GlideScope视频喉镜、直接喉镜和光导纤维支气管镜经鼻气管插管时血流动力学反应的比较

目的比较采用GlideScope视频喉镜(GSVL)、Macintosh型直接喉镜(MDLS)和光导纤维支气管镜(FOB)实施经鼻气管插管时的血流动力学反应。方法将美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)身体状况分级为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级、年龄18~50岁、拟在经鼻气管插管全身麻醉下施择期整形外科手术的60例患者随机分为GSVL组、MDLS组和FOB组,每组20例。常规麻醉诱导后,分别采用GSVL、MDLS或FOB实施经鼻气管插管操作。观察记录麻醉诱导前基础值、麻醉诱导后值,气管插管时和气管插管后5min内每间隔1min的血压(BP)和心率(HR),并记录观察期BP、HR的最大值和最小值,计算各时间点的心率收缩压乘积(RPP)。以时间为横坐标及观察期BP和HR的变化为纵坐标计算气管插管后观察期血流动力学时-效关系曲线下面积(AUE)。结果3组的基本情况和气管插管时间差异无显著性。麻醉诱导后3组的BP和RPP较基础值显著降低(P<0.05),而HR无显著性变化。经鼻气管插管导致3组的BP、HR和RPP较麻醉诱导后值显著升高(P<0.05)。与基础值相比,气管插管时FOB组的BP、HR和RPP均显著升高(P<0.05),MDLS组气管插管时的HR以及观察期舒张压、平均动脉压、HR和RPP的最大值显著升高(P<0.05),但GSVL组气管插管时和气管插管后的各项血流动力学指标与基础值差异均无显著性。FOB组气管插管时的各项血流动力学指标和观察期HR>100bpm的发生率显著高于GSVL组和MDLS组(P<0.05);虽然观察期的BP在MDLS组和GSVL组之间差异无显著性,但MDLS组气管插管时和气管插管后的HR和RPP以及AUEHR显著高于GSVL组(P<0.05)。GSVL组的AUEHR和AUESBP显著低于FOB组(P<0.05)。结论实施经鼻气管插管时的血流动力学反应在采用FOB时最强,MDLS次之,GSVL最轻。     

比较GlideScope视频喉镜与Macintosh直接喉镜经口气管插管对应激反应的影响

目的:Glidescope视频喉镜(GSVL)具有喉部显露清晰、便于教学、操作简单和降低气管插管难度等优点.但它与直接喉镜比较,是否降低了气管插管的应激反应,国内外相关报道较少.对比观察GSVL与Macintosh直接喉镜(MDLS)经口气管插管时血压、心率(HR)和血浆中儿茶酚胺及肾素、血管紧张素的变化. 方法:选择2005年6月至2006年3月40例美国麻醉医师协会Ⅰ～Ⅱ级、年龄20～55岁、Mallampati气道分级为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,拟在全身麻醉下实施择期手术患者,随机分为GSVL组(n=20)和MDLS组(n=20).麻醉诱导后,观察气管插管前、插管后1、5、10、30min时2组的血压、HR改变,检测插管前、插管后5、10、30min时的外周血肾上腺素(E)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾素、血管紧张素Ⅰ(ATⅠ)和血管紧张素Ⅱ(ATⅡ)的浓度,并记录气管插管时间. 结果:与气管插管前比较,2组患者气管插管后1min时的血压、HR均显著升高(P<0.05);但2组间血压、HR在各时间点无显著性差异.GSVL组的血压在插管后5min即降至插管前水平;但MDLS组在插管后30min仍未降至插管前水平(P<0.05).2组的E、NE 浓度在插管后5min时高于插管前水平(P<0.05),10min即回落至插管前水平,各时间点无显著性差异.插管后5min成2组血浆肾素、ATⅠ、ATⅡ浓度均显著升高(P<0.05),肾素和ATⅠ在插管后30min仍高于插管前水平(P<0.05);GSVL组ATⅡ在插管后10min即降至插管前水平,MDLS组在插管后30min才降至插管前水平;MDLS组的肾素水平在气管插管后10min显著高于GSVL组(P<0.05);ATⅠ水平在气管插管后5、10、30min仍显著高于GSVL组(P<0.05). 结论:与MDLS比较,GSVL行经口气管插管可降低应激反应的程度.     

