早期乳酸清除率与ICU严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者预后相关性的研究

目的：探讨早期乳酸清除率与ICU严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者预后的相关性。方法：选择2009-01-2012-03入住我院内科ICU的231例严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者,按预后分为生存组（139例）和死亡组（92例）,比较2组患者早期不同时段血乳酸清除率及APACHE Ⅱ评分;比较严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者早期不同时段血乳酸清除率及APACHE Ⅱ评分;早期不同时段乳酸清除率与APACHE Ⅱ评分进行相关回归分析。结果：2组患者入院时血乳酸、入院后6h及12h乳酸清除率、入院后各时段APACHEⅡ评分比较,差异有显著的统计学意义（P〈0.05及〈0.01）,入院后24h、48h和72h乳酸清除率的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者入院后6h乳酸清除率的差异也有显著的统计学意义（P〈0.01）;入院后6h和12h乳酸清除率与同时段APACHEⅡ评分存在负性直线相关关系。结论：ICU严重脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者早期（入院后6h和12h）乳酸清除率对于判断其预后具有重要的临床意义。     

乳酸清除率联合降钙素原清除率对脓毒症休克患者预后的回顾性研究

目的:回顾性研究乳酸清除率联合降钙素原清除率在脓毒症休克患者预后中的作用。方法:2015年1月至2015年12月中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院ICU收治的78例脓毒症休克患者,包括存活组54例、死亡组24例。记录患者临床特征、入ICU时液体复苏开始前的乳酸值(Lac_0)和降钙素原值(PCT_0)、入ICU第1个24小时内液体复苏完成后的乳酸值(Lac_(24))和降钙素原值(PCT_(24)),并计算乳酸清除率和降钙素原清除率,通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析各指标的预测效度。结果:乳酸清除率组和降钙素原清除率组两者联合,在预测脓毒症休克患者28 d全因病死率时,可以达到非常高的AUC值(0.911)。结论:乳酸清除率联合降钙素原清除率对脓毒症休克患者预后的预测价值最佳。     

乳酸清除率评估重度脓毒症患者预后的临床分析

目的回顾性研究乳酸清除率与重度脓毒症患者预后的相关性。方法收集247例重度脓毒症患者入ICU后的APACHEⅡ评分、脓毒症休克发生率、入ICU 12 h后乳酸清除率及患者转归。分别将病例分成存活组和死亡组,高乳酸清除率组和低乳酸清除率组,比较其差异的统计学意义。结果各组年龄、性别、APACHEⅡ评分和初始血乳酸浓度比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0．05)。存活组脓毒症休克发生率明显低于死亡组(31．03% vs 83．33%,P＜0．01),乳酸清除率明显高于死亡组[(31．86±16．34)% vs(14．77±10．35)%,P＜0．01]；高乳酸清除率组脓毒症休克发生率、病死率均明显低于低乳酸清除率组(29．45% vs 90．48%,30．67% vs 85．71%,P均＜0．01)。APACHEⅡ评分与病死率无相关性。结论乳酸清除率可用于早期评估重度脓毒症患者的预后转归。     

