Ⅲ期骨肉瘤的治疗

目的探讨Ⅲ期骨肉瘤的诊断、治疗和预后。方法分析1989年12月至2003年12月收治的23例Ⅲ期肢体骨肉瘤患者,男14例,女9例;年龄16～31岁,平均22.4岁。肺转移15例,骨转移7例(跳跃转移5例,骨肉瘤病2例),同时存在肺和骨转移1例。经术前化疗,并行原发肿瘤和转移病灶的切除手术。结果经术前化疗,1例就诊时肺部有1个结节的患者转移瘤消失,1例同时存在肺和骨转移者,切除原发病灶后,出现多处转移,不能行转移灶切除手术;2例骨肉瘤病者仅切除原发病灶;5例跳跃转移者中的2例,切除原发和跳跃转移病灶后,各出现1个肺转移灶。16例行开胸术,其中6例再次出现肺转移灶而行二次开胸术,3例患者二次开胸术后出现肺外转移而放弃治疗。原发病灶与转移病灶的肿瘤坏死率差异无统计学意义。随访5～168个月(平均74.6个月),无瘤生存9例,带瘤生存4例,死亡10例。Cox模型分析提示转移病灶的数目与预后相关(P<0.05)。肺转移与跳跃转移病灶的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线经log-rank检验,差异无统计学意义。结论新辅助化疗及原发病灶和转移灶的手术切除是Ⅲ期骨肉瘤治疗的有效方法,首次肺转移灶切除采用胸骨正中切口,转移瘤的数目与预后相关。     

肺转移瘤的诊断与外科治疗

目的探讨肺转移瘤的诊断、手术指征、切除方式及影响预后的因素,以提高患者的生存率。方法125例肺转移瘤患者均行手术治疗,共行肺转移瘤切除术138次,其中行一次手术116例,二次手术5例,三次手术4例。手术方式为肺部分切除66次,肺段切除2次,肺叶切除53次,肺叶加部分胸壁扩大切除2次,全肺切除3次,肿瘤剜除12次;行开胸手术130次,电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）8次。结果本组患者中原发肿瘤为上皮组织来源的94例,肉瘤类26例,其它种类5例。全组患者无围术期死亡,随访122例,随访时间1～10年,1年、3年和5年生存率分别为90．4％、53．3％和34．8％;其中结、直肠癌、肾癌和软组织肉瘤的预后较好,5年生存率分别为43．8％、37．5％和33．3％。105例肺转移瘤完全切除患者的5年生存率为38．9％,20例不完全切除患者为16．7％。89例行常规肺门及纵隔淋巴结摘除患者仅有12例术后病理证实有淋巴结转移,无淋巴结转移患者和有淋巴结转移患者的5年生存率分别为41．5％和14．3％。结论对诊断明确、符合标准的肺转移瘤患者行积极的手术治疗可取得满意的效果,手术径路以后外侧小切口为主,能否完全切除肿瘤和肺门纵隔淋巴结的转移状况是影响预后的重要因素。     

胸腔镜手术治疗伴肺外恶性肿瘤史的孤立性肺结节54例分析

目的研究伴肺外恶性肿瘤史的孤立性肺结节的临床及病理特点,探讨胸腔镜手术对该类患者的应用价值。方法 2000年1月～2011年8月,胸腔镜手术治疗伴肺外恶性肿瘤史的孤立性肺结节54例,回顾性分析年龄、性别、症状、肺内外病灶的诊断间隔时间、肺内结节的影像学表现、手术情况、术后病理等因素,探讨该类患者的临床病理特征及手术价值。结果全组手术过程顺利,肺叶及肺段切除18例,楔形切除36例。中转开胸2例,无围手术期死亡。全组手术确诊率100%,其中转移瘤、原发肺癌、良性病变分别为36例(66.7%)、11例(20.4%)、7例(13.0%)。原发肺癌Ⅰ期63.6%(7/11),Ⅱ期18.2%(2/11),Ⅲ期18.2%(2/11)。肺内结节为原发肺癌者肺外肿瘤与肺内病灶确诊间隔时间中位数为84个月(13～276个月),转移瘤为18.5月(0.8～264个月),差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.358,P=0.001)。转移瘤者胸部CT出现毛刺者27.8%(10/36),分叶者38.9%(14/36),胸膜牵拉者11.1%(4/36)。原发肺癌呈现界限清楚者18.2%(2/11)。既往有结直肠癌或骨软组织肿瘤史者,肺内新发结节为转移瘤的可能性明显高于其他肿瘤史组[90.9%(30/33)vs.28.6%(6/21),χ2=22.442,P=0.000]。肺内结节为原发肺癌的比例较大者分别为头颈部肿瘤史(3/4)、肾癌(2/4)和乳腺癌史(2/4)。结论伴肺外恶性肿瘤史的孤立性肺结节患者中接近30%易被影像学检查误诊,且有1/3为原发肺癌或良性病变。胸腔镜手术是此类患者较好的治疗选择。     