Upsher喉镜与直接喉镜经口气管插管对血流动力学的影响

目的比较Upsher喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜经口气管插管对血流动力学的影响。方法将50例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级、实施择期整形外科手术的患者随机分为Upsher喉镜(U)组(n=25)和Macintosh直接喉镜(M)组(n=25),常规静脉麻醉诱导后分别采用Upsher喉镜或Macintosh直接喉镜实施经口气管插管操作,监测麻醉诱导前后、气管插管时和气管插管后5min内的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)和心率-收缩压乘积(RPP)的变化,并记录气管插管时间。结果两组患者的气管插管时间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。麻醉诱导后两组患者的血压和RPP比麻醉诱导前显著降低(P<0.05);气管插管时的血压和RPP比麻醉诱导后显著升高(P<0.05),持续1～2min后逐渐降低至麻醉诱导后水平。观察期两组患者的血压升高幅度均未超过麻醉诱导前水平(P>0.05),但HR的最大值显著升高(P<0.05)。M组RPP的最大值比麻醉诱导前显著升高(P<0.05),而U组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。观察期各对应时间点的血压、HR和RPP在两组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论Upsher喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜经口气管插管可产生相似的心血管反应。临床常用的全身麻醉诱导用药剂量能有效抑制两种喉镜经口气管插管引起的加压反应,但不能抑制其引起的心率增快反应。与Macintosh直接喉镜相比,Upsher喉镜在预防经口气管插管的心血管系统应激反应方面无明显优越性。     

Shikani喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜经口气管插管对血流动力学影响的比较

目的 比较Shikani喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜经口气管插管对血流动力学的影响.方法 将41例美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)I～Ⅱ级、年龄20～60岁和拟在经口气管插管全身麻醉下实施择期手术的患者随机分为Shikani喉镜组(S组,n=21)和Macintosh直接喉镜组(M组,n=20),麻醉诱导后分别采用Shikani喉镜或Macintosh直接喉镜实施经口气管插管操作,观察两组患者麻醉诱导前、后,气管插管时和气管插管后5 min内的血压、心率(HR)和二重指数(RPP)变化,记录气管插管时间.结果 两组患者麻醉诱导后的血压和RPP明显低于麻醉诱导前(P均＜0.05),气管插管后的血压、HR和RPP则明显高于麻醉诱导后(P均＜0.05).与麻醉诱导前相比,两组患者气管插管后的HR明显升高(P均＜0.05),且均持续约3 min.在插入气管导管后即刻,M组患者的收缩压(SBP)和外周平均动脉压(MAP)明显高于S组患者(P均＜0.05),其余各时间点两组患者的血流动力学指标差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).在M组,患者观察期和气管插管完成后HR出现最大值的时间较SBP出现最大值的时间明显后延(P均＜0.05);与M组比较,S组患者观察期和气管插管完成后出现SBP最大值的时间明显后延(P均＜0.05).两组患者观察期SBP大于、小于基础值30%,HR大于、小于基础值30%及RPP大于22 000的发生率差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).两组患者的气管插管时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 Shikani喉镜正中入路经口气管插管的血流动力学反应轻于Macintosh直接喉镜气管插管.     

GlideScope视频喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜在颈椎制动患者气管插管中的比较

 目的 比较GlideScope视频喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜在颈椎制动患者气管插管中的难易,及两种工具插管对血液动力学的影响。方法 拟在经口气管插管全身麻醉下行择期手术的患者60例,ASAⅠ级,年龄18～60岁,随机分为G组和M组（n=30）。常规麻醉诱导后,手法制动头颈部,G组采用GlideScope视频喉镜,M组用Macintosh直接喉镜行气管插管。分析比较两组声门暴露情况（Cormark-Lehane分级）以及暴露时间,试插次数,失败例数,有无助手辅助,插管前后心率与收缩压乘积（rate-pressure product,,RPP）变化。结果 与M组比较,G组声门暴露情况较好,但暴露时间显著延长（P＜0.05）。M组需要助手辅助及插管失败的比例均高于G组。两组RPP的变化在各个时点无显著差别。结论 在为颈椎制动患者气管插管中,GlideScope视频喉镜能够更好的显露声门,降低插管难度,提高插管的成功率。     

GlideScope视频喉镜与光导纤维支气管镜经口气管插管对血流动力学影响的比较

目的比较全身麻醉诱导后采用GlideScope视频喉镜(GSVL)和光导纤维支气管镜(FOB)经口气管插管对血流动力学的影响。方法施择期整形外科手术患者57例,随机分为GSVL组(n=29)和FOB组(n=28)。在常规静脉麻醉诱导后实施气管插管操作。监测麻醉诱导前、后,气管插管时和气管插管后1、2、3、4、5min的血压和心率变化。结果GSVL组与FOB组气管插管时间差异无显著性(P>0·05)。气管插管后两组患者的血压和心率均比麻醉诱导后明显升高,但血压最大值未超过麻醉诱导前水平,而心率最大值较麻醉诱导前显著升高。两组在观察期各对应时间点的血压和心率及血压和心率最大值差异均无显著性(P>0·05)。结论GSVL经口气管插管可引起与FOB经口气管插管相同程度的心血管系统应激反应。     

