamate摄取活性。 结果　PD模型大鼠纹状体和皮层的谷氨酸转运功能明显降低 ;Ipt(10、5 0和 10 0 μmol·L-1)具有恢复转运功能的作用 ,此作用可被KATP阻断剂Glibenclamide (2 0 μmol·L-1)逆转。结论　谷氨酸转运体功能下降与PD发病密切相关 ;Ipt通过激活KATP发挥促进谷氨酸摄取的作用 ,有望成为新一代PD治疗药物     

山奈酚对急性短暂缺氧时大鼠海马CA1神经元电压依赖性钾通道的作用

目的研究山奈酚对正常和急性短暂缺氧时大鼠海马CA1锥体神经元电压依赖性钾通道的作用.方法急性分离大鼠海马CA1区锥体神经元,采用全细胞记录,用含有氰化钾(KCN)60μmol·L-1的标准外液灌流模拟细胞缺氧,观察山奈酚对正常和缺氧时海马CA1区神经元电压依赖性钾通道的作用.结果山奈酚对正常和缺氧时海马CA1神经元电压依赖性K 电流有明显的抑制作用,可同时抑制瞬时外向型钾电流(IA)和延迟整流性钾电流(Ik),具有浓度依赖和电压依赖性;山奈酚对IA的半数抑制浓度(IC50)约为50μmol·L-1,对IK的IC50约为80μmol·L-1.结论山奈酚对正常和缺氧时大鼠海马CA1神经元电压依赖性钾通道有抑制作用,其对钾通道的抑制作用可能参与脑缺血保护.     

石杉碱甲增强大鼠海马脑片CA1锥体神经元的兴奋性突触传递

目的:观察石杉碱甲(Hup-A)对海马CA1锥体神经元兴奋性突触传递的影响,以探讨其增强学习记忆功能的神经细胞电生理机制。方法:应用大鼠海马脑片CA1锥体神经元细胞内记录技术,观察Hup-A对大鼠海马CA1锥体神经元膜电性质和刺激Schaffer侧支诱发的兴奋性突触后电位(EPSP)的影响。结果:(1)Hup-A(1μmol/L)灌流15min对CA1锥体神经元的膜电性质没有显著性影响。(2)Hup-A(0.3～3.0μmol/L)浓度依赖性使EPSP幅度升高、时程延长、曲线下面积增大,该作用可被阿托品(10μmol/L)预处理取消。(3)Hup-A对外源性谷氨酸诱导的去极化反应无明显影响。结论:Hup-A可增强CA1锥体神经元的兴奋性突触传递,其增强突触传递作用与M型乙酰胆碱受体激动有关。     

背侧海马CA_1区5-HT_(2A)受体超微分布以及对神经元电活动影响

目的探讨背侧海马CA1(dCA1)区5-HT2A受体的亚细胞定位及与谷氨酸NMDA受体空间关系,观测系统性激活5-HT2A受体对dCA1区主神经元和中间神经元放电频率的影响。方法采用包埋后免疫电镜技术,观测dCA1区神经元内5-HT2A受体和NMDA受体的分布,采用多通道记录技术,记录腹腔注射TCB-2激活5-HT2A受体后主神经元和中间神经元放电频率的变化。结果 5-HT2A受体在海马dCA1区神经元的粗面内质网、线粒体等处广泛分布,并在突触、突触小泡和神经丝等处与NMDA受体共区域表达;激活5-HT2A受体可致dCA1区主神经元的放电频率明显升高,而对中间神经元的放电频率无明显影响。结论 dCA1区5-HT2A受体可能通过与NMDA受体的协同作用,以增加谷氨酸能神经元的兴奋性,从而达到促进学习和记忆的作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.