胆汁淤积型戊型肝炎106例临床特点分析

目的探讨戊型肝炎（戊肝）合并肝内胆汁淤积的临床特点。方法对106例胆汁淤积型戊肝的临床特点及治疗进行回顾性分析。结果106例胆汁淤积型戊肝中,59例为单纯戊肝（其中28例有长期大量饮酒史）,16例为乙、戊型肝炎病毒重叠感染,3例为丙、戊型肝炎病毒重叠感染。6例发展为重型肝炎,其中3例合并乙型肝炎,2例有长期饮酒史,1例为单纯性戊肝。经保肝、退黄等综合治疗,总治愈例数102例,3例发展为坏死后肝硬化（均为重型肝炎）,1例临床死亡。结论戊肝患者起病急,重症较多,易合并肝内胆汁淤积。经积极综合治疗（包括肾上腺皮质激素治疗及人工肝支持系统治疗）,预后良好,但病程长,部分患者因胆汁淤积时间长可能出现胆汁淤积性肝硬化。     

3型进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症病例临床及遗传学分析

目的对2例胆汁淤积性肝病患者进行临床及遗传学分析, 明确胆汁淤积的具体病因。方法采集2例患者的临床资料及家系成员的病史, 应用全外显子测序技术对患者进行基因变异检测, 并对疑似致病性变异的患者及其父母进行Sanger测序验证及生物信息学分析。结果全外显子测序显示, 患者1(男, 16岁)的ABCB4基因存在源自父亲的c.646C > T和源自母亲的c.927T > A的复合杂合突变;患者2(女, 17岁)的ABCB4基因存在源自父亲的c.2784-1G > A和源自母亲的c.646C > T的复合杂合突变。c.646C > T、c.927T > A、c.2784-1G > A均为既往未见报道的新变异位点。结论本研究的2例患者均为ABCB4基因突变引起的3型进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症, 本研究也丰富了ABCB4的致病变异谱;全外显子组测序技术为病因分析提供了可靠的诊断工具。     

2例关节挛缩-肾功能不全-胆汁淤积综合征患儿的临床特征及遗传学分析

<正>胆汁淤积性肝病是以胆汁淤积为主要表现的常见疾病,发病率约为1/2500^[1],病因复杂,其中低/正常GGT型胆汁淤积性肝病往往意味着不同严重程度的遗传性肝病,除了进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症^[2]、胆汁酸合成障碍和良性复发性肝内胆汁淤积症外,关节挛缩-肾功能不全-胆汁淤积综合征（ARC综合征）亦可出现低GGT型胆汁淤积症^[3]。ARC综合征（OMIM#208085和#613404）是一种由VPS33B和VIPAS39突变引起的常染色体隐性疾病,以关节挛缩、肾功能不全和胆汁淤积为主要临床表现,自1973年首次报道^[4]至今,国内相关文献报道甚少^[5]。现对收治的ARC综合征患儿临床特征、转归以及VPS33B基因变异进行了分析,报道如下。     

以肝硬化相关消化道出血为首发表现的进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症(3型)1例

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症为一种罕见遗传疾病, 其中3型与ABCB4基因缺陷相关, 临床上多表现为黄疸、皮肤瘙痒等, 且多为儿童时期起病, 青少年或成人时期以消化道出血为首发表现起病的病例较为罕见, 此前鲜有报道。现报道1例以肝硬化相关消化道出血为首发表现的进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症(3型), 并通过文献回顾加深了对该疾病的认识及肯定了基因检测等手段在该类疾病诊断中的重要价值。     

ATP8B1缺陷病

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症( progressive familial intrahepatie cholestasis,PFIC)是一组常染色体隐性遗传病,以肝内胆汁淤积为主要表现,通常在婴儿或儿童期起病,最终进展至肝功能衰竭.根据致病基因不同,PFIC主要分为3型,即PFIC1、PFIC2、PFIC3.其中PFIC1由ATP8B1基因突变引起,以持续性肝内胆汁淤积、黄疸伴瘙痒为特征,通常在1岁之前发病,随着病情的进展,最终发展为肝纤维化、肝硬化和肝功能衰竭.此外,ATP8B1基因突变还可导致良性再发型肝内胆汁淤积症(benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis,BRIC)1型和妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积1型(intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy,ICP)1型.因此,PFIC1、BRIC1及ICP1共同构成了ATP8B1缺陷病的临床疾病谱.     

