糖代谢异常与急性冠脉综合征

糖代谢异常包括糖调节受损（impaired glucose regulation，IGR）和糖尿病（diabetes mellitus，DM），IGR又包括糖耐量减低（impaired glucose tolerance，IGT）和空腹血糖受损（impaired fasting plasma glucose，IFG），是正常糖代谢和DM之间的中间代谢状态。急性冠状动脉综合征（acute coronarys yndrome，ACS）是由于不稳定斑块的破裂，     

糖调节受损与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病

葡萄糖调节受损(impaired glucose regulation,IGR)包括糖耐量低减(impaired glucose tolerate,IGT)和空腹糖调节受损(impaired fasting glucose,IFG),是正常糖代谢与糖尿病之间的中间代谢状态,许多研究表明,糖调节受损不仅仅是糖代谢正常与糖尿病之间的过渡阶段,也是直接导致心血管事件发生和死亡的重要阶段,是冠心病发生的重要危险因素。1糖调节受损的定义葡萄糖耐量低减(IGT)的定义是空腹血浆血糖<7·0mmol/L(126mg/dL),75g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),2h血浆葡萄糖介于7·8~11·0mmol/L(140~199mg/dL)之间。空腹糖调节受损(IFG)…     

OGTT正常、异常及糖尿病患者冠状动脉造影特征比较

目的观察口服葡萄糖耐量试验（oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT）异常对冠心病患者冠脉病变特征的影响。方法对35例糖耐量异常（IGT）及空腹血糖受损（IFG）的冠心病患者的造影结果进行分析,并分析17例OGTT正常的冠心病患者及44例确诊糖尿病患者的冠脉造影结果。结果3组患者的3支病变的构成比有显著差异（P<0.05,P<0.01）,远端小血管病变的发生率有显著差异（P<0.05,P<0.01）。结论IGT（或IFG）患者在冠脉病变特征方面与OGTT正常者存在显著差异,而与糖尿病患者存在相似病变特征。     

糖耐量减低对行早期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者短期预后的影响

目的探讨糖耐量减低(impaired glucose tolerance,IGT)对行早期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者短期预后的影响。方法选择2014年1月至2017年6月河南科技大学第一附属医院心内科收治的行早期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的STEMI患者为研究对象。通过糖尿病病史及口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)结果,将入选患者分为血糖正常组(normal plasma glucose group,NGG组)、糖耐量减低组(IGT组),剔除空腹血糖受损及糖尿病患者。主要观察指标为住院期间、术后1年主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)发生情况。结果 NGG组住院期间、术后1年MACE发生率小于IGT组,差异有统计学意义[15.38%(8/52)vs.30.77%(32/104),P=0.038;21.28%(10/47)vs. 40.00%(36/90),P=0.028]。结论对STEMI患者进行OGTT试验,及早地发现糖耐量受损患者,尽早进行血糖管理,可能可以改善患者预后。     

糖调节异常在不同年龄的分布状态与临床防治策略

1980年WHO公布并推荐了葡萄糖不耐受的概念,并对口服葡萄糖耐量实验(OGTT)实施制定了标准化方案.1985年正式提出糖耐量异常概念(impaired glucose tolermce,IGT),作为糖尿病亚型(早期糖尿病).2002年年底世界各地专家在英国的Glasgow达成共识(consensus)将IGT定名为糖尿病前期(prediabetes).1997年ADA提出建议以空腹血糖作为糖尿病诊断标准,并首先提出空腹糖耐量受损(impaired fasting glucose,IFG)引起了学界广泛的争鸣,1998～1998年WHO采纳了ADA关于IFG的概念,并保留了进行OGTT的建议和IGT概念[1].     

