三种类型CpG-ODN作为蛋白亚单位疫苗佐剂的比较研究

目的 比较A、B和C3种类型CpG-ODN在动物模型中的疫苗佐剂活性,为设计高活性的新型人用疫苗佐剂提供理论基础.方法 用不同CpG-ODN刺激体外培养的小鼠脾细胞,检测上清中的IFN-γ和IgM,从而确定3种类型的CpG-ODN.以基因工程乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)为模型抗原、不同类型CpG-ODN为佐剂免疫BALB/c小鼠,用间接ELISA法检测被免动物血清中抗原特异性ISG、IgG1和IgG2a抗体.结果 小鼠免疫结果表明,与Al(OH),对照组相比,3种类型CpG-ODN均具有良好的疫苗佐剂活性,但B和C型CpG-ODN诱生的抗原特异性IgG和IgG2a抗体水平远高于A型CpG-ODN.虽然A型CpG-ODN也能够显著增强总抗体水平,但并不改变IgG1和IgG2a抗体亚型的比值.这与B和C型CpG-ODN能够极大地促进TH1类免疫应答并降低IgG1/IgG2a比值明显不同,提示不同类型CpG-ODN可能通过不同机制起到疫苗佐剂作用.结论 不同类型CpG-ODN具有不同疫苗佐剂活性,B和c型CpG.ODN在小鼠体内的体液免疫佐剂效果优于A型CpG.ODN.     

重组IL-12对乙肝疫苗在小鼠诱导免疫应答的作用

目的:观察重组IL-12对乙肝疫苗在小鼠诱导应答的强度与性质的作用,探讨将重组IL-12用作乙肝治疗性疫苗分子佐剂的可能性.方法:将乙肝疫苗联合重组IL-12肌注免疫小鼠,检测小鼠产生的抗乙肝表面抗原特异性体液和细胞免疫应答.结果:乙肝疫苗联合重组IL-12能明显增强小鼠T淋巴细胞的增殖活性、促进分泌细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-2并提高IgG2a抗体水平.结论:重组IL-12可显著增强乙肝疫苗诱导的细胞免疫应答,并使免疫应答转向Th1型.     

CpG ODN对rHBsAg免疫小鼠Th1/Th2型免疫应答的影响

目的：初步探讨CpC寡脱氧核苷酸(CpG ODN)与重组乙型肝炎表面抗原(rHBsAg)联合免疫小鼠的Th1／Th2型免疫应答效应。方法：BALB／c小鼠经后腿胫骨前肌免疫2次，ELISA法检测血清乙型肝炎表面抗体(抗-HBs)IgG亚类IgG2a/IgG1的比值；生物活性法检测脾细胞诱生上清中的IFN-γ和IL-2含量；ABC-ELISA法检测小鼠血清中IL-4、IL-10及IL-12含量。结果：加CpG ODN组与单独注射rHBsAg组相比：抗-HBs IgG亚类IgG2a／IgG1比值明显高；Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-2的表达增强，抑制Th2型细胞因子IL-4和IL-10的产生。结论：CpCODN能够明显增强rHBsAg免疫小鼠Th1型抗体亚类IgG2a的产生，并且诱导Th1型细胞因子的表达，抑制Th2型细胞因子的表达。     

CpG ODN佐剂对乙肝疫苗抗原免疫原性的影响

目的探究CpG ODN佐剂对不同抗原含量乙肝疫苗免疫效果的影响。方法在体液免疫方面不同抗原浓度的CpG ODN与Al(OH)3佐剂乙肝疫苗免疫Balb/c小鼠,于免疫后第2、4、6、8、10周收集血清,检测小鼠体内相对效力ED50和血清中的anti-HBs抗体水平;在细胞免疫方面测定诱导产生IFN-γ水平及IgG2a应答水平。结果 CpG ODN与Al(OH)3佐剂可以有效协同HBs Ag诱导机体产生的抗体滴度达49 427 mIU/ml,抗体效价随时间延长而增加。乙肝抗原减半后双佐剂乙肝疫苗诱导机体产生的特异性抗体滴度可达41 225 mIU/ml,高于无CpG ODN佐剂的铝佐剂疫苗。在诱导细胞分泌方面,对照组诱导产生IFN-γ水平及IgG2a应答水平明显低于所有双佐剂疫苗组。结论 CpG ODN对HBsAg具有良好佐剂活性,并与铝佐剂有协同作用,二者联合应用可以降低乙肝抗原用量并提高疫苗免疫原性。     

