粪菌移植对炎症性肠病患者肠道菌群变化的研究

目的探讨分析粪菌移植治疗炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)的临床治疗效果。方法选取2017年5月-2018年5月入院接受诊疗的36例成人炎症性肠病患者作为本次研究对象,对所有纳入研究患者采用粪菌移植的治疗方法,比较患者治疗前、后排便次数、腹痛评分、粪便评分情况,并随访3个月。结果治疗后排便次数低于治疗前(P 0.05);治疗后腹痛评分低于治疗前(P 0.05);治疗后粪便性状评分低于治疗前(P 0.05);成人炎症性肠病患者治疗3个月后的全球IBS评分低于治疗前,上述差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论对炎症性肠病患者采用粪菌移植治疗,可改善患者腹泻疼痛的症状,值得临床进一步推广和应用。     

抗结核药物加肠内营养治疗重症结核性肠梗阻病人

目的:探讨无手术指征的重症结核性肠梗阻病人的治疗方法。方法:对28例重症结核性肠梗阻病人在充分抗结核治疗的基础上,早期开始以"复方氨基酸注射液+地塞米松磷酸钠注射液"为营养制剂的肠内营养(EN)联合肠外营养(PN)治疗。依据病人对EN的耐受程度调整鼻饲的速度和营养液的种类,逐渐过渡至TEN。结果:28例病人均采用此方法得以治愈,无中转手术病例。行氨基酸+地塞米松混合液滴定式EN序贯治疗平均鼻饲时间为(6±2)d。治疗后1~2 d病人腹痛、腹胀开始缓解,1~3 d开始排气、排便,恢复正常饮食平均时间为(14±6)d。结论:在充分抗结核治疗的基础上,采用复方氨基酸+地塞米松磷酸钠滴定式EN序贯治疗,对无手术指征的重症结核性肠梗阻病人疗效满意。     

胃癌病人术后早期肠内营养不耐受的风险因素及对预后影响

目的:研究胃癌病人术后早期肠内营养(EEN)不耐受的风险因素及其对预后的影响。方法:选取行胃癌根治术,且术后行EEN的75例胃癌病人的病历资料,根据术后EEN实施后病人是否出现恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹胀和腹泻的症状,将病人分为EEN耐受组和不耐受组。结果:51例(68%)胃癌病人在术后实施EEN过程中出现了EN不耐受的症状,24例(32%)早期实施EN后耐受良好。不耐受组病人的手术类型、术后第1天下床活动时间、开始EN的时间和使用营养泵与耐受组之间存在明显差异。经多元回归分析发现,病人术后第1天下床活动时间4 h和使用EN泵是术后EEN耐受的有利因素(P0.05)。EEN不耐受组病人术后排气、排便时间和住院时间均明显长于耐受组。结论:胃癌病人术后下床活动时间不足及未使用EN泵进行匀速输注是EEN出现不耐受的风险因素,可延缓病人术后康复。     

投稿须知

溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是一种慢性非特异性结肠炎症,灌肠是治疗UC的有效方法.传统的经肛保留灌肠只对病变局限于直肠、左半结肠者有效,对病变累及全结肠及末端回肠的病人效果不佳.1986年,就有学者提出经皮内镜引导下盲/结肠造口术(percutaneous endoscopic cecostomy/colostomy,PEC)[1],并成功将其应用于结肠假性梗阻病人的治疗中.2006年,英国出版了PEC的应用指南[2]明确了PEC的适应证,但未见其应用至UC的治疗.我们应用PEC技术建立顺行灌肠通道治疗了11例UC病人,现将报道如下.     

胃造口与常规鼻饲肠内营养病人下呼吸道感染及细菌谱分析

目的:观察经皮内镜下胃造口置管(PEG)与常规鼻胃管(NGT)行肠内营养(EN)支持的病人下呼吸道感染及细菌谱的差异. 方法:选择临床资料无显著性差异的需要EN支持的病人120例,根据病人及家属的意愿分为PEG组和NGT组,每组60例.比较两组病人下呼吸道感染发生的例次以及痰细菌培养的结果. 结果:术后1年随访的临床资料显示,PEG组病人共发生1 1例次下呼吸道感染,培养到细菌17株,依次为铜绿假单胞菌4株、肺炎克雷伯菌3株、大肠埃希菌3株、流感嗜血杆菌3株等.NGT组病人共发生53例次下呼吸道感染,培养到细菌38株,依次为铜绿假单胞菌13株、金黄色葡萄球菌6株、鲍曼不动杆菌6株、肺炎克雷伯菌5株等. 结论:PEG较传统NGT管饲营养能明显降低下呼吸道感染的发生率和减少多重耐药菌的感染,对需要长期行EN治疗的病人是一种安全有效的治疗方法.     

