血管性痴呆血清同型半胱氨酸水平与颈动脉粥样硬化相关性研究

目的 探讨血管痴呆患者血清同型半胱氨酸水平与颈动脉粥样硬化之间的关系.方法 选取80例老年血管性痴呆患者,纳入血管性痴呆组,同时选择同期健康体检者80例作为对照组,比较两组血清同型半胱氨酸、血脂水平及颈总动脉、颈内动脉内径、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)和颈动脉粥样斑块发生情况,并对同型半胱氨酸水平与颈动脉粥样硬化相关性进行分析.结果 血管性痴呆组同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)明显高于对照组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).血管性痴呆组颈总动脉、颈内动脉内径明显小于对照组,IMT明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),血管性痴呆组粥样硬化斑块发生率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 血管性痴呆患者血清Hcy升高,并且随着血浆Hcy水平的升高,颈动脉粥样硬化程度随之升高.     

老年冠心病合并高血压患者血清NO、Lp-PLA2、Hcy水平与颈动脉粥样硬化程度的关系

目的探讨老年冠心病合并高血压患者血清一氧化氮(NO)、脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与颈动脉粥样硬化程度的关系。方法以本院2016年1月至2018年1月收治的260例老年冠心病患者为研究对象,其中合并高血压153例为合并组,不合并高血压107例为冠心病组,选择同期体检健康人员70例为对照组。测定各组血清NO、Lp-PLA2、HCY水平,通过Grous积分法反映颈动脉粥样硬化程度,分析血清NO、Lp-PLA2、HCY水平与Grous积分的关系。结果合并组血清NO水平显著低于冠心病组、对照组,Lp-PLA2、Hcy水平均显著高于冠心病组、对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05);合并组Grous积分平均2.82±0.42分,显著高于冠心病组的2.00±0. 24分,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);Grous积分<2分患者血清NO水平显著高于Grous积分≥2分,Lp-PLA2、Hcy水平均显著低于Grous积分≥2分者(P<0.05);血清NO水平与Grous积分负相关(P<0.05),血清Lp-PLA2、Hcy水平与Grous积分正相关(P<0.05)。结论老年冠心病合并高血压患者血清NO下降,Lp-PLA2、Hcy上升,NO与颈动脉粥样硬化负相关,Lp-PLA2、Hcy水平与其正相关。     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退对颈动脉粥样硬化和心功能的影响

目的 探讨亚临床甲状腺功能减退对颈动脉粥样硬化和心功能的影响。方法 随机选取2016年5月~2017年8月西安医学院第二附属医院内分泌科收治的286例患者,根据甲状腺紊乱诊断标准随机选取甲状腺功能减退患者50例为研究组,选择甲状腺功能正常患者50例为对照组。比较两组患者的一般临床资料、血脂、血糖、血中同型半胱氨酸,两组心功能检测指标（LVEF、E/E'、NT-proBNP）、斑块积分、脉搏波速度。将血浆促甲状腺激素水平与心功能检测指标、动脉彩色多普勒超声及脉搏速度检测结果进行Pearson线性相关分析。结果 研究组血压高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;血脂各项检测指标及Hcy水平高于对照组,统计学意义显著（P＜0.01）。研究组E/E'值、血浆NT-proBNP水平均高于对照组[（9.85±1.56）vs（11.42±2.34）],[（90.46±10.36）pg/mlvs（145.32±16.61）pg/ml],统计学意义显著（P＜0.01）。血浆TSH水平与E/E'值、血浆NT-proBNP水平呈显著正相关（P＜0.01）。研究组斑块平均积分、PWV均高于对照组,统计学意义显著（P＜0.01）。血浆TSH水平与斑块积分、PWV均呈显著正相关（P＜0.01）。结论 TSH与颈动脉粥样硬化形成、心功能受损明显相关,可能通过引起血脂、血压异常,进一步加大颈动脉粥样硬化及心功能损害的风险。     