GlideScope视频喉镜经口气管插管的临床评价

目的观察比较GlideScope视频喉镜和普通Macintosh直接喉镜经口气管插管的临床效果。方法选择60例ASA分级Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,拟经口气管插管全麻下择期手术的患者,随机分为GlideScope视频喉镜组（G组,n=30）和Macintosh直接喉镜组（M组,n=30）。麻醉诱导后,观察并记录两组基础值、诱导后、声门暴露即刻、气管插管即刻和插管成功后1、2、5 min时的心率和无创血压,同时记录插管时声门暴露程度（Cormark-Lehane分级）、插管时间、一次性插管成功率和插管并发症（如咽痛、声嘶等）。结果 G组在声门暴露时的心率和无创血压升高程度显著小于M组;G组心率和无创血压最大值出现在插管时,而M组最大值多出现在声门暴露时。Cormark-Lehane分级G组（Ⅲ1例）明显比M组（Ⅲ6例）低（P〈0.05）;G组插管时间（29.1±2.6）s与M组（31.4±4.3）s差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;G组一次性插管成功率100%,M组为86.7%;G组未出现插管并发症,M组有3例出现咽痛,均自行缓解。结论与Macintosh型直接喉镜相比,GlideScope视频喉镜可以明显改善声门暴露,降低插管难度,提高插管成功率,减少并发症,但并不能减轻气管插管的应激反应。     

GlideScope视频喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜在经口气管插管应用中的对比研究

目的:比较GlideScope视频喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜在经口气管插管应用中的优缺点.方法:对20例择期妇科或普外科病人,予术前行常规气管插管困难程度评估.全麻诱导后先后采用Macintosh直接喉镜和GlideScope视频喉镜行喉部显露,评估声门的Cormack分级,再行气管插管.结果:采用GlideScope视频喉镜后20例病人均在显示器上清晰显示声门,Cormack分级:Ⅰ级为18例,Ⅱ级为2例;采用Macintosh直接喉镜组Cormack分级Ⅰ级为6例,Ⅱ级为12例,Ⅲ级为2例.与Macintosh直接喉镜组比较,GlideScope视频喉镜组的Cormack分级显著低(P＜0.01),Cormack分级Ⅰ级显露率(90%vs 30%)显著高(P＜0.01).GlideScope视频喉镜组和Macintosh直接喉镜组显露声门的时间分别为(25±14)s和(27±19)s,组间比较无显著意义.GlideScope视频喉镜组经口气管插管成功率为100%,但各有1例病人分别重复插管2次和3次才取得成功,原因为气管导管置入口腔变形,无法将气管导管对准声门.结论:GlideScope视频喉镜用于临床经口气管插管具有操作简单、改善Cormack分级、声门显露清晰等优点,但气管导管通过口咽拐角处困难是其缺点.     

GlideScope(R)视频喉镜在麻醉气管插管中的应用

目的　评价GlideScope　视频喉镜在静吸复合麻醉气管插管中的应用价值。方法200例ASA分级为Ⅰ或Ⅱ级、接受外科手术并施行静吸复合麻醉的患者,其中运用GlideScope视频喉镜（GS组）和3号 Macintosh直接喉镜（ML组）进行气管插管各100例。分析比较两组患者麻醉插管不同时间点无创血压（NBP）和心率（HR）、声门暴露时间、Cormark-Lehane分级、插管次数和插管时间。结果　与GS组比较,ML组声门暴露时患者NBP和HR的增加程度较为显著（P〈0．01）,且恢复速度较慢。两组的声门暴露时间无明显差异。GS组插管时间明显长于ML组（P=0．001）,其声门暴露较好（P=0．001）。结论　在静吸复合麻醉气管插管过程中,与普通Macintosh直接喉镜相比,GlideScope视频喉镜能提高声门暴露的程度,操作时患者心血管反应较小;但不能缩短声门暴露时间和插管时间。     

GlideScope(R)视频喉镜在麻醉气管插管中的应用

目的 评价GlideScope(R)视频喉镜在静吸复合麻醉气管插管中的应用价值.方法 200例ASA分级为Ⅰ或Ⅱ级、接受外科手术并施行静吸复合麻醉的患者,其中运用GlideScope(R)视频喉镜(GS组)和3号Macintosh直接喉镜(ML组)进行气管插管各100例.分析比较两组患者麻醉插管不同时间点无创血压(NBP)和心率(HR)、声门暴露时间、Cormark-Lehane分级、插管次数和插管时间.结果 与GS组比较,ML组声门暴露时患者NBP和HR的增加程度较为显著(P＜0.01),且恢复速度较慢.两组的声门暴露时间无明显差异.GS组插管时间明显长于ML组(P=0.001),其声门暴露较好(P=0.001).结论 在静吸复合麻醉气管插管过程中,与普通Macintosh直接喉镜相比,GlideScope(R)视频喉镜能提高声门暴露的程度,操作时患者心血管反应较小;但不能缩短声门暴露时间和插管时间.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.