空腹血糖正常的原发性高血压患者糖代谢状况分析

目的研究空腹血糖正常的原发性高血压患者是否需要常规做葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),进一步筛查出潜在的糖代谢异常,尽早采取干预措施。方法选择既往无糖代谢异常病史,空腹血糖5.6mmol/L,确诊原发性高血压的成人患者360例,行OGTT2h血糖测定,并根据测定结果将患者分为3组:无糖代谢异常组148例、糖耐量减低(IGT)组164例和糖尿病(T2DM)组48例。记录年龄、入院时血压、体质量指数、血脂、血尿酸、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、尿微量白蛋白(MA)等参数。Hs-CRP采用乳胶增强免疫比浊法测定,MA采用免疫比浊法测定。结果360例患者中检出IGT者164例(45.6%),T2DM者48例(13.3%);冠心病患者136例,检出IGT者80例(58.8%),T2DM者28例(20.6%);非冠心病患者224例,检出IGT者84例(37.5%),T2DM者20例(8.9%);冠心病和非冠心病患者糖代谢异常发生率有统计学意义(P0.05)。性别、年龄、血压、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白的差异无统计学意义(P0.05);糖代谢异常组(包括IGT组和T2DM组)体质量指数、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、血尿酸、hs-CRP、MA均高于无糖代谢异常组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论建议空腹血糖正常的原发性高血压患者均应常规做OGTT,发现潜在的糖代谢异常,进行早期干预,以延缓糖尿病进展,降低心血管事件发生的危险。     

不同糖耐量冠心病患者炎症因子水平与动脉硬化程度及胰岛素抵抗的研究

目的 探讨不同糖耐量水平及炎症因子对动脉粥样硬化(AS)形成的影响.方法 选择2004年5月-2006年5月该院住院患者,经冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病患者300例,均进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),分为糖耐量正常(NGT)组、单纯空腹血糖受损(IFG)组、单纯糖耐量受损(IGT)组、空腹血糖受损合并糖耐量受损(IFG/IGT组)、糖尿病(DM)组5组,均测血清超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、空腹血糖(FPG),血胰岛素(INS)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C),用Fridewald 公式计算低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C).口服75 g葡萄粉0.5和2 h后测血糖、血INS,计算胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)、△I30/△G30、李氏B细胞胰岛素分泌指数(MBCI);同时对5组冠脉造影结果进行分析.结果 体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、TG、TC、LDL-C在5组中依次升高,HDL-C在5组中依次降低,IFG组、IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组4组BMI、WHR、SBP、DBP、TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C与NGT组比较差异显著.IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组SBP、DBP、TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C与IFG组比较差别显著.IFG组、IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组的FPG 0.5、1 h、空腹血胰岛素(Fins)、0.5 hINS、ISI、△I30/△G30与NGT组比较差别显著;IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组3组PBG2h明显高于IFG组;IGT组、IFG/IGT组两组2 hINS水平明显高于IFG组;IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组3组李氏B细胞胰岛素分泌指数(MBCI)明显低于NGT组和IFG组,NGT组和IFG组两组MBCI差别不显著.IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组3组hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α明显高于NGT组,IFG组与NGT组差别无统计学意义.IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组3组冠状动脉1支病变发生率明显低于NGT组和IFG组;IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组3组2支病变和3支病变发生率明显高于NGT组和IFG组,NGT组和IFG组冠状动脉病变发生率差别不显著.结论 炎症反应参与了从FPG异常、糖耐量异常到DM的发展过程.冠心病合并IGT、IFG/IGT、DM时较合并NGT和IFG者有更严重的冠状动脉病变发生率.     

冠心病患者的糖代谢异常分析

目的探讨冠心病患者血糖代谢异常的发生率以及糖代谢异常对心血管事件发生和影响预后的可能机制。方法选择病情稳定的冠心病(NACS)患者和急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者各110例。抽取静脉血检查空腹血糖(FBG)和餐后2小时血糖(2hPG),若其中任何1项异常,则进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)。根据血糖结果分为糖代谢正常组和糖代谢异常组(包括糖耐量异常组和糖尿病组)。同时行丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)测定。结果糖代谢异常发生率在NACS和ACS患者中分别占44.54%和63.64%。无论NACS患者或ACS患者,糖代谢异常组的MDA升高和SOD降低与糖代谢正常组比较差异均有显著性;合并糖尿病和合并糖耐量异常的患者组间MDA及SOD水平比较,差异无显著性。结论糖代谢异常在冠心病患者中发生率较高,其中新识别糖代谢异常需要行OGTT检查;合并糖代谢异常的冠心病患者脂质过氧化程度高;合并糖耐量异常与合并糖尿病一样,对冠心病患者有相等程度的氧化应激。     

糖代谢异常对心脏结构和功能的影响

国内外研究证实，糖尿病患者心血管疾病的发病率和病死率明显增加，其中部分是由于心脏结构和功能的改变引起。随着2003年“糖尿病前期”概念的提出，即包括了糖耐量减低（impaired glucose tolerance，IGT）和空腹血糖受损（impaired fasting glucose，IFG）两方面，认为该阶段心血管重构可能已经开始，并增加了心血管不良事件的发生。现就糖代谢异常对心脏结构和功能的影响作一综述。     