2型糖尿病血清可溶性共刺激分子B7-H3与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的相关性研究

目的探讨血清可溶性共刺激分子B7-H3(soluble co-stimulatory molecule B7-H3,sB7-H3)与2型糖尿病(type 2diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者合并颈动脉粥样硬化(carotid atherosclerosis,CAS)的相关性。方法选择87例临床诊断T2DM患者作为研究组,另外选择33例非T2DM人群作为对照组。入选的糖尿病患者根据有无颈动脉粥样硬化斑块分为T2DM无颈动脉斑块组(T2DM-NCAS)与T2DM有颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组(T2DM-CAS)。应用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测所有研究对象的血清可溶性共刺激分子B7-H3水平。结果 T2DM-NCAS组的sB7-H3水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),T2DM-CAS组的sB7-H3水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),T2DM-CAS组的sB7-H3水平显著高于T2DM-NCAS组(P0.05)。血清sB3-H7水平与颈动脉斑块Crouse积分呈正相关。ROC曲线分析显示sB7-H3对于2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块形成有诊断价值(P0.05)。结论血清sB7-H3可能参与2型糖尿病患者动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成、发展;sB7-H3或可作为2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块严重程度的评估指标。     

H型高血压合并腔隙性脑梗死患者Hcy水平与动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的 观察H型高血压合并腔隙性脑梗死(lacunar infarction,LI,简称腔梗)患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(hyperhomocysteine,Hcy)的水平与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系.方法 对入选的高血压合并腔梗患者,依据Hcy水平分为H型高血压合并腔梗组(Hcy≥10μmol/L,H型高血压组,n=120);普通高血压合并腔梗组(Hcy＜ 10μmol/L,普通高血压组,n =120);选择同期健康体检人群为对照组(n=115).用酶联免疫吸附试验法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA法)检测各组受试者Hcy的水平,同时检测一般生化指标.采用彩色多普勒超声测定各组受试者颈动脉IMT.结果 H型高血压组的颈动脉IMT水平明显高于普通高血压组及对照组[IMT:H型高血压组(1.37±0.20)比普通高血压组(1.15±0.18)比对照组(0.57 ±0.22) mm,P＜0.001;Hcy:H型高血压组(19.2±3.5)比普通高血压组(9.2±1.4)比对照组(9.0±1.3).μmol/L,P＜0.001];Pearson线性分析结果显示高血压合并腔梗患者的Hcy水平与IMT呈正相关(r=0.413,P＜0.05),H型高血压组相关性更大(r=0.585,P＜0.05).以IMT为因变量进行多元逐步线性回归分析显示,Hcy(β=0.535,P＜0.01)是颈动脉IMT的影响因素.结论 高血压合并腔梗患者血浆Hcy水平升高与颈动脉IMT增厚呈正相关.H型高血压合并腔梗患者颈动脉粥样硬化更显著.     

UA、Hcy和FIB与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及 脑梗死关系的分析

目的 探讨血清尿酸（UA）、同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）和血浆纤维蛋白原（FIB）水平与颈动脉粥样硬化及脑梗死的关系。方法 选择2017年10月~2018年10月在齐齐哈尔市第一医院住院的急性脑梗死患者作为研究对象,150例颈动脉粥样硬化脑梗死患者设为ACI组,根据颈动脉超声检查责任血管情况分为无斑块组30例、稳定斑块组48例和不稳定斑块组72例,另选同期120例健康者设为对照组。检测并比较各组血清UA、Hcy和血浆FIB水平,分析其与急性脑梗死的关系,ACI组中血清UA、Hcy和血浆FIB水平对颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性影响。结果 ACI组UA（379.78±86.54）μmol/L、Hcy（15.45±3.18）mmol/L和FIB（4.87±2.33）g/L水平均高于对照组的（248.47±74.43）μmol/L、（8.45±2.85）mmol/L和（2.37±0.58）g/L水平,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;不稳定斑块组UA（366.8±70.6）μmol/L、Hcy（17.36±3.52）mmol/L和FIB（5.28±2.43）g/L水平分别高于稳定斑块组及无斑块组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 UA、Hcy和FIB的水平与急性脑梗死的发生密切相关,且与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的不稳定性有关,因此三者联合检测对脑梗死的预防、诊断及治疗均有重要意义。     