胸、腹腔镜联合在结直肠癌同期肺转移治疗中的应用

目的:探讨胸腹腔镜联合切除结直肠癌伴肺转移病灶的可行性与安全性。方法:收集2008年7月至2014年7月同期微创行腔镜下联合切除结直肠癌肺转移瘤根治术的患者,其中胸腔镜联合腹腔镜手术11例,胸腔镜联合达芬奇手术2例,分析患者一般情况、围手术期情况及术后转归。结果:所有腔镜切除术均顺利完成,无术中死亡及中转开胸、开腹。其中直肠癌Dixon术8例,Miles术2例,左半结肠切除3例。胸腔镜下13例切除病灶均为肺转移癌,其中9例为单个楔形切除,2例为多个楔形切除,2例为单叶肺切除。手术均达到R0切除。手术时间平均(270±50)min,术中出血量平均(380±120)ml,均未输血;术后2例患者出现心律失常,1例肺感染,1例肠漏,对症支持治疗后均顺利出院,术后平均住院(11±4)d。随访1、3年生存率分别为86.8%、52.6%。未见切口肿瘤种植。结论:同期腔镜下联合切除结直肠癌肺转移病灶是安全、可行的,多学科协作下患者筛选、加强围手术期管理是关键。     

结直肠癌肺转移患者手术切除肺转移灶的疗效及预后分析

目的 探讨结直肠癌肺转移患者手术切除肺转移灶的疗效及影响术后生存的因素。方法回顾性分析35例结直肠癌肺转移行肺转移灶切除患者的临床资料。结果全组患者中位随访时间48．0个月。中位生存时间为36．0个月,5年生存率为33．0％。19例患者死于肿瘤进展：16例生存患者中,10例带瘤生存．6例无瘤生存。其中1例至今已无瘤生存164个月。单因素分析结果显示,无瘤间期（DFI）时间的长短对肺转移瘤切除术后的生存有影响（P=0．036）：而患者的性别、年龄、原发肿瘤部位、肺转移瘤大小和位置、手术方式、肺转移瘤手术前CEA水平及复发后再次行肺转移瘤切除均未见与其术后生存时间有关。结论对于部分选择性结直肠癌肺转移患者．手术是有潜在治愈可能的治疗方式。DFI可能与肺转移瘤切除术后生存相关。     

食管癌术后肺转移瘤的外科治疗效果及预后影响因素分析

目的探讨食管癌术后肺转移瘤的外科治疗效果及其预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析1994年3月至2008年5月徐州市第一人民医院和河北大学附属医院收治的食管癌术后肺转移瘤患者15例的临床资料,男10例、女5例,年龄43~72（65.0±8.8）岁。手术方式为肺部分切除术、肺楔形切除术、肺段切除术及肺叶切除术。随访时间60个月,分析转移瘤数目及大小、原发瘤TNM分期及无瘤生存时间（DFI）对肺转移瘤患者术后生存率的影响。结果肺转移瘤患者术后12、24、60个月的生存率分别为80.0%、66.7%和6.7%,患者术后中位DFI为30个月,DFI≥24个月肺转移瘤患者的术后生存率明显高于DFI〈24个月者（χ2=5.144,P=0.023）。肺单发转移患者的术后生存率明显高于肺多发转移患者（χ2=3.990,P=0.046）。而肺转移瘤大小和原发瘤TNM分期对肺转移瘤患者术后生存率无明显影响（P〉0.05）。Cox比例风险模型分析DFI是影响肺转移瘤患者术后生存率的主要因素（P=0.026）。结论外科手术是治疗食管癌术后肺转移的手段之一,尤其在肺单发转移瘤和食管癌术后DFI〉24个月的患者手术切除效果可能更佳。     