脓毒症患者降钙素原及动脉乳酸与碱剩余变化的临床意义

目的了解脓毒症患者降钙素原(PCT)、动脉乳酸、碱剩余(BE)变化特点及其对脓毒症患者严重程度及预后的影响。方法收集70例脓毒症患者临床资料,测定入院和入院24小时、48小时动脉乳酸、BE等指标,并计算24小时、48小时乳酸清除率;根据患者入院24小时内最差临床指标计算急性生理与慢性健康(APACHEⅡ)评分;根据疾病严重程度分为轻度脓毒症组(n=40)与严重脓毒症组(n=30),根据28天转归分为死亡组(n=14)与存活组(n=56);采用logistic回归分析影响脓毒症患者预后的危险因素,绘制ROC曲线并计算曲线下面积,比较其对判断脓毒症患者预后的价值;采用Pearson相关分析PCT与动脉乳酸、BE及APACHEⅡ评分相关性。结果随脓毒症患者严重程度增加,PCT、APACHEⅡ评分、入院动脉乳酸水平升高,BE水平降低(P<0.05),PCT 0.49(1.63)μg/Lvs 2.90(5.45)μg/L、APACHEⅡ评分13.00(6.00)vs 20.50(8.25)、入院乳酸2.55(1.38)mmol/L vs 5.55(1.48)mmol/L、BE-6.80(4.43)mmol/L vs-8.55(6.20)mmol/L(均P<0.05);死亡组入院24小时、入院48小时乳酸清除率明显低于存活组,24小时乳酸清除率13.39(16.97)%vs 34.78(30.00)%、48小时乳酸清除率7.71(39.38)%vs 62.96(24.73)%,BE明显低于存活组(均P<0.05);死亡组PCT、APACHEⅡ评分与入院乳酸明显高于存活组(P<0.05),PCT 9.00(11.40)μg/L vs 0.49(1.62)μg/L、APACHEⅡ评分21.50(3.25)vs 14.00(7.75)、入院乳酸6.75(4.55)mmol/L vs 2.27(1.30)mmol/L,BE-9.25(4.55)mmol/L vs-6.80(4.45)mmol/L(均P<0.05);脓毒症患者PCT与入院乳酸及APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关,与入院BE水平呈负相关;经logistic回归分析,24小时乳酸清除率、PCT、APACHEⅡ评分为影响脓毒症患者预后的独立危险因素;24小时乳酸清除率结合PCT的ROC曲线下面积为0.960,敏感度、特异度较大。结论早期动脉乳酸,PCT与BE可作为判断脓毒症患者病情严重程度的指标。24小时乳酸清除率、PCT、APACHEⅡ评分对判断脓毒症患者预后有重要意义。     

血乳酸及乳酸清除率对感染性休克预后的预测价值

目的:探讨血乳酸及乳酸清除率对感染性休克预后的预测价值。方法:对收住我院ICU的感染性休克患者进行前瞻性临床观察研究,测定入院时(0h)及入院后6、12、24和72h血乳酸水平,同时记录血氧分压,并进行APACHEⅡ评分。分析血乳酸水平、乳酸清除率、APACHEⅡ评分和28d病死率的关系。结果:共61例感染性休克患者纳入本研究,28d病死率为67.2%。死亡组患者0、6、12、24和72h血乳酸水平均显著高于存活组。所有患者入院时乳酸与APACHEⅡ评分显著相关(P<0.05),与血氧分压无相关性(P>0.05)。46例患者入院时血乳酸>2.5mmol/L,随着12h血乳酸清除率增加,患者的病死率降低(P<0.05),存活组6、12、24h乳酸清除率明显高于死亡组(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.05)。6h乳酸清除率≥20.0%者,其病死率较<20.0%的患者降低,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多元logistic回归分析显示24h血乳酸值、6h乳酸清除率及12h乳酸清除率均为独立预后评估指标之一。结论:动态监测血乳酸对感染性休克患者具有重要意义,持续高乳酸血症提示预后不良,24h血乳酸值、6h乳酸清除率及12h乳酸清除率可作为预后评价的指标之一。     

乳酸清除率和血乳酸水平对脓毒性休克患者的预测价值

目的研究不同时间乳酸清除率和血乳酸水平对脓毒性休克患者预后的预测价值。方法 2009年1月至2010年4月,90例脓毒性休克患者入住重症监护病房(ICU)后进行动脉血乳酸水平测定,6、12和24h后再次行动脉血乳酸测定,并计算12和24h后的乳酸清除率。入住ICU24h内,行急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ),统计28d死亡率,将患者分为存活组和死亡组,比较存活组和死亡组的动脉血乳酸清除率与乳酸水平的差异。结果存活组12和24h后,乳酸清除率水平高于死亡组,而血乳酸水平低于死亡组(P均0.05)。所有患者12和24h后,乳酸清除率水平与APACHEⅡ评分呈负相关(相关系数分别为-0.583和-0.347),而血乳酸水平与APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关(相关系数分别为0.556和0.387)。结论 12h乳酸清除率和血乳酸水平可作为评估脓毒性休克预后的指标。     