超声评价老年心血管病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的价值

探讨超声对老年心血管病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的评价价值。方法 在我院2017年7月~2018年6月收治的老年心血管疾病患者中随机抽取76例设为观察组,随机抽取同期于我院行健康体检的76例老年人设为对照组。两组受检者均进行颈部超声检查,比较两组受检者的颈部血管动脉粥样硬化斑块面积、斑块积分以及IMT值,VA、CCA以及ICA部位、血流量及脑血流量。结果 观察组患者的斑块面积、斑块积分以及IMT值均高于对照组（P＜0.05）;VA、CCA以及ICA部位的狭窄程度均较对照组严重（P＜0.05）;VA、CCA以及ICA部位的血流量与脑血流量均比对照组小（P＜0.05）。结论 超声评价老年心血管病患者颈动脉粥样硬化具有无创性、高效性以及操作简易等优点,可以掌握颈动脉粥样硬化疾病的不同状态,有利于老年患者病情发展与预后情况的判断,对临床工作有着重要指导作用。     

Hcy、Lp-PLA2在动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死中的表达及与颈动脉斑块稳定性的关系研究

目的探讨同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)在动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死中的表达及与颈动脉斑块稳定性的关系。方法选择本院2018年12月至2020年5月期间收治的141例动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者作为研究对象,回顾性收集患者临床资料,根据其颈动脉斑块的超声诊断标准分为稳定斑块组(n=47)、不稳定斑块组(n=52)与无斑块组(n=42);并选取同一时期在本院接受健康体检的50例体检健康者为正常组。比较四组Hcy、Lp-PLA2水平及不同斑块指数分级患者的Hcy、Lp-PLA2水平,并分析Hcy、Lp-PLA2表达与颈动脉斑块稳定性的相关性。结果动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者Hcy、Lp-PLA2水平显著高于正常组(P0.05),不稳定斑块组患者Hcy、Lp-PLA2水平均明显高于稳定斑块组与无斑块组(P0.05);不同斑块指数分级患者的Hcy、LpPLA2水平不同,且随着斑块指数分级增高,动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者的Hcy、Lp-PLA2水平成逐渐上升趋势,其中Ⅲ级患者Hcy、Lp-PLA2水平最高;经Pearson相关分析,Hcy、Lp-PLA2水平与斑块指数分级呈正相关,与颈动脉斑块稳定性呈负相关。结论动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者Hcy、Lp-PLA2水平较健康人群明显增高,且与斑块指数分级呈正相关,与颈动脉斑块稳定性呈负相关,联合检测更有利临床评估动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者颈动脉硬化斑块稳定性。     

超声检测颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病相关性研究

目的探究超声检测颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病相关性。方法选取胸痛入院的拟诊为冠心病的患者100例,行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检测与行冠状动脉造影检测。冠脉狭窄程度在50%以上,72例为冠心病组,健康者28例为对照组。统计两组患者IMT的值、斑块出现情况及斑块总积分,并计算颈动脉粥样硬化超声诊断冠心病的诊断符合情况。结果与对照组患者相比,冠心病组患者颈动脉分叉处、颈总动脉及颈内动脉IMT均有显著增加(P 0. 01);双侧斑块及总板块发生率显著升高(P 0. 01),斑块总积分显著升高(P 0. 01)。经确诊为冠心病的患者72例中,有58例出现颈动脉斑块,经颈动脉多普勒超声诊断确诊,超声诊断的符合率为80. 56%。结论颈动脉粥样硬化及冠心病的发生存在一定的相关性,通过超声检测颈动脉粥样硬化情况对于诊断冠心病具有一定临床价值。     

超声对糖尿病患者颈动脉硬化程度评价

目的 利用超声技术评价Ⅱ型糖尿病人颈动脉硬化程度.方法 测定72例Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)及斑块形成情况,并与健康组对照.结果 Ⅱ型糖尿病组颈动脉IMT(1.2±0.11) mm较正常组(0.76±0.16) mm明显增厚;斑块检出率为69%,较正常组检出率15%明显增高.结论 Ⅱ型糖尿病患者颈动脉硬化斑块形成情况明显高于正常组,利用超声检测可早期评价Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的硬化情况,并指导临床诊断及治疗.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.