骨源性肉瘤肺转移的手术治疗

目的 回顾性总结骨源性肉瘤肺转移的手术治疗经验，探讨影响疗效的相关因素。方法 自1980年10月～2003年3月共治疗骨源性肉瘤肺转移患者32例，男22例．女10例；年龄11～61岁，平均22.1岁，多数为青少年。骨肉瘤25例，皮质旁骨肉瘤2例．软骨肉瘤3例．骨纤维肉瘤1例．Ewing肉瘤1例。ⅡB期26例(83.9％)．ⅢB期5例(16．1％)，另1例Bwing肉瘤按Enncking外科分期系统规定不能纳入分期。双肺多发转移25例(78.1％)，单肺多发转移1例(3.1％)．单肺单发转移6例(18．8％)，合并肺外引流区淋巴结转移3处，锁骨转移2处，Ta椎体转移1处，胸骨转移1处。臀大肌转移1处，项部肌肉转移1处。共施行开胸术62例次。术式以肺转移瘤局部切除为主．施行肺叶切除术仅5次。结果 32例中30例获得随访．2例失坊。25例骨肉瘤中完成双肺转移瘤切除的18例，无瘤生存7例(38．9％)．平均生存7年3个月．其中ⅢB期2例。Ewing肉瘤、软骨肉瘤各1例．分别无瘤生存22年5个月、13年3个月。皮质旁骨肉瘤2例．分别无瘤生存19年3个月和1个半月，死亡的21例(包括失访的2例)中除死于术后感染2例及麻醉意外2例外，余生存期均得到延长。结论 手术切除肺转移瘤是挽救患者生命的有效措施，术式应以转移瘤局部切除为主，新辅助化疗是提高骨源性肉瘤肺转移手术治疗疗效、挽救患者生命的重要前提。     

肺转移瘤外科治疗研究进展

近年来肺转移瘤切除术的文献较多,Wang等报道直肠结肠癌肺转移瘤切除术后5年生存率36．1％,Baron等报道的直肠结肠癌肺转移瘤切除术后5年生存率为38．7％。对直肠结肠癌和神经内分泌肿瘤术后肺转移和肝转移患者如果能够完全切除转移灶,手术切除术是首选的治疗方案,使患者获得长期生存的机会。Buchler等报道对于非直肠结肠癌和非神经内分泌肿瘤肺转移和肝转移患者行手术切除术的并发症低,5年生存率达到20％～30％。Putnam,Roth报道软组织肉瘤常发生肺转移,有的病灶可以手术切除,手术后长期生存率达30％。手术切除术能够明显提高部分肺转移瘤患者的5年生存率。     

肺转移瘤外科治疗策略的临床证据

手术切除是肺转移瘤治疗的选择之一,大量回顾性研究提示对原发灶已控制的患者,彻底切除肺转移瘤能带来生存获益。应用肺转移瘤切除术,需对患者进行综合评估。任何原发瘤病理类型,彻底切除都是主要的预后因素。无瘤间歇期长、肺转移瘤数量较少是有利的预后因素。推荐采用经胸肋三角手辅助胸腔镜双肺转移瘤切除的手术方式。肺门与纵隔淋巴结转移是手术的相对禁忌证。现有的影像学检查存在遗漏肺转移瘤的风险。肺转移瘤扩大切除术可使部分患者受益。部分肺转移瘤再发再切仍有生存获益,故肺转移瘤切除术需注意保护正常肺实质。我们就这些临床问题进行文献综述,以期为肺转移瘤的外科治疗提供参考。     

