进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症的最新研究进展

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症（PFIC）是一组异质性的常染色体隐性遗传病。依特异性肝细胞转运基因突变的不同,PFlC分为3型。PFIC-1型是ATPSB1基因突变所致,PFIC-2型是ABCB11基因突变所致,PFIC-3型是ABCB4基因突变所致。胆汁淤积是PFIC的主要临床征象。PFIC-1和PFIC-2血清γ谷氨酰转肽酶（γ-GT）活性正常,而PFIC=3患者血清γ-GT活性升高。熊去氧胆酸是所有类型PFIC患儿的初始治疗选择,外科胭汁分流术能减轻部分PFIC-1或PFIC-2患者瘙痒,延缓病情进展,但对大多数患者肝移植乃惟一有效治疗措施。     

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症3型:2例报道并文献复习

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症是一组罕见的常染色体隐性遗传病,起病早,进展快,死亡率高,治疗较为困难。本文报道进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症3型2例,并附文献复习。     

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症1型1例及文献复习

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症（progressivefa—milialintrahepaticcholestasis。PFIC）是一组异质性的常染色体隐性遗传病,属罕见病,目前尚无确切发病率,新生儿发病率估计为1／50000～1／100000,无性别差异。该病主要表现为新生儿期或婴儿期肝细胞性胆汁淤积,在儿童期或青春期可因肝衰竭致死,占儿童胆汁淤积原因的10％。15％,占儿童肝移植原因的10％～15％[1]。     

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症3型合并AIH-PBC重叠综合征1例

背景自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)和原发性胆汁性胆管炎(primary biliary cholangitis,PBC)的AIH-PBC重叠综合征在肝病中并非少见,同时合并进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症则较为罕见,通常容易造成漏诊.病例简介本例患者因为肝功能异常伴黄疸11年均未能明确诊断.在本院住院期间,AIH-PBC重叠综合征获得确诊.在接受正规治疗后,效果欠佳.给与遗传性肝病基因检测,发现ABCB4基因突变,提示患者同时合并进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症3型(progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3,PFIC3).2020年和2021年,患者先后因为“上消化道出血”又2次入住我院,病情呈现不断加重的趋势.结论对于1例久未获得确诊的肝病患者,通过生化学、血清学、影像学、组织学等检查,明确了AIH-PBC重叠综合征的诊断.但本病例由于脾脏明显肿大,似不能完全以AIH-PBC重叠综合征加以解释,因此对患者进行了遗传性肝病相关的基因检测,发现了ABCB4基因突变,避免了PFIC3的漏诊.     

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症研究进展

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症(progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, PFIC)是一组常染色体隐性遗传病,以肝内胆汁淤积为主要表现,通常在婴儿或儿童期起病。根据致病基因不同,PFIC 可分为 6 型。这些患儿若得不到及时干预,多在儿童期发展为肝硬化和肝衰竭。因此早期诊断及干预十分重要。本文将对 PFIC 的发病机制、临床表现、诊断及治疗的研究进展作综述。     

3型进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症病例临床及遗传学分析

目的对2例胆汁淤积性肝病患者进行临床及遗传学分析, 明确胆汁淤积的具体病因。方法采集2例患者的临床资料及家系成员的病史, 应用全外显子测序技术对患者进行基因变异检测, 并对疑似致病性变异的患者及其父母进行Sanger测序验证及生物信息学分析。结果全外显子测序显示, 患者1(男, 16岁)的ABCB4基因存在源自父亲的c.646C > T和源自母亲的c.927T > A的复合杂合突变;患者2(女, 17岁)的ABCB4基因存在源自父亲的c.2784-1G > A和源自母亲的c.646C > T的复合杂合突变。c.646C > T、c.927T > A、c.2784-1G > A均为既往未见报道的新变异位点。结论本研究的2例患者均为ABCB4基因突变引起的3型进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症, 本研究也丰富了ABCB4的致病变异谱;全外显子组测序技术为病因分析提供了可靠的诊断工具。     

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症3型

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症3型(progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3,PFIC3)是一种常染色体隐性遗传性疾病,由编码多药耐药蛋白3(multidrug resistance protein 3,MDR3)的AB CB4(ATP-bindingcassette,sub-family B,member 4)基因突变引起~([1]).PFIC3临床上可表现为反复瘙痒、黄疸、白陶土样便、肝脾肿大及胃肠道出血等,常在成年前进展为肝硬化和肝衰竭~([1-3]).PFIC3是进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症的一种亚型,与进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症1型和2型的主要区别在于血清γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)升高及肝组织病理表现为明显的小胆管增生~([4]).     