粪便钙卫蛋白对溃疡性结肠炎的诊断及预测复发的价值

目的:探讨粪便钙卫蛋白在溃疡性结肠炎(UC)诊断和预测复发方面的价值.方法:选取UC病人49例、结肠息肉38例和对照组133例,均行结肠镜检查,于检查前1d内留取粪便,采用ELISA法测定粪便钙卫蛋白的含量.UC临床分级采用Mayo疾病活动指数(UCAI),评价粪便钙卫蛋白测定作为判断UC活动性的指标,随访UC病人2年...     

舒泰清用于伴有心脑肝等系统性并发症患者的结肠镜检查前肠道准备的有效性及安全性观察

目的评价聚乙二醇电解质散（舒泰清）在国内人群中用于伴有心脑肝等系统性并发症患者的结肠镜检查前肠道准备的有效性及安全性。方法50例接受结肠镜检查的病人口服舒泰清，观察服药过程中排便情况，肠腔清洗效果和气泡存在情况。服药前和结肠镜检查结束后分别进行血尿常规、肝肾功能检查和电解质测定。结果病人在服药后约1—1．5h开始排便，排便3-5次后即可接受肠镜检查，清洁肠道的有效率为100％，无1例出现恶心、呕吐、腹痛和腹胀等不良反应。服药前后的实验室指标均无明显差异。结论舒泰清应用于结肠镜检查前的肠道准备安全有效，准备时间短，值得临床推广应硪。     

经皮内镜下胃/空肠造口置管术在重症急性胰腺炎病人肠内营养治疗中的应用

目的:经皮内镜下胃/空肠造口置管术(PEG/J)在重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)病人肠内营养(EN)治疗中的可行性. 方法:观察92例SAP病人接受PEG/J的置管时间、成功率、并发症和导管留置时间等指标. 结果:平均置管时间为(17.7±4.2) min,成功率为97.8％(90/92),未发生置管相关并发症,置管后并发症的发生率为7.7％ (7/90),平均导管留置时间为(76.6±26.8)d. 结论:采用PEG/J对SAP病人早期行EN支持治疗具有操作简便、安全有效、病人耐受良好、可长期带管等优点.     

肠内营养治疗肠系膜上动脉综合征的前瞻性研究

目的:探索肠内营养(EN)对肠系膜上动脉综合征(SMAS)病人的治疗效果。方法:根据病程长短、病情严重程度,对15例采用鼻肠管或经皮内镜下胃空肠造口(PEG/J)行EN治疗的SMAS病人进行前瞻性临床应用研究,观察病人的临床症状、梗阻近端的引流量、营养指标和影像学检查。结果:所有病人在置管减压引流1周内症状明显减轻,经鼻肠管行EN的病人约3～4周症状消失,经PEG/J管行EN的病人约4～8周症状消失,约5～10周均恢复正常饮食。EN治疗2周后,所有病人的体重、体质指数(BMI)和体脂百分数(TBF%)明显增加,梗阻近端的引流量明显减少。相关分析显示,在治疗前、EN治疗2周和症状消失时,梗阻近端的引流量与体重、BMI和TBF%呈明显的负相关,其中与TBF%的相关性最为显著(P<0.01)。与治疗前比,拔除管饲导管前肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉之间的夹角明显增加。结论:合理有效的EN治疗能改善SMAS病人的营养状况,增加体重和脂肪含量,从而增加肠系膜上动脉和腹主动脉之间夹角,解除十二指肠梗阻,缓解临床症状,恢复正常饮食,是一种有效的治疗方法,可使大多数病人避免手术。     

重症急性胰腺炎空肠营养支持治疗中肠道不耐受的防治

目的:探讨重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)病人肠内营养(EN)支持治疗中肠道不耐受的原因和防治方法。方法:回顾研究128例SAP病人行EN支持治疗出现的肠道不耐受现象。结果:使用肠内输液泵、一次性EN输注器和加热器的病人78例,5例出现肠道不耐受;未使用输注系统50例,10例出现肠道不耐受。后者肠道不耐受发生率显著高于前者。15例肠道不耐受病人中,4例改用空肠输注系统后,肠道不耐受症状消失。2例降低滴注营养液浓度后,肠道不耐受症状消失。9例病人转为手术治疗,术中发现8例伴小肠充血水肿,1例小肠部分缺血坏死。8例病人出现胰周感染,术后8例可耐受EN支持治疗。结论:在使用EN支持治疗时,常规使用空肠滴注泵、一次性EN输注器和加热器,可防治SAP病人营养支持治疗中出现的肠道不耐受症状。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.