N2期非小细胞肺癌的预后因素分析

目的 探讨有纵隔淋巴结转移(N2期)的非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的外科治疗疗效及影响预后的因素.方法 回顾性分析1999年1月至2003年5月手术治疗的117例N2 NSCLC患者(男性88例,女性29例,年龄29～79岁)的生存率,分析手术方式(肺叶切除、全肺切除、姑息性切除),病理类型(腺癌、鳞状细胞癌、混合癌、大细胞癌和其他类型),T分期以及术后综合治疗对预后的影响.结果 中位生存期为22个月,3年和5年生存率分别为28.1%和19.0%.年龄、性别、病理类型、围手术期化疗、术后放疗均未见与5年生存率有相关性.肺叶切除者的5年生存率为22.2%,全肺切除者为25.0%,均高于姑息性切除者的9.1%(P=0.001).T4期患者5年生存率为11.1%,低于T1-2期患者的37.5%(P=0.01).COX多因素分析示,手术方式和T分期与5年生存率相关.结论 外科治疗对T1-2 N2期NSCLC是最佳选择.对于T4期患者,由于不完全切除比例大,术前新辅助治疗比率低,手术提高长期生存率的效果有限.     

Is thoracoscopic surgery justified to treat pulmonary metastasis from colorectal cancer?

We retrospectively analyzed 143 consecutive patients undergoing pulmonary resection for metastasis from colorectal cancer, either through thoracotomy or thoracoscopy from 1987 to 2005. Patients with incomplete resection were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups, based on whether or not they underwent thoracoscopy (n=72) or open thoracotomy (n=71) at the first pulmonary metastasectomy. Two patients undergoing thoracoscopy died postoperatively (one from pulmonary thromboembolism and one from gastrointestinal bleeding). Factors influencing postoperative recurrence-free or overall survival were multiple pulmonary metastasis and history of liver metastasis by univariate analysis, and multiple pulmonary metastasis, hilar or mediastinal nodal metastasis, larger diameter of the pulmonary metastasis, and surgery by wedge resection by multivariate analysis. Five-year recurrence-free rates after the first pulmonary metastasectomy were 34.4% in thoracoscopy and 21.1% in thoracotomy, respectively (P=0.047). Overall 5-year survival rates were 49.3% in thoracoscopy and 39.5% in thoracotomy, respectively (not significant). We found no significant difference in the survival rates between the thoracotomy and thoracoscopy groups, even with elimination of the patients with multiple pulmonary metastases in both groups. We suggest that thoracoscopic surgery for pulmonary metastasectomy from colorectal cancer may be justified if the surgical treatment is indicated.     

Thoracoscopic surgery and conventional open thoracotomy in metastatic lung cancer

BACKGROUND: We performed a retrospective comparison of the oncological outcome of thoracoscopic surgery for pulmonary metastasis with that of conventional open thoracotomy. METHODS: The patient population for our retrospective comparison was comprised of 45 patients undergoing pulmonary resections via video-assisted thoracoscopy (thoracoscopy group) and 55 undergoing similar resections by open thoracotomy (open group) for pulmonary metastases between 1994 and 1999. RESULTS: Solitary metastasis was resected more frequently with thoracoscopy than open thoracotomy. There were no significant intergroup differences in rates of local recurrence from the initial pulmonary resection site. The actuarial 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year survival rates were, respectively, 82.8%, 70.0%, and 62.3% in the thoracoscopy group and 93.6%, 64.6%, and 52.7% in the open group. The rates of pulmonary recurrence and survival also did not differ significantly between the two groups with solitary metastases. CONCLUSION: Thoracoscopic surgery for metastatic lung disease appears to be feasible as long as the preoperative metastatic tumor evaluation using chest computed tomography (CT) is accurate.     

