大学生时间管理倾向与自我和谐的关系

目的: 探讨大学生时间管理倾向与自我和谐的关系.方法: 运用青少年时间管理倾向量表和自我和谐量表对334名大学生进行施测,对大学生时间管理倾向与自我和谐各因素进行相关分析和多元逐步回归分析.结果: 334名大学生自我与经验的不和谐得分为51.9±8.6,自我灵活性得分24.6±6.3,自我刻板性得分25.0±4.1;自我与经验的不和谐与除时间价值感外的时间管理倾向(r=-0.31--0.39)、自我刻板性与时间管理倾向(r=-0.11--O.26)呈负相关;自我灵活性与时间管理倾向呈正相关(r=0.28-O.41).进一步回归分析表明,时间效能感是自我与经验的不和谐和自我刻板性的有效预测变量(R2=0.152,β=-0.390;R2:O.107,β=-0.259);时间效能感和时间价值感是自我灵活性的有效预测变量(R2=0.229,β:0.288、0.286).结论: 大学生时间管理倾向与自我和谐有一定程度的相关.     

大学生时间管理倾向及影响因素的研究

目的 探讨大学生时间管理倾向特点及其与焦虑、责任感之间的关系.方法 对150名大学生进行时间管理倾向、状态焦虑、责任感的问卷调查.结果 ①大学生时间管理倾向各维度得分及总分、状态焦虑、责任感在性别上均没有显著差异;②时间管理倾向各维度中时间价值感、时间效能感及总分与状态焦虑呈非常显著的负相关(r =-0.366,-0.378,-0.321;P＜0.001);③时间管理倾向中时间价值感(r=0.174,P＜0.05)、时间监控观(r=0.201,P＜0.05)、时间效能感(r=0.301,P＜0.001)及总分(r=0.266,P＜0.001)与责任感存在显著正相关.结论 良好的时间管理对减少大学生的焦虑情绪具有积极意义,良好的时间管理者的责任感普遍更强.     

大学新生孤独感与应对方式

目的 探讨大学新生孤独感与应对方式之间的关系以及不同孤独感状况下的新生应对方式特点.方法 采用孤独感量表和应对方式问卷对458名大学新生进行问卷调查.结果 ①新生孤独感在性别和是否独生变量上差异不显著,而在城乡变量上有显著差异(t =-2.203,P＜0.05);②新生应对方式在性别、城乡以及是否独生变量上均具有显著差异(t=-4.948,P＜0.001;t=2.462,P＜0.05;t=2.082,P＜0.05);③新生孤独感与成熟型应对方式存在显著负相关(r=-0.331,-0.368;P＜0.01),而与不成熟型以及混合型应对方式存在显著正相关(r=0.406,0.232,0.268,0.180;P＜0.01);④3种不同孤独感状况在应对方式的6个因子上均达到极其显著性水平(解决问题F=19.170;自责F=30.082;求助F=29.612;幻想F=9.163;退避F=12.743;合理化F=-6.085;P＜0.001),孤独感高的个体较低孤独感个体更倾向于不成熟的应对方式.结论 农村大学新生的孤独感感高于城市大学新生,孤独感与应对方式相关,孤独感高的大学新生更倾向于采用不成熟的应对方式.     

大学生自我接纳与自我和谐的关系

目的:了解大学生自我接纳与自我和谐的现状以及两者之间的关系,为心理健康教育提供教学参考。方法:采用自我接纳量表和自我和谐量表,对南京某两所大学大一至大四880名学生进行问卷调查。结果:在本研究中大学生自我和谐程度优于全国常模,符合心理健康的标准,在性别、生源地和是否独生上没有显著差异。自我接纳总分与自我和谐总分显著负相关(r=-0.597,P0.01);自我接纳因子和自我的灵活性、自我与经验的不和谐、自我的刻板性3个因子相关性显著(r=0.265,-0.612,-0.230;P0.01);自我评价因子和自我的灵活性、自我与经验的不和谐、自我的刻板性3个因子相关性显著(r=0.237,-0.442,-0.097;P0.01)。回归分析表明,自我接纳因子和自我评价因子均对自我和谐有正向预测作用。结论:自我接纳是影响大学生自我和谐的重要因素。     

高职大学生时间管理倾向与自我效能感的关系

目的 了解高职大学生时间管理倾向能力与焦虑、抑郁及自我效能感之间的关系.方法 应用青少年时间管理倾向量表(ATMD)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和一般自我效能感量表,对513名高职大学生进行抽样测试研究.结果 ①是与不是班干部的同学在时间管理倾向上存在显著差异(t-2.733,P＜0.01);②时间管理倾向与抑郁、焦虑存在显著负相关(r=-0.340,-0.181;P＜0.01),与自我效能感存在显著正相关(r=0.283,P＜0.01);③抑郁情绪在时间管理倾向与自我效能感之间起部分中介作用.结论 班干部在时间管理倾向上好于不是班干部的同学;时间管理能力越强,抑郁、焦虑情绪越低,自我效能感越高;抑郁情绪影响着时间管理倾向对自我效能感的作用.     