感染性休克患者血乳酸浓度的变化与预后的关系

【目的】评价动态血乳酸监测与感染性休克患者预后的相关性。【方法】分析43例感染性休克患者的临床资料,观察入ICU时的APACHEⅡ评分及血乳酸值,并与入院后6h的数值进行比较,计算6h乳酸清除率,比较其统计学差异。【结果】性别构成、年龄、入ICU时的APACHEⅡ评分和血乳酸值在存活与死亡两组间相比较无统计学差异。存活组的乳酸清除率高于死亡组（P〈0．05）;高乳酸清除率组的病死率明显低于低乳酸清除率组,且两组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。【结论】动态血乳酸监测对判断感染性休克患者的预后具有较好的敏感性和特异性。     

小剂量糖皮质激素对严重感染性休克患者乳酸清除率及预后的影响

目的:探讨小剂量糖皮质激素治疗感染性休克对乳酸的清除率及预后的影响.方法:选取我院2006年1月至2011年6月82例感染性休克患者,随机分为对照组40例及观察组42例,分别给予常规治疗和在常规治疗的基础上加用小剂量甲基强的松龙,比较两组乳酸清除率、APACHEH评分及预后.结果:两组间治疗前乳酸水平及APACHEⅡ评分无统计学差异(P＞0.05);治疗后两组的乳酸水平均下降,与治疗前比较均有统计学差异(P＜0.05);与对照组比较,治疗后观察组乳酸水平明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组间治疗前后APACHEⅡ评分变化差异无显著性(P＞0.05).观察组的死亡率(31.0％)显著低于对照组(57.5％)(P＜0.05);其血乳酸清除率(64.4±12.9)％显著高于对照组(47.5±10.3)％(P＜0.05).两组ICU住院时间比较,观察组(13±4)d明显短于对照组(22±7)d(P＜ 0.05).结论:小剂量糖皮质激素治疗能改善感染性休克患者乳酸清除率及预后.     

脓毒症早期检测血乳酸清除率的临床意义

目的:探讨脓毒症早期血乳酸清除率检测的临床意义。方法:对2011年10月至2013年6月ICU收治的脓毒症患者63例分为存活组和死亡组,高、低乳酸清除率组,测定入组时(0 h)及入组后6 h、24 h的动脉血乳酸水平及6 h、24 h乳酸清除率,入住ICU后24 h的APACHEⅡ评分、48 h的器官衰竭数目及28 d内死亡率,比较存活组和死亡组,高、低乳酸清除率组间的差异。结果:存活组的6 h乳酸清除率高于死亡组(P0.05);高乳酸清除率组的24 h APACHEⅡ评分、48 h器官衰竭数目及28 d内死亡率均明显低于低乳酸清除率组(P0.05)。结论:早期血乳酸清除率可指导脓毒症的治疗及评估其预后。     

早期乳酸清除率对脓毒症患者预后的评估

目的:探讨早期动脉血乳酸清除率对脓毒症休克患者预后的评估,与APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分的比较。方法:回顾性收集我科室2015-07-2016-08期间78例感染性休克患者的临床资料,根据患者住院28d转归,将患者分为生存组和死亡组。根据ROC曲线,分析6h动脉血乳酸清除率,寻找出最佳截断值,根据最佳截断值分为高乳酸清除率组及低乳酸清除率组,分析2组乳酸、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分及病死率之间的差异。结果:研究收集78例感染性休克患者,其中存活44例,死亡34例。存活组和死亡组:入院动脉血乳酸水平、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分及早期乳酸清除率差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。早期乳酸清除率、APACHEⅡ评分及SOFA评分ROC曲线下面积分别为0.649、0.793、0.881。最高约登指数0.60时,对应的早期乳酸清除率为29%时,以此分为高乳酸清除率组和低乳酸清除率组,2组APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分及预后差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:早期乳酸清除率可作为判断感染性休克患者预后的指标。     