Cost-effectiveness associated with the diagnosis and staging of non-small-cell lung cancer

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated how much time and money could be saved without compromising overall results in treating lung cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 318 patients for T- and M-factors and 335 for N-factor. If bronchoscopy failed to diagnose a mass lesion believed to be malignant in x-ray computed tomography (CT), we proceeded to direct thoracotomy without needle or video-assisted biopsy. When mediastinal nodes were negative in CT, we proceeded to direct thoracotomy without mediastinoscopy. We searched routinely for distant metastasis with brain and abdominal CTs and bone scans. RESULTS: Lesions suspected of malignancy in CT were pathologically malignant in 93%. A total of 82.8% of patients with CT-negative mediastinum were without metastasis. The remainder, with metastasis, had a postoperative 5-year survival of 23.5%. Brain CT scans were positive in only 2.2%, abdominal CT scans in 2.4%, and bone scans in 5.0%, for patients with a cT1/T2 non-cN2 lesion. CONCLUSION: Brain and abdominal CT scans and bone scans may be omitted for cT1/T2 and non-cN2 lesions in CT. CT-negative mediastinum then leads to direct thoracotomy. The vast majority of patients may thus undergo surgery earlier with less physical and financial burden. The cost saving was calculated to be 59.4% per cT1/T2 non-cN2 patient, or US$666,815, for population evaluated based on cost-effectiveness.     

Surgical treatment for both pulmonary and hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer

OBJECTIVE: The role of surgery in the treatment of patients with pulmonary and hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer has not been delineated. METHODS: Of the 351 patients enrolled in the Metastatic Lung Tumor Study Group of Japan between June 1988 and June 1996 who underwent thoracotomy for pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer, 47 also underwent hepatic resection for metastatic tumors. The records of these patients were studied. RESULTS: The 47 patients who underwent pulmonary and hepatic resection had a 3-year survival of 36% +/- 8%, a 5-year survival of 31% +/- 8%, and an 8-year survival of 23% +/- 9%. The longest survival was 98 months. This patient was alive without recurrence. There was a significant difference in the cumulative survival of the patients with a solitary pulmonary metastasis and the patients with multiple pulmonary metastases (P =.04). Neither age, sex, location of the primary tumor, maximum diameter of the pulmonary metastases, method of pulmonary resection, number of hepatic metastases, nor method of hepatic resection was correlated with survival. However, 9 of 10 patients who survived 3 years or more after the initial thoracotomy had only one or two hepatic metastases. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of a solitary pulmonary metastasis concurrent with or after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer may be appropriate if the hepatic metastases are resectable for cure. Patients with a solitary pulmonary metastasis and a small number of hepatic metastases are good candidates for resection. Long-term survival can be expected.     

Pulmonary metastasectomy for 165 patients with colorectal carcinoma: A prognostic assessment

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze our entire experience with pulmonary resection for metastatic colorectal carcinoma to determine prognostic factors and critically evaluate the potential role of extended metastasectomy. METHODS: We analyzed the postoperative survival of 165 patients who underwent curative pulmonary surgery at eight institutions in the Kansai region of western Japan (Kansai Clinical Oncology Group) from 1990 to 2000. RESULTS: Overall survivals at 5 and 10 years were 39.6% and 37.2%, respectively. Cumulative survival of patients who underwent simultaneous bilateral metastasectomy was significantly lower than that of the patients who underwent unilateral metastasectomy or sequential bilateral metastasectomy (P =.048). Five-year survival was 53.6% for patients without hilar or mediastinal lymph node metastasis, versus 6.2% at 4 years for patients with metastases (P <.001). Five-year survival of patients with a prethoracotomy carcinoembryonic antigen level less than 10 ng/mL was 42.7%, versus 15.1% at 4 years for patients with a carcinoembryonic antigen level 10 ng/mL or greater (P <.0001). Twenty-one patients underwent a second or third thoracotomy for recurrent colorectal carcinoma. Overall 5-year survival from the date of the second thoracotomy was 52.1%. The 34.1% 10-year survival for the 26 patients with hepatic metastasis resected before thoracotomy did not differ significantly from that of patients without hepatic metastases (P =.38). CONCLUSIONS: The status of the hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes and prethoracotomy carcinoembryonic antigen level were significant independent prognostic factors. Patients with pulmonary metastases potentially benefit from pulmonary metastasectomy even when there is a history of solitary liver metastasis. Careful follow-up is warranted, because patients with recurrent pulmonary metastases can undergo repeat thoracotomy with acceptable long-term survival. Simultaneous bilateral metastasectomy confers no survival benefit. Prospective studies may determine the significance of this type of pulmonary metastasectomy.     

