CHA2DS2-VASc评分在心力衰竭患者血栓栓塞风险预测中的应用

目的分析不同纽约心脏协会（NYHA）心功能分级心力衰竭患者的血栓栓塞风险差异及CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分对于心力衰竭患者血栓栓塞事件的预测价值。 方法回顾性分析4 360例心力衰竭住院患者的CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分，根据心功能的受损状况将其分为NYHA Ⅰ级组（1 180例）、NYHA Ⅱ级组（1 168例）、NYHA Ⅲ级组（1 187例）和NYHA Ⅳ级组（825例）。采用Logistic回归模型分析NYHA心功能分级对心力衰竭患者罹患血栓栓塞疾病风险的影响，NYHA心功能分级与CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分之间的线性相关度用Spearman相关系数表示，采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线的曲线下面积（AUC）判定CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分对于心力衰竭患者发生血栓栓塞风险的预测价值。 结果4组患者间年龄（F = 106.490，P<0.001）、女性（H = 79.101，P< 0.001）、年龄亚组（H = 256.557，P<0.001）、高血压（H = 8.092，P = 0.044）、糖尿病（H = 8.060，P = 0.045）、血栓栓塞疾病（H = 41.427，P<0.001）、血管疾病（H = 40.567，P < 0.001）、高脂血症（H = 260.762，P < 0.001）及心房颤动（H = 306.597，P < 0.001）比例的比较，差异均有统计学意义。且与NYHA Ⅰ级组比较，女性比例，NYHA Ⅱ~Ⅳ级组患者中65~74岁与≥ 75岁比例，以及患糖尿病、血栓栓塞疾病、血管疾病、心房颤动比例均显著升高（P均< 0.05）。Logistic回归模型校正危险因素后发现，NYHA Ⅲ级[比值比（OR）=1.500，95%置信区间（CI）（1.126，1.999），P = 0.006]与NYHA Ⅳ级[OR = 1.688，95%CI（1.239，2.300），P = 0.001]均是心力衰竭患者发生血栓栓塞的独立危险因素。心功能级别与CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分两变量之间呈弱相关（r = 0.193，P < 0.001）。ROC曲线分析结果显示CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分[AUC = 0.902，95%CI（0.890，0.915），P < 0.001]对于心力衰竭患者血栓栓塞风险的预测价值较高。 结论心力衰竭患者NYHA心功能分级越高，血栓栓塞风险越高。合并血栓栓塞高危因素时，可采用CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分系统评估栓塞风险的同时给予恰当的抗凝治疗，降低栓塞事件发生率。     

CHA_2DS_2-VASc评分对非房颤慢性心力衰竭的近期预后价值

目的:以CHADS2评分为参照依据,分析CHA2DS2-VASc评分对非房颤慢性心力衰竭患者近期预后效果的价值。方法:选取2017年5月～2018年5月收治慢性心力衰竭患者720例为研究对象,分别根据CHA2DS2-VASc和CHADS2两种不同评分体系进行评分,预测近期预后。结果:CHADS2评分、CHA2DS2-VASc评分在年龄、肌酐、尿酸、BNP、INR、LA、颈动脉斑块、脑出血、消化道出血差异显著,P<0.05;CHA2DS2-VASc评分在低、中、高危心脏不良事件发生率明显高于CHA2DS2评分组,P<0.05;CHADS2评分预测非房颤慢性心力衰竭患者发生不良心血管事件的曲线下面积为0.731,可信区间为0.631～0.834,CHA2DS2-VASc评分的曲线下面积为0.742,可信区间为0.643～0.847。结论:针对非房颤慢性心力衰竭患者采用CHA2DS2-VASc评分对评定近期预后有重要临床价值,值得临床应用与推广。     

华法林在房颤患者中使用现状及原因分析

目的:通过调查房颤患者抗凝情况,分析华法林在房颤患者中使用与否的原因,为提高华法林治疗率找准切入点。方法:采用横断面研究,制作调查问卷表,收集2013-02-2014-08川北医学院附属医院和南充市中心医院心内科、呼吸内科、神经内科、内分泌科、急诊科房颤病例535例,并采用SPSS 13.0处理数据。结果:华法林治疗率11.2%,医生告知率20.4%,告知后华法林治疗率提高到55.0%,P0.01;在不使用华法林的患者中,不知道该用华法林的占89.5%,而担心出血风险等其他原因仅占10.5%,P0.01。Logistic回归提示,年龄、教育程度和CHA2DS2-VASc评分是影响华法林使用的因素,P0.01,OR(95%CI)分别为0.924(0.887,0.963)、3.926(2.047,7.528)、3.985(2.819,5.634)。结论:华法林在房颤患者中的治疗率相当低下,主要原因在于医生没有告知患者该用华法林;年龄偏年轻、受教育程度好和CHA2DS2-VASc评分高的患者更可能使用华法林。加强宣教,提高医生房颤抗凝意识和相关知识,方能提高华法林治疗率。     