肝移植术后肝内胆汁淤积

原位肝移植(OLT)术后的肝内胆汁淤积很常见,现就其常见原因简述如下.     

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积3型1例报告

<正>进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症(progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis,PFIC)是常染色体隐性遗传性胆汁淤积性肝病,主要由基因突变后所致胆汁分泌或排泄障碍,随着病情的发展,最后可进展为肝纤维化、肝硬化、肝衰竭^[1]。根据基因突变不同,PFIC目前分为6种亚型,分别由ATP8B1、ABCB11、ABCB4、TJP2、NR1H4和MYO5B基因突变导致^[2],现将四川省人民医院消化为科收治的1例表现为肝内胆汁淤积的患者,经基因检测、肝组织活检、影像学等证实为PFIC3型患者的临床资料报道如下。     

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症3型临床病理特征分析

目的探讨进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症3型(PFIC3)患者临床与病理学特征。方法回顾分析了2017年1月—2019年12月南京市第二医院就诊的1326例不明原因肝病患者临床资料,通过临床、病理表现及基因测序确诊PFIC3患者8例(其中1例因禁忌证未行肝组织穿刺)。分析患者临床、检验、影像、病理结果,并对ABCB4相关疾病的病理文献进行回顾,总结PFIC3临床及病理特征。结果 8例PFIC3患者,其中男5例,女3例,中位年龄29.5岁。50%(4/8)表现为慢性胆汁淤积,50%(4/8)表现胆汁性肝硬化,肝硬化中75%(3/4)合并门静脉高压表现。生化检查中,75%(6/8)表现为ALP升高,100%(8/8)表现GGT升高。影像检查中,50%(4/8)表现为胆囊炎,25%(2/8)表现为胆囊结石,25%(2/8)患者胆管扩张,75%(6/8)患者脾脏肿大,25%(2/8)表现为肝硬化。肝穿刺病理中,所有患者均表现为胆管损伤和/或胆管减少,其中57.1%(4/7)表现为胆管缺失。多耐药蛋白3(MDR3)免疫组化染色42.9%(3/7)正常表达,57.1%(4/7)表达减少。根据文献回顾,其...     

Novel mutation in a Chinese patient with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3

Genotyping is conclusive for the diagnosis of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3(PFIC3). Here we report a Chinese patient of PFIC3 with compound mutations in the ABCB4 gene. Liver biopsy was performed on a 17-year-old male patient with intrahepatic cholestasis of unknown etiology. Liver histology findings are indicative of intrahepatic cholestasis with extensive fibrosis. Genotyping revealed c.175C>T(p.L59L) mutation in exon 4, c.504C>T(p.N168N) mutation in exon 6, c.711A>T(p.I237I) mutation in exon 8, c.874A>T(p.K292X) in exon 9 and a novel mutation, c.1804G>T(p.G602W) in exon 15. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with PFIC3. The novel mutation p.G602 W in exon 15 was predicted as probably damaging by Poly Phen-2 with a score of 0.986(sensitivity: 0.54; specificity: 0.94) and was predicted to affect protein function with a SIFT score of 0.01.     

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis: genetic disorders of biliary transporters

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis types 1, 2 and 3 are childhood diseases of the liver. Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis is predominantly an adult form with similar clinical symptoms that spontaneously resolve. These genetic disorders have significantly helped to unravel the basic mechanisms of the canalicular bile transport processes. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 involves a gene also linked to benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis. The gene codes for an aminophospholipid translocase protein that maintains the integrity of the membrane. How a mutation in this protein causes cholestasis is unknown but is thought to involve the enterohepatic recirculation of bile acids. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis types 2 and 3 involve the canalicular bile salt export pump and a phospholipid translocase, respectively, both of which are fundamental to bile secretion. This review covers the clinical manifestations, genetics, treatment and mechanism of each disease.     