载脂蛋白A4基因多态性对中药降血脂的影响

目的探讨载脂蛋白（Apo）A4基因多态性与芪参益气滴丸治疗气虚血瘀型冠心病疗效的关系。方法气虚血瘀型冠心病患者49例,门诊服用芪参益气滴丸1个月,治疗前后各抽取血样一次,测定血脂含量并提取外周血白细胞DNA,PCR扩增ApoA4基因第3外显子,测序检测多态性位点。结果在ApoA4基因的第3外显子中发现1个有义突变位点,第917位碱基C→T的突变,减弱了药物对LDL的降低作用,在非突变组比突变组之间达到极显著差异（P=0.009）。结论ApoA4基因C917T多态性对芪参益气滴丸降低低密度脂蛋白（LDL）有显著影响。     

特发性胆汁淤积性肝炎患儿胆盐输出泵基因突变的检测

目的对特发性胆汁淤积性肝炎患儿的胆盐输出泵(BSEP)基因进行突变筛查。方法特发性胆汁淤积性肝炎患儿90例,采用聚合酶链反应—单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)检查结合DNA测序技术,检测BSEP基因的第7、8、11、12、14、15、18、21、26号外显子的突变情况。针对发现的突变位点,在71例健康婴儿中进行筛查以排除基因多态性。结果在2例患儿BSEP基因的第7外显子上检测到相同的杂合突变c.499G>T,导致基因编码的BSEP蛋白的第167位丙氨酸(Ala)被丝氨酸(Ser)所替代(p.A167S)。该位点的突变未在71例健康婴儿中发现,排除了BSEP基因的多态性。结论在特发性胆汁淤积性肝炎患儿中,发现一种新的BSEP基因突变,位点为c.499G>T。     

正常核型急性髓系白血病NPM1基因突变的临床研究

目的探讨正常核型急性髓系白血病（AML）患者核仁磷酸蛋白1（NPM1）基因突变发生情况,并了解其临床特征及预后。方法采用基因组DNA-PCR方法检测123例初发AML患者NPM1基因及正常核型AML患者FMS样酪氨酸激酶3（FLT3）基因,直接测序法检测AML患者NPM1基因第12外显子的突变情况,琼脂糖电泳分析正常核型AML患者FLT3基因内部串联重复（ITD）突变。结果 123例AML患者中检出NPM1突变24例（19.5%）,其中A型突变22例、B型突变1例、D型突变1例。57例正常核型中FLT3-ITD阳性10例,其中5例同时发生NPM1和FLT3-ITD两种突变。NPM1突变在正常核型中的发生率为40.3%（23/57）,显著高于异常核型的2.1%（1/47）（P〈0.01）。正常核型中NPM1基因突变者发病年龄高、缓解率高,但合并FLT3-ITD突变者缓解率低。结论 NPM1基因突变是AML尤其是正常核型AML患者常见的分子学异常,NPM1基因突变检测对指导AML患者治疗及评估预后有重要意义。     