超声心动图联合血浆纤维蛋白原、CHA2DS2-VASc评分在预测左心耳血栓中的价值

目的 探讨超声心动图联合血浆纤维蛋白原(FIB)、CHA2DS2-VASc评分预测非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)患者左心耳血栓形成的价值。方法 回顾性选取2020年1月至2022年1月在桐城市人民医院治疗的NVAF患者164例,根据经食道超声心动图(TEE)检查结果,有左心耳血栓患者35例,无左心耳血栓患者129例。比较有和无左心耳血栓患者临床资料、超声心动图参数、FIB、CHA2DS2-VASc评分差异。结果 有左心耳血栓患者体重指数、吸烟比例、阵发性房颤比例、中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞比值(NLR)和FIB分别为(26.10±1.87) kg/m²、45.71%、60.00%、2.44±0.68、(3.30±0.87)g/L,明显高于无左心耳血栓患者[(24.65±1.96) kg/m²、20.93%、25.58%、1.96±0.70、(2.77±0.81)g/L],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。有左心耳血栓患者左心房前后径、左心房横径、左心房上下径、左心室收缩末内径和CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥3分比例分别为(46.60±4.50...     

多层螺旋CT与经食管超声心动图诊断左心房血栓的应用比较

目的探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）及经食管超声心动图（TEE）诊断左心房血栓的临床应用价值。方法选取2019年1月~ 2020年5月在我院治疗的心房颤动患者150例,接受MSCT及TEE检查,分析MSCT诊断左心房血栓的价值。结果22例发生左心房血栓,发生率为14.67%;有左心房血栓患者高血压比例为81.82%,高于无左心房血栓患者（P < 0.05）;有和无左心房血栓患者性别、年龄、类型及糖尿病比例比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;MSCT诊断与TEE结果Kappa值为0.617（P < 0.05）,MSCT诊断左心房血栓的灵敏性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为77.27%、91.41%、89.33%、60.71%和95.90%;有左心房血栓患者CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分≥2分的比例为72.73%,明显高于无左心房血栓患者（P < 0.05）;以CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分≥2分标准,诊断左心房血栓的灵敏性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为72.73%、82.81%、81.33%、40.00%和94.64%;MSCT联合CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分诊断左心房血栓的灵敏性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为90.91%、93.75%、93.33%、71.43%和98.36%,较MSCT单独诊断有所提高,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;左心房血栓患者左心房前后径和左右径高于无左心房血栓患者（P < 0.05）,而左心房射血分数低于无左心房血栓患者（P < 0.05）。结论MSCT联合CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分诊断左心房血栓有较好的价值。与MSCT相比较,TEE具有无辐射、可以短时间多次检查和经济实惠等优势。     

CHA2DS2-VASc评分与全球急性冠状动脉事件注册风险评分对心房颤动患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后不良预后的预测价值

目的 探讨CHA2DS2-VASc评分与全球急性冠状动脉事件注册(GRACE)风险评分对心房颤动(简称房颤)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后不良预后的预测价值。方法 选取确诊房颤并接受PCI术治疗的180例患者作为研究对象,入院后评估CHA2DS2-VASc评分和GRACE风险评分。术后随访12个月,主要结局指标为主要不良心脏事件(MACE),次要结局指标为全因死亡率。依照是否发生MACE和是否死亡分别将患者分组,并比较各亚组患者临床资料的差异。通过Cox比例风险模型评估CHA2DS2-VASc评分和GRACE风险评分对结局指标的预测价值。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线并计算曲线下面积(AUC)等,评估CHA2DS2-VASc评分和GRACE风险评分对结局指标的预测效能。结果 21例(11.7%)患者发生MACE(MACE组),159例患者未发生MACE(非MACE组); MACE组患者年龄、充血性心力衰竭发生率、CHA2DS2-VASc评分和GRACE风险评分均高于非MACE组患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。10例(5.6%)患者死亡(死亡组), 170例患者存...     