Expanding etiology of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis

BACKGROUND Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis(PFIC) refers to a disparate group of autosomal recessive disorders that are linked by the inability to appropriately form and excrete bile from hepatocytes, resulting in a hepatocellular form of cholestasis. While the diagnosis of such disorders had historically been based on pattern recognition of unremitting cholestasis without other identified molecular or anatomic cause, recent scientific advancements have uncovered multiple specific responsible proteins. The variety of identified defects has resulted in an ever-broadening phenotypic spectrum, ranging from traditional benign recurrent jaundice to progressive cholestasis and end-stage liver disease.AIM To review current data on defects in bile acid homeostasis, explore the expanding knowledge base of genetic based diseases in this field, and report disease characteristics and management.METHODS We conducted a systemic review according to PRISMA guidelines. We performed a Medline/PubMed search in February-March 2019 for relevant articles relating to the understanding, diagnosis, and management of bile acid homeostasis with a focus on the family of diseases collectively known as PFIC. English only articles were accessed in full. The manual search included references of retrieved articles.We extracted data on disease characteristics, associations with other diseases, and treatment. Data was summarized and presented in text, figure, and table format.RESULTS Genetic-based liver disease resulting in the inability to properly form and secrete bile constitute an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children and increasingly in adults. A growing number of PFIC have been described based on an expanded understanding of biliary transport mechanism defects and the development of a common phenotype.CONCLUSION We present a summary of current advances made in a number of areas relevant to both the classically described FIC1(ATP8 B1), BSEP(ABCB11), and MDR3(ABCB4) transporter deficiencies, as well as more recently described gene mutations--TJP2(TJP2), FXR(NR1 H4), MYO5 B(MYO5 B), and others which expand the etiology and understanding of PFIC-related cholestatic diseases and bile transport.     

Prenatal diagnosis of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2

Background and Aim:  Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC2) results from genetic defects of the hepatobiliary bile salt export pump (BSEP, ABCB11 ) at chromosome 2q24. Patients with progressive cholestasis and liver cirrhosis usually need liver transplantation in the first decade. Mutations in ABCB11 are also associated with benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in adult patients. We aimed to make the prenatal diagnosis of PFIC2.
Methods:  Genetic diagnosis was performed by genomic DNA analysis. Prenatal genetic diagnosis was made by fetal amniotic DNA and chorionic DNA analysis.
Results:  We report on two families of PFIC2 with inherited compound heterozygous mutations of ABCB11 (M183V and R303K in Family 1, V284L and 1145delC in Family 2) from the parents. An infant with heterozygous M183V mutation was later born healthy in Family 1. A fetus with compound heterozygous missense mutation V284L and 1145delC was terminated in Family 2.
Conclusion:  Prenatal diagnosis of PFIC2 was helpful to prevent further affected children in families with this fatal disease.     

Single-center experience in management of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis

Background and study aimsProgressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is an autosomal recessively inherited disease that causes intrahepatic-hepatocellular cholestasis. PFIC constitutes approximately 10–15% of cholestatic liver diseases in children. The aim of this study is to draw attention to this group of diseases, which pose a higher risk, in societies where consanguineous marriage is more common, and to share our experiences since the studies in the literature, regarding this group of diseases are case series with small number of patients.Patients and methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 34 patients who were admitted with jaundice and diagnosed by genetic analysis, between January 2015 and July 2020.ResultsWe found 17.6% of patients with PFIC type 1, 55.9% patients had PFIC type 2, 14.7% patients had PFIC type 3, 8.8% patients had PFIC type 4 and 2.9% patients had PFIC type 5. Partial internal biliary diversion was performed in 5 (14.7%) patients, who had severe itching during follow-up, did not respond to medical treatment, and did not have significant fibrosis in liver biopsy yet. The degree of itching before PIBD was rated as +4 (cutaneous erosion, bleeding and scarring), in 5 patients and the rates were 0 (absent) in two patients, and +1 (mild itching) in 3 patients, 6 months after PIBD, these differences were statistically significant(p = 0.027). The mean weight z score was-1.43 (-3.72-+0.73), before PIBD, while it was 0.39(-1.86 -+2.45), six months after PIBD; the diference was statistically significant(p = 0.043). Liver transplantation was performed in 12 (35.3%) patients with significant fibrosis in liver biopsy and developing signs of portal hypertension.ConclusionThe PFIC disease group is a heterogeneous disease group that is difficult to diagnose and treat. It should be considered in patients with cholestasis and/or pruritus and those with a history of consanguineous marriage between parents and death of a sibling with similar clinical symptoms.     