老年冠心病患者合并糖代谢异常临床观察研究

目的 分析糖代谢异常对老年冠心病患者的影响,探讨餐后2 h血糖检测的重要性.方法 随机选择经冠脉造影确诊的老年冠心病患者172例,取清晨空腹及餐后2 h血糖值后将患者分为糖尿病(DM)组,糖耐量减低(IGT)组,空腹血糖受损(IFG)组和糖耐量正常(NGT)组,比较4组的危险因素及冠脉造影结果.结果 DM组58例(33.72%),IGT组56例(32.56%),IFG组10例(5.81%),NGT组48例(27.91%).前3组弥漫性病变率、合并血脂异常高于NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 老年冠心病合并糖代谢异常患者多支病变及弥漫性病变率高,容易合并其他危险因素,餐后2 h血糖测定可提高该类患者检出率.     

Provisional T-stenting and kissing balloon in the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions: results of the French multicenter "TULIPE" study.

BACKGROUND: In previous prospective studies, a strategy of (a) stenting of the main branch, (b) provisional T-stenting of the side branch, and (c) final kissing balloon inflation, was associated with high success and low target lesion revascularization (TLR) rates on the long-term. OBJECTIVES: To examine the performance of this strategy in a multicenter study. METHODS: Consecutive patients were treated at 14 French medical centers for de novo coronary bifurcation lesions with the same technique used. Immediate results and clinically-driven TLR at 7 months were examined. RESULTS: The mean reference diameters of the main and side branches were 3.2 +/- 0.6 mm and 2.4 +/- 0.5 mm, respectively. The side branch was stented in 34% of patients. A <30% residual stenosis in the main branch was achieved in 99%, <50% in the side branch in 90%, and both in 89% of procedures. The in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular event were a Q-wave and 5 non-Qwaves MI (0.54% and 2.7%). At 7 months of follow-up, 3 patients (1.76%) had died, 1 suffered a non-Q-wave MI (0.59%), and 28 (15.88%) underwent TLR. By multivariate analysis, a lower left ventricular ejection fraction (OR: 0.934), moderate calcifications (OR: 7.86), and non-use of the "jailed" wire technique (OR: 4.26) were associated with reinterventions during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A strategy of provisional T-stenting with a tubular stent and final kissing balloon angioplasty for the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions was safe and associated with a low TLR rate at 7 months. This strategy should be applicable to the new era of drug eluting stents.     

Grading the angiographic extent of collateral filling

Angiography frequently demonstrates a collateral circulation in severe coronary artery disease. An easily applicable method to quantify collateral flow might be a useful adjunct for the assessment of the hemodynamic effects of coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study was to validate a visual scaling of the extent of angiographic collateral filling by comparison with flowmeter- and microsphere-derived measurements of collateral flow. In 12 open-chest dogs, collaterals from the circumflex artery were angiographically visualized (n = 80) by creating acute critical left anterior descending artery occlusion. The extent of collateral filling was graded in four levels from 0 = no visible filling to 3 = complete epicardial filling. Collateral filling correlated with the change in flow of the collateral supplying circumflex artery (Q; r = 0.84) which was + 5.3 ±4.6% with grade 1, + 9.1 ±3.5% with grade 2 and + 14.6 ±4.7% with grade 3 (p < 0.01). In parallel, coronary flow reserve decreased from 4.1 ±0.8 with grade 0 to 2.9 ±0.2 with grade 3 (p < 0.01). Colored microspheres were injected subselectively into the circumflex artery of 9 dogs (45 injections). The ratio of microspheres counted in the collateralized myocardium of the left anterior descending artery to the total number injected increased from 0.6 ±0.9% for grade 0 to 17.1 ±2.8% with grade 3 (p < 0.01). Absolute collateral flow derived from microsphere counts averaged 5.5 ±0.9 ml/min with grade 3 and closely correlated with collateral filling grade (r = 0.88). Semiquantitative grading of angiographic collateral filling in response to acute coronary occlusion in a canine model correlates with an increase in collateral source artery flow, absolute collateral flow and a decrease in source artery flow reserve. These data suggest that this scale might be a simple but useful adjunct tool to assess the hemodynamic significance of a collateral circulation.This work was supported by a grant from the NLHBI 1 R01 HL40865. Dr. Schuhlen is the recipient of a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (#Schu657/1-1 and 1–2).     