超声分析缺血性心肌病并发脑卒中患者相关危险因素

目的 通过分析缺血性心肌病(ICM)并发缺血性脑卒中(IS)患者的超声心动图和颈动脉超声异常表现,探讨其发病危险因素.方法 应用二维彩色多普勒超声(2D-CDUS)对168例ICM患者和60名健康志愿者行超声心动图和颅外段颈动脉超声检测,观察心脏大小、心肌运动、心腔内有无血栓、主动脉瓣是否钙化、颈动脉内-中膜厚度、有无粥样斑块.检查后随访观察1年.以首次心脏和颈动脉的异常超声表现为依据,分析患者发病相关危险因素.结果 随访观察1年,168例患者中有45例发生IS.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,主动脉瓣钙化、左心室心肌节段性运动异常、颈动脉粥样斑块是ICM伴发IS的独立危险因素.结论 ICM患者并发IS受多种因素影响.经胸超声心动图和颈动脉超声检测是检测发病危险因素的有效方法,并为判断病程进展提供重要依据.     

CHADS2评分和CHA2DS2VASc评分预测非瓣膜性房颤患者缺血性卒中风险的价值比较

目的比较CHADS2评分和CHA2DS2VASc评分预测非瓣膜性房颤患者缺血性卒中风险的优劣性。方法选择神经内科住院的急性缺血性卒中合并非瓣膜性房颤的患者320例,分别计算CHADS2评分（总分0~6分）和CHA2DS2VASc评分（总分0～9分）．并根据评分分为低（0分）、中（1分）、高危（≥2分）三组,比较两种评分在相同危险组间的差异。结果320例入选患者t260q6（81．30％）未采取抗凝／抗血小板聚凝措施,45例（14．10％）平素服用阿司匹林或氯吡格雷预防卒中,15例（4．70％）平素服用华法林或新型口服抗凝药预防卒中。CHADS2评分组低危患者28例（8．80％）,中危患者95例（29．71％）,高危患者197例（6160％）;CHA2DS2VASc评分组低危患者6例（1．90％）,中危患者24例（7．50％）,高危患者290例（9060％）,x^2检验提示两种评分存在显著差异（p=0．000）。一致性检验示两种方法一致性差（Kappa=0208）。结论CHA2DS2VASc评分预测非瓣膜性房颤患者缺血性卒中风险优于CHADS2评分,可以更好地指导临床方案的实施。     

缺血性脑卒中中青年患者相关危险因素分析

目的:分析缺血性脑卒中中青年患者相关危险因素。方法:选取2015年4月~2017年3月我院收治114例缺血性脑卒中中青年患者作为患病组,同期选取在我院行常规体检的200例健康中青年体检者作为健康对照组,收集两组的各项临床资料作为因素,采用Logistic回归法分析高脂血症、糖尿病、高血压和长期吸烟史等与缺血性脑卒中中青年患者的关联性。结果:患病组中有高脂血症、糖尿病、高血压和长期吸烟史的人数多于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义,P0.05;高脂血症、糖尿病、高血压和长期吸烟史是诱发中青年缺血性脑卒中的危险因素,差异有统计学意义,P0.05。结论:高脂血症、糖尿病、高血压和长期吸烟史是诱发中青年缺血性脑卒中的危险因素,针对以上危险因素制定有针对性的预防措施,对降低中青年缺血性脑卒中的发病率具有积极意义。     

前循环缺血性卒中老年患者颈动脉斑块及其稳定性与血流壁振荡切应力的关系

目的通过探讨前循环缺血性卒中老年患者颈总动脉分叉处血流壁振荡切应力的水平,分析其在颈动脉斑块形成过程中的影响。方法选择前循环缺血性卒中老年患者,应用经皮血管彩色多普勒超声测量颈动脉斑块及其稳定性,测量患侧颈动脉血流速度、血管内径和血液黏滞度,通过公式计算血流壁振荡切应力。结果血流壁振荡切应力在无斑块组(13.418±4.250)和有斑块组(18.052±6.880)dyn/cm2之间(P<0.01)、高回声斑块组(16.235±5.505)dyn/cm2和低回声斑块组(19.753±7.627)dyn/cm2之间(P<0.05)差别均有统计学意义。结论与平均血流切应力相比,高血流壁振荡切应力在颈动脉斑块,尤其是在预测不稳定斑块的形成中更有意义。     