新生代农民工农民身份认同与自我和谐的关系

目的:探讨新生代农民工农民身份认同与自我和谐的现状及两者的关系。方法:采用"农民工农民身份认同问卷"和"自我和谐量表"对219名新生代农民工进行测试。结果:1新生代农民工的农民身份认同在性别、收入水平、工作城市(t=-3.681,-12.657,-12.073;P0.001)和受教育程度(F=30.121,P0.001)上差异显著;2新生代农民工自我和谐在性别、收入水平、工作城市(t=-2.972,-13.799,-14.039;P0.01或0.001)、受教育程度(F=14.756,P0.001)上差异显著;3自我归类和自我与经验的不和谐、自我的灵活性、自我的刻板性呈显著负相关(r=-0.19,-0.35,-0.21;P0.001或0.01);身份重要性和自我与经验的不和谐、自我的灵活性、自我的刻板性呈显著负相关(r=0.37,0.56,0.45;P0.001);行为投入和自我与经验的不和谐、自我的灵活性、自我的刻板性呈显著负相关(r=0.31,0.60,0.42;P0.001)。结论:新生代农民工的农民身份认同越高,自我和谐的程度也越高。     

大学生自我和谐与心理复原力的关系

目的为考察自我和谐与心理复原力的关系。方法使用自我和谐量表和心理复原力量表随机对615名大学生进行调查。结果依据评分标准,大学生自我和谐状况与心理复原力处于良好的水平;自我和谐的性别(F=6.37,P0.05)和年级(F=4.31,P0.01)主效应显著,心理复原力的性别×年级×生源地交互效应显著(F=3.32,P0.05);自我与经验的不和谐与心理复原力呈显著的负相关(r=-0.13,P0.01),自我灵活性与心理复原力呈显著的正相关(r=0.50,P0.01);自我灵活性能正向地预测心理复原力(β=0.49,P0.001),而自我与经验的不和谐负向地预测心理复原力(β=-0.11,P0.01)。结论自我和谐是影响个体心理复原力的重要变量。     

大学生自我和谐与人际关系的相关研究

目的 探讨大学生自我和谐与人际关系之间的关系.方法 采用自我和谐(SCCS)量表和人际关系量表对华北煤炭医学院138名大学生进行调查.结果 大学生自我和谐程度在性别上存在显著差异(t=3.430,P<0.001);大学生自我和谐总分与人际关系得分呈显著负相关(r=-0.386,P<0.01),则自我和谐状况与人际关系状...     

大学生自我和谐与问题解决能力的相关性

目的探讨大学生自我和谐与问题解决能力之间的关系。方法对某高校264名大学生施测自我和谐量表和问题解决问卷,就问卷各维度得分进行相关和回归分析。结果①大学生自我和谐与问题解决能力呈显著正相关(r=0.530,P0.01);②自我和谐高分组和低分组在问题解决能力总分(r=-5.419,P0.001)、各维度得分上(r=-6.973,P0.001;r=-4.222,P0.001;r=-2.183,P0.05)存在显著差异;③自我和谐量表三因子分别对问题解决能力具有极其显著的预测能力(回归方程F=10.967~34.464,均P0.001)。结论大学生自我和谐与问题解决能力有显著的相关。自我和谐水平越高的大学生,其自我感知或自我评价问题解决能力越高。     

大学生社会支持与主观幸福感的关系:自我和谐的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生社会支持、自我和谐与主观幸福感之间的关系.方法:采用社会支持评定量表、自我和谐量表、生活满意度量表以及情感量表测量360名在校大学生.结果:①社会支持、自我和谐、生活满意度以及积极情感两两之间存在显著的正相关(r在0.12至0.28之间,P＜0.05);社会支持、自我和谐与消极情感存在显著的负相关(r=-0.28,r=-0.47,P＜0.001).②自我和谐在社会支持与生活满意度之间发挥着完全中介作用,当自我和谐进入回归方程时,社会支持对生活满意度的预测效应不再显著(β=0.10,t=1.87,P=0.06);自我和谐在社会支持与消极情感之间发挥着部分中介作用,当自我和谐进入回归方程时,社会支持对消极情感的预测效应从-0.28降为-0.16(t=-3.21,P=0.001).③通过构建结构方程模型进一步验证了自我和谐是社会支持与主观幸福感关系中的中介变量.结论:社会支持通过自我和谐的中介影响主观幸福感.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.