Assessment of cervical lymph node metastasis in esophageal carcinoma using ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis in esophageal carcinoma. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Ultrasound (US) examination is useful for diagnosing lymph node metastasis. However, few reports have examined its role in the decision to perform cervical lymph node dissection in esophageal carcinoma. METHODS: Ultrasound examination was performed to evaluate cervical lymph node metastasis in 519 patients with esophageal carcinoma. The patients were divided into 5 groups according to treatment received: group 1, 153 patients who underwent curative resection of primary tumor by right thoracotomy and complete bilateral cervical lymphadenectomy; group 2, 112 patients who underwent curative resection of primary tumor by right thoracotomy but without cervical lymphadenectomy; group 3, 78 patients who underwent esophagectomy by left thoracotomy or blunt dissection with or without removal of cervical lymph nodes; group 4, 76 patients with palliative resection without cervical lymphadenectomy; and group 5, 100 patients without any surgical treatment. US diagnosis was compared with histologic findings or cervical lymph node recurrence. RESULTS: Lymph node metastasis was detected in 30.8% of patients (160/519). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of US diagnosis in group 1 were 74.5%, 94.1%, and 87.6%, respectively. Cervical lymph node recurrence was seen in 7 patients (4.6%) in group 1, in 4 patients (3.6%) in group 2, and 3 patients (3.8%) in group 3. Although the incidence of cervical lymph node metastasis as determined by US examination was high in groups 4 and 5, almost none of the patients died of cervical lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound examination plays a useful role in the decision to perform cervical lymph node dissection in patients with esophageal carcinoma, particularly in those with potentially curative dissection.     

完全电视胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗早期肺癌的近期疗效评价

目的 探讨完全电视胸腔镜（VATS）肺叶切除术治疗早期肺癌的可行性、安全性及近期疗效。 方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年5月济宁市第一人民医院连续138例早期肺癌施行肺叶切除术患者的临床资料,其中完全电视胸腔镜肺叶切除术组 （VATS组） 71例,男39例,女32例 ;年龄 （57.9±10.6） 岁;传统开胸肺叶切除术组 （开胸组） 67例,男36例,女31例;年龄 （60.3±8.2） 岁。比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、清扫淋巴结组数及个数、带胸腔引流管时间、术后住院时间、术后第1 d、3 d、30 d疼痛视觉模拟评分 （vision analogue score,VAS）以及术后并发症发生情况。 结果 两组患者均顺利完成手术。VATS组患者术中出血量 ［（147±113） ml vs. （146±91） ml］、清扫淋巴结个数 ［（9.9±3.6） 枚 vs. （10.0±3.6） 枚］ 及组数 ［（3.1±1.3） 组 vs. （3.4±1.3） 组］、术后第1 d、第3 d VAS评分与开胸组差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;VATS组手术时间 ［（119±27） min vs. （135±29） min］、术后带胸腔引流管时间 ［（3.0±0.9） d vs. （3.8±1.2） d］、术后住院时间 ［（8.0±2.1） d vs. （10.2±5.4） d］、术后第30 d VAS评分 ［（2.6±0.7）分vs. （3.2±1.1） 分］ 及术后并发症发生率均短于或少于开胸组（P＜0.05）。VATS组术后随访59例,开胸组术后随访58例,随访时间2～18个月,两组均无死亡,其中脑转移1例,肝转移1例,骨转移2例。 结论对于早期肺癌的治疗,采用完全胸腔镜肺叶切除术安全可行,它具有创伤小、并发症少,术后恢复快、慢性胸痛轻微等优势。同时能够达到与常规开胸手术相同的规范化淋巴结清扫。     