冠心病患者颅外颈动脉狭窄的发生率及危险因素

目的 观察可疑冠心病者颅外颈动脉狭窄（ECCAS）的发生率,评价致ECCAS的危险因素.方法 对106例患者行冠状动脉造影（CAG）后作颈动脉数字减影血管造影（DSA）;据CAG结果分正常及冠心病组,后者分为1、2、3支病变组;据DSA结果分为无ECCAS及有ECCAS组,后者分为轻、中、重度狭窄;危险因素与ECCAS的关系用单变量及多变量Logistic回归分析.结果 冠心病组ECCAS发生率（36.5%）明显高于对照组（6.3%）（P〈0.01）;冠状动脉病变程度与ECCAS程度显著正相关（rs=0.431,P〈0.01）;老龄（OR=1.183,P〈0.01）、高血压（OR=5.456,P〈0.01）、冠状动脉病变程度（OR=1.799,P〈0.05）是ECCAS的独立危险因素.结论 同时行CAG和颈动脉DSA显示,ECCAS多见于有高血压的老年严重冠心病患者.     

Acute carotid artery dissection treated with stenting and hematoma aspiration guided by ultrasonography

We report the successful treatment of dissection with stenosis of the carotid artery by stenting and aspiration of hematoma. A male patient, presenting with acute blurred vision and weakness and numbness of the right side of his body, was diagnosed with common carotid artery (CCA) dissection and severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery and CCA by digital subtraction arteriography and color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU). Two stents were separately implanted into the left internal carotid artery and CCA to restore blood flow and seal the opening of the dissection. The hematoma inside the CCA dissection was transcutaneously aspirated under CDU guidance after thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator. Three days after the operation, the dissection was still sealed. The patient was discharged 1 week later without any signs or symptoms. Follow‐up examination at 70 days confirmed complete healing of the CCA dissection. Transcutaneous intradissection hematoma aspiration with CDU guidance may be applicable in treating arterial dissection, especially when conservative treatments cannot be expected to improve severe flow disturbances. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 41:509–513, 2013;     

高血压患者颈动脉斑块与血压变异的相关性

目的：探讨高血压患者颈动脉斑块的发生与血压变异性的相关性。方法入选181例住院高血压患者,经颈动脉超声检查分为颈动脉斑块组(研究组)和无斑块组(对照组),对2组患者进行24小时动态血压检测,计算并比较2组白天以及夜间的血压变异系数。结果高血压合并颈动脉斑块组的白天收缩压变异系数及舒张压变异系数大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论高血压患者颈动脉斑块的发生与白天血压变异性有密切的相关性。     

Basilar and middle cerebral artery reactivity in patients with migraine

BACKGROUND: Migraine has been reported as a possible risk factor for ischemic stroke. The mechanisms underlying this association are unknown. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia in the anterior and posterior circulation of patients with migraine, as reduced cerebrovascular reactivity is associated with a predisposition to stroke in various clinical conditions. METHODS: Using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, changes in flow velocity during apnea were measured in both middle cerebral arteries and in the basilar artery of 15 control subjects and 30 patients with migraine (15 with aura and 15 without aura) during an attack-free period. Cerebrovascular reactivity was evaluated using the breath-holding index, which is calculated by dividing the percent increase in mean flow velocity recorded during a breath-holding episode by its duration (in seconds) after a normal inspiration. RESULTS: Vascular reactivity in the middle cerebral arteries was similar in patients and controls and significantly lower in the basilar artery of patients with migraine with aura compared with the other 2 groups (P <.0001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that in patients with migraine with aura, there is an impairment in the adaptive cerebral hemodynamic mechanisms in the posterior circulation. This fact could have pathogenetic implications since the association between migraine and stroke frequently regards patients with migraine with aura, and cerebral infarcts occur more commonly in the vertebrobasilar district.     