十个汉族家族性肥厚型心肌病MYH7、MYBPC3和TNNT2基因筛查结果及相应的临床特征

目的研究10个汉族家族性肥厚型心肌病的致病基因及突变特点,分析基因型与临床表型的相互关系。方法对10个无血缘关系的汉族家族性肥厚型心肌病的家系的MYH7基因、MYBPC3基因和TNNT2基因进行扫描,聚合酶链式反应扩增其外显子及剪接部位基因组DNA片段,直接测序分析,并分析各突变患者相应临床表型特点。结果10个汉族家族性肥厚型心肌病的家系中5个家系发现上述基因突变,3个家系MYH7基因发生错义突变,分别为Arg663His、Glu924Lys和Ile736Thr,Glu924Lya在中国患者中首次发现。这3个家系中3例患者猝死;2个家系MYBPC3基因发生错义突变、剪接突变和移码突变,1个家系先证者为复合突变即18外显子错义突变ArgS02Trp及27外显子剪接突变即IVS27＋12C〉T,先证者之母携带错义突变,先证者之父携带剪接突变;在另一家系首次发现Gly347fa移码突变,该家系中1例猝死。10个家系中未发现TNNT2基因的功能区突变,但在内含子3中发现一个STR多态性即CTTCT5个碱基的插入／缺失,7个家系先证者发现D基因型。结论MYH7基因为中国汉族家族性肥厚型心肌病最常见致病基因,临床表现较重,猝死率较高。MYBPC3突变也较常见,症状较轻,发病较晚,但复合突变发病早、症状重。同一突变的临床表型存在异质性提示多因素参与了肥厚型心肌病的发生与发展。     

境外输入性恶性疟原虫药物抗性基因多态性分析

目的了解河南省输入性恶性疟原虫相关抗性基因的突变情况。方法采集河南省2016年自非洲劳务返乡的131例输入性恶性疟患者血样,提取DNA,采用Pfdhfr、Pfmdr1和K13基因序列引物进行巢式PCR扩增并测序,对测序结果进行序列比对,分析基因突变情况。结果 131例输入性恶性疟患者自19个非洲国家务工返乡。131份血样均扩增出Pfdhfr、Pfmdr1和K13基因片段。其中Pfdhfr基因51,59和108位点氨基酸双突变NRNI型占2.29%,ICNI型占10.69%,三突变IRNI型占85.49%,野生型占1.53%,未见四突变。Pfmdr1基因86突变率分别为9.16%,K13突变率为11.45%,共15份血样检测到9个位点突变。结论 2016年河南省输入性恶性疟原虫Pfdhfr、Pfmdr1和K13基因均有不同程度的突变,其中Pfdhfr基因三突变型所占比例较高,K13基因未检测到与青蒿素抗性相关的突变。     

Early onset of liver steatosis in a Japanese girl with maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 3 (MODY3)

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 3 (MODY3) is caused by heterozygous mutation in the HNF1A gene. Liver adenomatosis has been reported in MODY3 patients. The patient reported in this paper is a Japanese girl who first developed hepatomegaly, fatty liver, and hepatic dysfunction at age 5 years. Liver biopsy demonstrated steatosis and degeneration of hepatocytes. At that time, blood glucose and HbA1c levels were within normal ranges. Elevated HbA1c was noticed 4 years later, but islet cell and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies were not detected in the serum. Therefore, MODY3 was suspected and subsequent analysis of the HNF1A gene identified a heterozygous germline splice donor-site mutation in intron 9. MODY3 patients should be screened by non-invasive liver imaging, and careful follow-up of liver disease should be performed.     

A missense mutation in FIC1 is associated with greenland familial cholestasis

Greenland familial cholestasis is a severe form of intrahepatic cholestasis described among indigenous Inuit families in Greenland. Patients present with jaundice, pruritus, bleeding episodes, and steatorrhea, and die in childhood due to end-stage liver disease. We investigated the possibility that Greenland familial cholestasis is caused by a mutation in FIC1, the gene defective in patients with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 and many cases of benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis. Using single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and sequencing of the FIC1 exons, a missense mutation, 1660 G-->A (D554N), was detected and was shown to segregate with the disease in Inuit patients from Greenland and Canada. Examination of liver specimens from 3 Inuit patients homozygous for this mutation revealed bland canalicular cholestasis and, on transmission electron microscopy, coarsely granular Byler bile, as previously described in patients with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1. These data establish Greenland familial cholestasis as a form of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 and further underscore the importance of unimpeded FIC1 activity for normal bile formation.     

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV with few extrathoracic findings: a newly recognized point mutation in the COL3A1 gene.