颈段食管癌的外科治疗

目的总结外科治疗颈段食管癌的经验体会。方法综合分析1993年12月至2005年12月在河南省肿瘤医院胸外科和头颈外科接受外科治疗的82例颈段食管癌患者的临床资料。结果本组患者1997年以前以单纯手术治疗为主（27例）；1997年后，除5例早期癌患者外，50例常规采用半量放疗后再手术的综合治疗模式。非开胸食管切除73例．开胸食管切除9例；同期行单侧或双侧区域性颈淋巴结清扫14例；联合脏器切除12例。单纯手术组和综合治疗组保喉率分别为81．3％和95．8％，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。无术中或术后大出血、气管和（或）支气管撕裂及围手术期死亡者；并发症发生率为19．5％；术后病理证实上切缘阳性5例，均为单纯手术组；淋巴结转移14例（17．1％）。全组5年总生存率43％：其中综合治疗组50．2％，高于单纯手术组的33．9％（Χ^2=7．17；P=0．007）；开胸食管切除者、同期行单侧或双侧区域性颈淋巴结清扫者和联合脏器切除者的5年生存率分别为36．5％、45．8％和33．3％。结论颈段食管癌患者半量放疗后再手术．可明显减少肿瘤上切缘阳性的发生率，提高保喉率和5年生存率。手术方式以非开胸游离食管为首选，联合脏器切除或双侧颈部淋巴结清扫应非常谨慎。     

Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery for Recurrent Spontaneous Pneumothorax: The Long-term Benefit

Background Management of recurrent primary spontaneous pneumothorax by open surgery was considered the treatment of choice until recently. The major drawbacks of this management are the prolonged postoperative pain and cosmetic results. In the last decade, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has replaced the routine use of open surgery. Most papers that compared limited open surgery to VATS addressed the early postoperative results, and studies that assessed the long-term results focused primarily on the rate of recurrence and pulmonary function tests. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of minithoracotomy and VATS with emphasis on patients’ long-term, subjective perspective and satisfaction. Methods Medical records of patients with recurrent primary spontaneous pneumothorax were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who underwent surgical treatment by limited thoracotomy (63 patients) or VATS (58 patients) more than 3 years ago were enrolled. Hospital medical charts were used to compare the early postoperative results. Outpatient clinic records and a telephone questionnaire were employed to evaluate long-term results. Results There was no mortality or major morbidity in either group, and hospitalization time was similar. Patients in the thoracotomy group needed significantly higher doses of narcotic analgesia for a longer period. There were two cases of recurrence in the VATS group (3%). Seventy-eight percent of patients in the VATS and 21% in the thoracotomy group classified their pain as insignificant a month following the operation (P < 0.05). Three years following surgery, 97% of the VATS group patients considered themselves completely recovered from the operation compared with only 79% in the thoracotomy group (P < 0.05). Nineteen percent of the thoracotomy group and 3% of the VATS group suffered from chronic or intermittent pain necessitating use of analgesics more than once a month. Thirteen percent of patients from the open procedure group required services from the pain clinic. Patients in the VATS group were, in general, much more satisfied with their operation and with the surgical scars compared with patients from the thoracotomy group. Conclusion We recommend video-assisted surgery as the first-line surgical treatment for patients with recurrent primary spontaneous pneumothorax. This recommendation is based on its somewhat favorable early postoperative course, the superior long-term outcome, and patient satisfaction.     

全胸腔镜肺叶切除术中转开胸的临床研究

目的:探讨全胸腔镜肺叶切除术中转开胸的原因,以降低中转开胸发生率,准确把握中转开胸的手术指征。方法:2010年9月至2015年11月共完成胸腔镜肺叶切除术1 230例。手术均通过2~3个小切口完成,按照手术常规行解剖性肺叶切除及系统性淋巴清扫术。如镜下操作遇到血管损伤性出血、肺门淋巴结粘连或转移等腔镜下无法处理的情况,及时中转为开胸手术。根据术中是否中转开胸分为胸腔镜组与中转开胸组,对比两组患者的临床资料,分析引起中转开胸的相关原因及采取的相应措施。结果:患者手术顺利,无严重并发症发生及围手术期死亡病例。58例中转开胸,中转率4.7%,其中25例术中出血,23例淋巴结粘连或侵犯。56例开胸后顺利完成了肺叶切除,仅2例施行了全肺切除。两组手术时间、术中出血量、引流管放置时间、术后引流量、住院时间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。肺动脉损伤出血、淋巴结干扰是导致中转开胸最常见的原因。结论:肺动脉损伤、淋巴结干扰是中转开胸的主要原因,应根据术中具体情况及时准确地把握中转开胸的手术指征。