Newer variants of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by defects in bile secretion and presentation with intrahepatic cholestasis in infancy or childhood. The most common types include PFIC 1 (deficiency of FIC1 protein, ATP8B1 gene mutation), PFIC 2 (bile salt export pump deficiency, ABCB11 gene mutation), and PFIC 3 (multidrug resistance protein-3 deficiency, ABCB4 gene mutation). Mutational analysis of subjects with normal gamma-glutamyl transferase cholestasis of unknown etiology has led to the identification of newer variants of PFIC, known as PFIC 4, 5, and MYO5B related (sometimes known as PFIC 6). PFIC 4 is caused by the loss of function of tight junction protein 2 (TJP2) and PFIC 5 is due to NR1H4 mutation causing Farnesoid X receptor deficiency. MYO5B gene mutation causes microvillous inclusion disease (MVID) and is also associated with isolated cholestasis. Children with TJP2 related cholestasis (PFIC-4) have a variable spectrum of presentation. Some have a self-limiting disease, while others have progressive liver disease with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hence, frequent surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma is recommended from infancy. PFIC-5 patients usually have rapidly progressive liver disease with early onset coagulopathy, high alpha-fetoprotein and ultimately require a liver transplant. Subjects with MYO5 B-related disease can present with isolated cholestasis or cholestasis with intractable diarrhea (MVID). These children are at risk of worsening cholestasis post intestinal transplant (IT) for MVID, hence combined intestinal and liver transplant or IT with biliary diversion is preferred. Immunohistochemistry can differentiate most of the variants of PFIC but confirmation requires genetic analysis.     

Novel ABCB11 mutations in a Thai infant with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis （PFIC） type 2 is caused by mutations in ABCB11, which encodes bile salt export pump （BSEP）. We report a Thai female infant who presented with progressive cholestatic jaundice since 1 mo of age, with normal serum y-glutamyltransferase. Immunohistochemical staining of the liver did not demonstrate BSEP along the canaliculi, while multidrug resistance protein 3 was expressed adequately. Novel mutations in ABCB11, a four-nucleotide deletion in exon 3, c.90_93delGAAA, and a single-nucleotide insertion in exon 5, c.249_250insT, were identified, with confirmation in her parents. These mutations were predicted to lead to synthesis of truncated forms of BSEP. Immunostaining and mutation analysis thus established the diagnosis of PFIC type     

黄疸型婴儿肝炎预后与血清谷氨酰转肽酶水平变化的关系

目的研究血清谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）水平与黄疸型婴儿肝炎预后的关系。方法回顾性分析38例除外先天性胆道闭锁和其他先天性异常后的黄疸型婴儿肝炎的临床资料,以死亡、肝移植或等待肝移植、1岁后仍持续或反复黄疸为预后不良指标,按最初GGT的高低分为≤50U／L和〉50U／L组并分析两组患者的预后有无差别。结果最初的GGT≤50U／L组6例中5例预后不良;〉50U／L组32例中3例预后不良,差别有统计学意义（P=0．001）。动态分析发现,8例预后不良患儿中5例GGT始终在正常水平,与胆红素和转氨酶等指标波动无关;3例GGT在开始时升高,随病情进展,反而降为正常。预后良好患儿,随黄疸消退,GGT渐达高峰然后恢复正常。结论在黄疸型婴儿肝炎中,GGT不升或随黄疸加深或持续,GGT反而降为正常,是预后不良的指标;病程中黄疸波动,而GGT始终正常者,需考虑有进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积可能。