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV (EDS IV) is caused by mutation within the COL3AI gene, resulting in the disorder of type III procollagen. The diagnosis is confirmed by demonstrating the synthesis of abnormal type III procollagen molecules from cultured dermal fibroblasts or by identifying the mutation in the COL3A1 gene. The authors report a case of EDS IV caused by a novel point mutation in the COL3A1 gene in a 16-yr-old female. Recurrent haemoptysis and cavitary formation of the lung were evidence of pulmonary involvement. However, extrathoracic manifestations of EDS IV were mostly absent. To the best of the authors' knowledge, all previously reported Ehlers-Danlos syndrome IV patients with respiratory disease had the characteristic findings or histories of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome IV. In the present case, connective tissue friability was suspected due to tissue laceration observed in the biopsied lung specimen, and the diagnosis was made beginning from this pivotal finding.     

The mechanism of biliary lipid secretion and its defects

Biliary lipid secretion is an important physiological event; not only for the disposal of cholesterol from the body, but also for the protection of cells lining the biliary tree against bile salts. Insight into the (patho)physiological role of biliary lipid secretion has been recently expanded through the study of a generation of mice with a disruption of the Mdr2 gene, who do not secrete lipids into bile. Mdr2 P-glycoprotein translocates phospholipids across the hepatocanalicular membrane. These animals suffer from progressive liver disease caused by the toxic detergent action of bile salts. Very recently, it has become clear that an analogous inherited human liver disease exists, which is caused by the absence of biliary lipid secretion. Patients with this disease, Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis (PFIC) type 3, have a mutation in the MDR3 gene, which is the human homologue of the murine Mdr2 gene.     

Genetic and clinical heterogeneity of ferroportin disease

Ferroportin is encoded by the SLC40A1 gene and mediates iron export from cells by interacting with hepcidin. SLC40A1 gene mutations are associated with an autosomal type of genetic iron overload described as haemochromatosis type 4, or HFE4 (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man number 606069), or ferroportin disease. We report three families with this condition caused by novel SLC40A1 mutations. Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography was employed to scan for the SLC40A1 gene. A D181V (A846T) mutation in exon 6 of the ferroportin gene was detected in the affected members of an Italian family and shown to have a de novo origin in a maternal germinal line. This mutation was associated with both parenchymal and reticuloendothelial iron overload in the liver, and with reduced urinary hepcidin excretion. A G80V (G543T) mutation in exon 3 was found in the affected members of an Italian family with autosomal hyperferritinaemia,. Finally, a G267D (G1104A) mutation was identified in exon 7 in a family of Chinese descent whose members presented with isolated hyperferritinaemia. Ferroportin disease represents a protean genetic condition in which the different SLC40A1 mutations appear to be responsible for phenotypic variability. This condition should be considered not only in families with autosomal iron overload or hyperferritinaemia, but also in cases of unexplained hyperferritinaemia.     

Ductopenia and cirrhosis in a 32-year-old woman with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3: A case report and review of the literature

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 is caused by a mutation in the ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 4 (ABCB4) gene encoding multidrug resistance protein 3. A 32-year-old woman with a history of acute hepatitis at age 9 years was found to have jaundice during pregnancy in 2008, and was diagnosed as having intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. In 2009, she underwent cholecystectomy for gallstones and chronic cholecystitis. However, itching and jaundice did not resolve postoperatively. She was admitted to our hospital with fatigue, jaundice, and a recently elevated γ-glutamyl transpeptidase level. Liver biopsy led to the diagnosis of biliary cirrhosis with ductopenia. Genetic testing revealed a pathogenic heterozygous mutation, ex13 c.1531G A (p.A511 T), in the ABCB4 gene. Her father did not carry the mutation, but her mother's brother carried the heterozygous mutation. We made a definitivediagnosis of familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3. He symptoms and liver function improved after 3 mo o treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid.     

Dominant hemochromatosis due to N144H mutation of SLC11A3: clinical and biological characteristics