脑梗塞患者颅外颈动脉MSCTA和超声对照

目的：探讨MSCTA和超声在脑梗塞患者颈动脉斑块检出、定性及狭窄程度判定的价值及两种检查方法间的一致性。方法：对41例脑梗塞病例行MSCTA及超声检查，其中4例同时行DSA检查。分别观察斑块有无、性质及血管狭窄程度，并采用一致性检验,观察两种方法的一致性。结果：68.85%（28/41）、82.93%（34/41）的患者发现有颅外颈动脉、颈动脉斑块。MSCTA、超声分别发现了共76处、69处颅外颈动脉斑块；两种检查方法共同判断的60处斑块的性质判定的一致性为75%（45/60），Kappa值为0.5915。两种检查方法对颅外颈动脉狭窄率判断一致性为78.26%。Kappa值为0.6882。对DSA证实的3处颅外颈动脉闭塞，MSCTA均做出了正确的诊断，超声正确判断1例，另两例分别误判为中、重度狭窄。结论：颈动脉粥样硬化和脑梗塞的关系密切。MSCTA、超声在斑块的性质及狭窄程度的判定上体现了良好的一致性，MSCTA可能检出更多的颈动脉斑块。对颈动脉血管闭塞的判断上，MSCTA较超声更为准确。     

Prevalence of carotid artery stenosis in Taiwanese patients with one ischemic stroke

PURPOSE: Ethnic differences in the distribution of atherosclerosis in the brain-supplying vessels are well described. However, only scarce data exist on the prevalence of extracranial carotid artery stenosis in Taiwanese patients who have had a single ischemic stroke. METHODS: Color-coded duplex sonography was used to evaluate the carotid arteries in a hospital-based study on 276 consecutive first-time Taiwanese stroke patients. Significant atherosclerotic lesions of the internal carotid arteries (ICA) were defined as a stenosis of more than 50% or an occlusion. RESULTS: The prevalence of significant carotid lesions was 6% (35/552) in the entire cohort and 8% (17/224) in patients with hemispheric strokes. Among patients with large-artery atheroscleroses, according to criteria of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment, only 27% had significant extracranial ICA disease whereas 69% had intracranial vessel stenoses. Older patients tended to have more severe ICA lesions, while other risk factors were not correlated with carotid stenosis. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of more than 50% ICA stenosis was low in Taiwanese patients with first hemispheric ischemic strokes, indicating that it is not a major cause of ischemic stroke in this population.     

Effect of Doppler angle in diagnosis of internal carotid artery stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare velocity measurements obtained with 2 fixed insonation angles and to investigate whether there is a difference in their ability in determining internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. METHODS: Eighty-seven patients with ICA stenosis were examined with color duplex ultrasonography. Velocity measurements were made at 60 degrees and 45 degrees insonation angles, and they were compared with Bland-Altman and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: Peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity measurements obtained at the 60 degrees insonation angle were higher compared with those obtained at the 45 degrees insonation angle (24.2% and 24.7%, respectively). The ICA-to-common carotid artery PSV ratio, conversely, was slightly higher (3.9%). Although the threshold values for the same velocity parameters obtained at 2 different insonation angles were different, the accuracy ratios (sensitivity and specificity) were not. With application of the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus criteria to the data obtained at either of the 2 insonation angles, the accuracy ratios of PSV and end-diastolic velocity were found to be statistically different. In the ICA-to-common carotid artery PSV ratio, however, there were no statistically significant differences in the accuracy ratios. CONCLUSIONS: Doppler velocity measurements made at different fixed insonation angles show considerable differences. In determining ICA stenosis, although optimal thresholds are different, the diagnostic performance is not different. In determining ICA stenosis with color duplex ultrasonography, angle-specific thresholds must be determined, and examinations must be made at a fixed angle.     

血清胱抑素C、NIHSS与首发急性脑梗死患者卒中后抑郁相关性分析

目的 探讨美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分(NIHSS)、血清胱抑素C与首发急性脑梗死患者患病后1个月时出现卒中后抑郁（PSD）的关系。方法 选择101例首发急性脑梗死患者,入院后收集患者的基线资料及NIHSS、血清胱抑素C浓度。随访1个月,依据卒中后抑郁临床实践的中国专家共识的诊断标准把患者分为卒中后抑郁组（PSD组）和非卒中后抑郁组(non PSD组),再依据汉密尔顿抑郁评分量表(Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HAMD)17评分结果将PSD组进一步分为轻度PSD组和中重度PSD组。结果 non PSD组、轻度PSD组及中重度PSD组间的血清胱抑素C浓度比较有差异(P＜0.05); non PSD组、轻度PSD组及中重度PSD组间的NIHSS比较有差异(P＜0.05);NIHSS、Cys C与HAMD17评分呈正相关(r=0.766、r=0.511,P＜0.05),且是PSD发生的独立危险因素(OR=1.153,95%CI 1.009~1.317;OR=21.234,95%CI 15.856~28.436)。结论 高的NIHSS及高的Cys C浓度为PSD发生的独立危险因素。