现代残疾康复理念、政策与社区康复体系研究

本研究分析了当代残疾康复的理念和理论架构,构建了以国际公约、决议和政策、国内法律和政策以及操作性工具3个层次的康复理论体系;运用包容性发展,分析探讨了当代社区康复的体系和特点;就发展康复事业、为残疾人提供全面系统的康复服务提出相关的政策建议。     

我院文职护士管理和培训的实践与体会

目的构建文职护士培训、使用及管理的科学方法。方法通过规范管理、科学施训、作为骨干大胆任用等多种管理方式,使文职护士得到充分的发展。结果文职护士群体成长为医院优秀骨干,首批满3年的文职护士顺利通过续聘考核。结论科学的管理培训是文职护士成长的重要基石,对医院护理管理有着重要作用。     

Comparison of short-term and long-term protocols for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium

Molecular tools continue to be important in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. However, using these techniques directly in the field remains a major challenge. Therefore, the preservation of clinical samples collected from endemic field areas for later analysis remains an important preanalytical process. This study aimed at identifying a suitable protocol for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA in bioclinical specimens for Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium research. Both spiked and unspiked blood samples were preserved in 7 protocols (different media; storage temperatures). Samples were evaluated for possible degradation of DNA and RNA along the storage duration up to the 10th week. Nucleic acid targets were assessed as follows: (i) Trypanosoma and Plasmodium RNA analysis was done using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) for 18S rRNA and for stage-specific Pfs25 mRNA, respectively; (ii) Trypanosoma DNA assessment analysis was conducted by using a conventional PCR for 18S rDNA; (iii) Leishmania RNA analysis was performed with a quantitative NASBA for 18S rRNA and Leishmania DNA assessment with an RT-PCR for 18S rDNA. Findings suggested that a newly developed L3™ buffer proved to be reliable and suitable for both short- and long-term preservation of parasite nucleic acid material. This buffer is envisaged to be suitable for utilization in field situations where resources are limited.     

国内外唇腭裂专科护理发展现状的文献研究及分析

目的了解和分析国内唇腭裂专科护理工作发展的现状。方法检索并分析万方医学网、中国知网、Springer Link及PubMed英文数据库近6年有关唇腭裂手术的围术期护理、患儿的喂养、手术安全管理、围术期疼痛研究以及心理护理的相关文献。结果共检索出国内文献89篇(核心期刊20篇)、国外文献22篇,其中围术期护理38篇、患儿的喂养16篇、手术安全管理10篇、围术期疼痛研究10篇、心理护理15篇。结论与国外文献相比,国内论文总结和回顾性居多,应增加研究探讨性论文,从而促进唇腭裂临床护理工作专科化的发展。     

城乡学童个性行为特征调查

目的探讨农村与城市儿童的个性行为特征。方法将97名农村学龄儿童设为农村组,97名城市学龄儿童设为城市组,采用艾森克个性问卷一儿童版和Achenbach’s 行为量表一儿童版进行评定分析。结果两组学龄儿童艾森克个性问卷各维度评分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）,且与全国常模相一致（P均〉0．05）;农村组男学童Achenbach’s行为量表违纪行为、攻击行为及外向型因子分均显著高于城市组,女学童退缩、社交问题因子分均显著高于城市组（P〈0．05或0．01）,其他因子分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。结论农村与城市儿童个性无显著差异,而农村儿童存在较多的行为问题,可能与其所受教养和生活方式有关。     

History of violence and subjective health of mother and child

Objective: To study the self-reported prevalence of experienced violence among a cohort of women about two years after giving birth, their health during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes and their experience of their child’s health.