Hereditary hemochromatosis is classically inherited as a recessive trait but is genetically heterogeneous. Mutations in the HFE and the TFR2 genes account for about 80% of patients and a third locus on chromosome 1q is responsible for juvenile hemochromatosis. We describe here the clinical and biological characteristics of autosomal dominant form of iron overload due to the N144H mutation of the SLC11A3 gene. Clinical signs of iron overload in patients include joint pains, cardiomyopathies, liver fibrosis and hormonal disorders including diabetes mellitus. The main and most common clinical symptoms in this family were joint complaints and early signs of arthrosis. Serum ferritin levels in iron overloaded subjects varied from 31 to 2179 ng/ml and the transferrin saturation from 13 to 88.6%. The iron overload is moderate compared to patients with type 1 hemochromatosis but the deferoxamine test was normal in all patients. The disease in this family segregated as a dominant trait. None of the patients was homozygous or compound heterozygous for any known mutation in the HFE or TFR2 genes. The disease in this family represents a non-classical form of iron overload caused by the N144H mutation in the SLC11A3 gene. The reports of other distinct mutations in SLC11A3 suggest that this gene may be of interest for further etiologic research.     

Newer variants of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by defects in bile secretion and presentation with intrahepatic cholestasis in infancy or childhood. The most common types include PFIC 1 (deficiency of FIC1 protein, ATP8B1 gene mutation), PFIC 2 (bile salt export pump deficiency, ABCB11 gene mutation), and PFIC 3 (multidrug resistance protein-3 deficiency, ABCB4 gene mutation). Mutational analysis of subjects with normal gamma-glutamyl transferase cholestasis of unknown etiology has led to the identification of newer variants of PFIC, known as PFIC 4, 5, and MYO5B related (sometimes known as PFIC 6). PFIC 4 is caused by the loss of function of tight junction protein 2 (TJP2) and PFIC 5 is due to NR1H4 mutation causing Farnesoid X receptor deficiency. MYO5B gene mutation causes microvillous inclusion disease (MVID) and is also associated with isolated cholestasis. Children with TJP2 related cholestasis (PFIC-4) have a variable spectrum of presentation. Some have a self-limiting disease, while others have progressive liver disease with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hence, frequent surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma is recommended from infancy. PFIC-5 patients usually have rapidly progressive liver disease with early onset coagulopathy, high alpha-fetoprotein and ultimately require a liver transplant. Subjects with MYO5 B-related disease can present with isolated cholestasis or cholestasis with intractable diarrhea (MVID). These children are at risk of worsening cholestasis post intestinal transplant (IT) for MVID, hence combined intestinal and liver transplant or IT with biliary diversion is preferred. Immunohistochemistry can differentiate most of the variants of PFIC but confirmation requires genetic analysis.     

Founder mutation Arg485Pro led to recurrent compound heterozygous GGCX genotypes in two German patients with VKCFD type 1.

Congenital combined deficiency of the vitamin-K-dependent coagulation factors (VKCFD) represents a rare autosomal recessive inherited bleeding disorder caused by mutations in either the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase gene (VKCFD type 1) or the vitamin K epoxide reductase gene (VKCFD type 2). Four different mutations of the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase gene (GGCX) have so far been reported in three unrelated patients with VKCFD type 1. Here we report on a fourth patient who presented with two compound heterozygous missense mutations of the GGCX gene, His404Pro and Arg485Pro. The His404Pro mutation has not been described previously, while the Arg485Pro mutation has been reported in another compound heterozygous VKCFD type 1 patient from Germany. Most interestingly, haplotype analysis revealed that Arg485Pro is due to a founder mutation, suggesting that this mutation is present in the German population at some low frequency. The founder mutation explains that the only two compound heterozygous VKCFD type 1 patients known today originated from Germany.     

Characterization of the mutations in the glucose-6-phosphatase gene in Israeli patients with glycogen storage disease type 1a: R83C in six Jews and a novel V166G mutation in a Muslim Arab

Summary Glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD 1a), an autosomal recessive disease, is caused by the inactivity of glucose-6-phosphatase, the gene of which has been recently cloned. We report on the missense mutation C T at nucleotide 326 of the G6Pase gene, causing the change of the Arg codon at position 83 into a Cys codon, as the single mutation detected in six Jewish patients. This finding suggests that this mutation might be prevalent among the Jewish population. A new missense mutation T G at nucleotide 576 resulting in V166G was found in an Arab Muslim patient. These families may benefit now from pre- and postnatal diagnosis by analysis of DNA from blood and amniotic fluid or chorionic villus cells rather than liver biopsy. No mutations in the G6Pase gene were detected in two GSD 1b patients.