Embolization complicating coronary angioplasty in the presence of an intracoronary thrombus

Two cases of coronary occlusion and subsequent embolization during percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA) are described. Prior to PTCA, angiographic evidence of intracoronary thrombus was present. Abrupt reclosure after dilation was treated by successful redilation. However, coronary embolization of thrombus debris occurred downstream in one patient and into an adjacent coronary branch in the second patient.     

Is short-stay coronary angioplasty safe?

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is usually performed as an inpatient procedure and the patients are monitored for several days afterward. Over a 13-month period, in 91 of 373 PTCA procedures, the clinical condition of the patient did not necessitate inpatient status before PTCA. PTCA was done the day of admission and discharge planned the following. Overall hospital stay was planned as less than 24 hours. PTCA was done in one vessel in 62 patients, two vessels in 24, three vessels in 3, and four vessels in 2 patients. PTCA was initially successful (less than 50% residual stenosis) in 85 patients (93%). In one of these, acute occlusion occurred the next morning and urgent bypass surgery was done. PTCA failed in 6 patients who left the catheterization laboratory with unchanged coronary anatomy. Bypass surgery was performed that day in 2 patients, on another admission in 1 patient, and medical therapy continued in the other 3 patients. Of the 88 patients not receiving same admission bypass surgery, 84 (95%) were discharged in less than 24 h. Hospitalization was prolonged (1-5 days) in 4 patients. This was because of nonobstructive dissection treated with heparin for approximately 24 h in 2 patients; a catheterization site hematoma in 1 patient, and post-PTCA noncardiac chest pain in another. No patient had inhospital myocardial infarction or death. The only late complication was in a patient treated with heparin and monitored for 2 days; 3 weeks later angina returned and he died suddenly. These data suggest PTCA can safely be done in selected patients with both single and multivessel disease in a short stay inhospital setting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

LAD-right ventricular fistula complicating PTCA: Another case

Coronary perforation caused by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) occurs rarely and most often leads to communication to the pericardial space. We report a case where PTCA caused a coronary artery rupture and fistulization to the right ventricular outflow tract. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 42:34–36, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Treatment of ruptured coronary aneurysm with a novel covered stent

Coronary artery aneurysms are relatively rare but have been diagnosed with increasing frequency since the advent of coronary arteriography. Their reported incidence varies from 1.5% to 5% with male dominance and a predilection for the right coronary artery (RCA), accounting for over 40% of all cases. The most common etiology amongst adults remains atherosclerosis accounting for 50% of coronary aneurysms. We describe the first use of a novel flexible pericardium covered stent for successful treatment of a ruptured coronary aneurysm in 76 year old lady. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Techniques for palmaz-schatz stent deployment in lesions with a large side branch

Palmaz-Schatz coronary stent implantation in lesions with a large side branch are reported. The first case describes how to manage plaque shifting after stent implantation. The second and third cases demonstrate a kissing balloon predilatation and stent dilatation technique of a bifurcational lesion. The final case demonstrates a stent implantation technique through the stent struts of a previously deployed stent.     

非罪犯冠脉斑块研究的进展

加强冠心病的二级预防是目前防控急性冠脉综合征（ACS）的重要手段。本文对ACS与非罪犯冠脉斑块的关系作了综述。     

Angiographic demonstration of coronary sinus thrombosis: A potential consequence of trauma to the coronary sinus

Abnormalities of the coronary sinus are rarely encountered. A case is presented demonstrating for the first time the angiographic appearance of coronary sinus thrombosis. This may have been the result of surgical trauma during mitral valve replacement or inadvertent cannulation of the coronary sinus during right heart catheterization or pacemaker insertion. Although the clinical significance of coronary sinus thrombosis is uncertain, obstruction of coronary sinus blood flow should not be deleterious because of multiple anastomoses between the coronary sinus system and the anterior cardiac veins. Difficulty in cannulating the coronary sinus for physiologic studies should suggest the possibility of coronary sinus thrombosis, especially in patients who have undergone mitral valve replacement. This may be confirmed by observing the venous phase of selective left coronary arteriography. Finally, coronary sinus thrombosis may be important as a source of pulmonary emboli. The prevalence of this serious complication requires further study.     

Coronary arteriovenous-arterial fistula

A case of multiple arteriovenous fistulae is described in an adult with coronary artery disease. One of these fistulae drained into the anterior interventricular vein, which in turn communicated with and perfused an obstructed left anterior descending coronary artery.