Setting and subjects: In 2011, a total of 657 women participated in phase III of the Childbirth and Health Cohort Study in Icelandic Primary Health Care, 18 to 24 months after delivery. The women had previously participated in phase I around pregnancy week 16 and phase II 5–6 months after delivery. Data were collected by postal questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Women’s reported history of experienced violence, sociodemographic and obstetric background, self-perceived health, the use of medications and their child’s perceived health.

Results: In phase III, 16% of women reported experiencing violence. These women felt less support from their current partner (p?p?p?p?p?p?=?0.008).

Conclusions: Our study confirms that a history of violence is common among women. A history of violence is associated with various maternal health problems during and after pregnancy, a higher rate of caesarean sections and maternal reports of health problems in their child 18–24 months after birth.

• KEY POINTS

• Violence is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the impact of violence on human health and developing effective preventive measures are important elements of any public health agenda.

• ??The reported prevalence of experiencing violence was 16% among women attending antenatal care in the primary health care setting in Iceland.

• ??Women with a history of violence reported worse health in general during pregnancy and delivered more often by caesarean section, compared to women with no such history.

• ??Mothers with a history of violence also evaluated the general health of their child as worse than women with no such history.

• ??The findings of this study support the importance of recognizing and addressing experienced violence among women in primary care.

     

Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention

In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world; the last known natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the United States had stopped routinely vaccinating its citizens in 1972. However, with increasing concerns regarding domestic and international terrorism, smallpox has resurfaced as a potential threat to global health. We review the direct and indirect modes of smallpox transmission and how patterns of transmission vary substantially, depending on the severity of circulating disease, vaccination status, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the setting of an outbreak. We examine mechanisms for controlling outbreaks of disease and preventing further transmission in the event of an outbreak, with an emphasis on smallpox vaccination.     

通用设计原则与产品研发策略

本文介绍了通用设计的概念和设计原则,并阐述了根据此原则实施通用设计的产品研发策略。通用设计惠及的不仅是残疾人,也惠及了包括普通公众在内的广泛人群,以及企业。应将通用设计的原理应融入政府相关政策和未来发展的规划中,为残疾人以及更多人群提供合理便利的通用设计产品。     

胃癌DNA含量与E-cad、EGFR表达的关系及其意义

目的　探讨胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR表达的关系 ,评价其在浸润、转移潜能及预后判断中的作用。方法　应用图像分析仪及SP免疫组化法检测 30例正常胃黏膜上皮、30例不典型增生和 5 0例胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR蛋白表达情况。结果　①正常胃黏膜上皮、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌组的DI、PI、S %、>5c %逐渐增高 ,与胃癌分期、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。②E cad在正常胃黏膜上皮阳性表达率 10 0 % ,EGFR呈阴性表达 ;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌E cad阳性表达率逐渐降低 ,EGFR的阳性表达率逐渐升高 ,且差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;E cad表达减弱、EGFR表达升高与胃癌分化差、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。③E cad表达阴性的胃癌DNA指数及EGFR表达水平显著高于E cad阳性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　检测DNA含量及E cad、EGFR蛋白表达有助于胃癌的早期诊断及转移潜能和预后的判断。     

Quality and suitability of antimicrobial discs: theoretical and practical sources of error and variability

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The use of antimicrobial discs remains one of the main methods for assessing antibiotic activity. Most discs are made to one of three main standards (FDA, WHO, DIN); these all describe an assay method for assessing the quality of discs using a linear method. Theory predicts a curved relationship, and this is backed up in many cases in practice. In such cases, the assays are potentially invalid. Other sources of uncertainty arising from the manufacturing processes employed are also discussed.

Areas covered: This includes error arising from applying FDA, WHO, and DIN standards, the manufacturing techniques employed, and variation in the materials used in production. The need for a specification that relates directly to the use of the discs is also discussed.

Expert opinion: Manufactured discs, some of which may be out of specification due to curvature and other sources of error, have been used to establish quality zone sizes. Quality zone sizes have then been used to measure the quality of discs. This circular quality system where there is no quantitative check is potentially unsafe. In the many decades of their use, there has been no comprehensive check on the quality of manufactured discs using quantitative, validated assays.