脑膜炎奈瑟菌外膜蛋白NMB0315作为B群流脑疫苗候选抗原的免疫效果

目的研究原核重组表达的B群脑膜炎奈瑟菌外膜蛋白0315(rNMB0315)在诱导小鼠产生特异性免疫应答中的作用、免疫血清抗体体外杀菌活性和重组蛋白的免疫保护效果,初步评价rNMB0315作为B群流脑疫苗候选抗原的潜力。方法将构建的原核表达载体p ET30a-NMB0315转化大肠杆菌BL21表达重组蛋白,纯化鉴定后的重组蛋白免疫雌性BALB/c小鼠,检测体液免疫和细胞免疫水平;测定血清抗体在补体介导下的体外杀菌活性,观察rNMB0315蛋白疫苗对实验小鼠的免疫保护效果。结果 rNMB0315具有良好的免疫原性,能诱导产生较高水平的体液免疫应答:包括血清特异性IgG、IgG1、IgG2a、IgG3、IgG2b和生殖道黏膜特异性分泌型IgA(s IgA),免疫后第6周抗体效价分别为1∶150 000、1∶85 000、1∶60 000、1∶35 000、1∶30 000和1∶30 000;也能激发较高水平的细胞免疫应答,免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖反应的刺激指数(SI)值明显高于PBS、Freund佐剂对照组。在免疫的2、4、6周,血清IgG2a/IgG1比值均小于1,提示rNMB0315疫苗以诱导Th2细胞性体液免疫应答为主。rNMB0315疫苗免疫血清在补体介导下的体外杀菌抗体效价为1∶128;72 h内,对实验小鼠的免疫保护率为90%。结论原核表达的rNMB0315具有良好的免疫活性和免疫保护效果,NMB0315外膜蛋白具有作为预防B群流脑蛋白疫苗候选抗原的潜力。     

多房棘球绦虫ELP重组蛋白疫苗免疫Balb/c小鼠引起的免疫应答

目的：观察多房棘球绦虫ELP重组蛋白疫苗免疫Balb／c小鼠引起的体液和细胞免疫应答。方法：在成功构建多房棘球绦虫elp基因原核表达载体(pQ-ELP)的基础上，以亲和层析法纯化重组蛋白，SDS-PAGE鉴定，Bradford法进行定量。用ELP重组蛋白(A组)及ELP重组蛋白加弗氏佐剂(B组)免疫Balb／c小鼠(10只／组)，以生理盐水(NS组)作对照。ELISA方法检测免疫后不同时间产生的特异性IgG1，IgG2a和IgG2b水平。双抗体夹心ELISA试剂盒检测免疫鼠脾脏单个核细胞(PMNC)在受到特异抗原刺激后，产生IL-4、IL-12和IFN-γ的能力，^3H-TdR掺入法检测脾淋巴细胞的增殖能力。结果：本研究成功获得高纯度重组蛋白ELP。首次免疫后2周，A、B组小鼠均产生了大量的特异IgGl抗体，B组还产生了少量的特异IgG2b抗体。除B组小鼠脾PMNC产生了微量IFN-γ外，A组、NS组IFN-γ及各组IL-4和IL-12均未检出。A、B组小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖能力增高，其淋巴细胞CPM值分别为NS组的2．8和10．8倍，受到多房棘球绦虫抗原或刀豆素刺激时，A、B组淋巴细胞增殖更明显。结论：多房棘球绦虫ELP重组蛋白疫苗可引起很强的体液免疫应答和微弱的细胞免疫应答，如与弗氏佐剂联合应用引起的细胞免疫应答会进一步提高。     

弗氏佐剂与氢氧化铝佐剂对诱导小鼠获得性免疫应答作用的比较

为研究、比较不同佐剂对诱导小鼠产生获得性免疫应答的不同作用,以卵清白蛋白(OVA)为抗原,分别混合完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)或Al(OH)3佐剂,对C57BL/6小鼠进行常规免疫,采用流式细胞技术对细胞内细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-4进行检测;ELISA方法对特异性抗OVA抗体滴度及抗体亚型进行了检测。结果显示在免疫后CFA组产生以IFN-γ为主的细胞因子而Al(OH)3组产生以IL-4为主的细胞因子;两组中均产生特异性抗OVA IgG抗体,但CFA组以IgG2a亚型为主,而Al(OH)3组则以IgG1亚型为主,不产生IgG2a亚型抗体。实验表明,经CFA加抗原免疫后机体产生的免疫应答以Th1型细胞免疫为主,抗体类型为IgG2a;而Al(OH)3佐剂则诱导机体产生Th2型细胞免疫应答,抗体类型为IgG1。     

犬腺病毒DNA疫苗的免疫实验研究

目的研究犬腺病毒DNA疫苗pVAX1-CpG-Loop刺激机体产生免疫应答的效果。方法采用2种不同的免疫途径和免疫方案免疫Balb/c小鼠;免疫后每周断尾采血,分离血清测定血清IgG抗体效价;采用MTT和CCK-8方法检测免疫小鼠的T淋巴细胞增殖活性,EIA试剂盒测定IFN-γ的浓度。结果所有接种DNA疫苗的小鼠均产生了针对抗原病毒的特异性IgG抗体。细胞学试验提示构建的犬腺病毒DNA疫苗也可诱导小鼠产生细胞性免疫应答,重组质粒-蛋白联合的免疫方案在刺激机体细胞免疫应答方面优于单一重组质粒。结论以上结果提示犬腺病毒DNA疫苗pVAX1-CpG-Loop既能诱导小鼠产生特异性的体液免疫应答,也诱导小鼠产生了细胞免疫应答,对于机体具有一定的免疫保护效果。     

脂质体佐剂对增强HBsAg免疫原性的作用

利用DC Chol制备粒径为 5 0～ 30 0nm的正电荷脂质体 ,作为乙肝疫苗 (HBsAg)的佐剂 ,免疫BALB/c小鼠后进行血清中特异性抗体IgG1及IgG2a、脾细胞产生细胞因子的检测。结果该脂质体佐剂所诱导的抗体亚类以IgG2a为主 ,脾细胞产生的IL 2、IL 5、IFN γ分别比铝佐剂组高 16 5倍、 10倍、 2倍。表明该脂质体佐剂可以诱导很强的细胞免疫反应 ,是一种能促进Th1和Th2均衡应答的佐剂 ,值得作进一步的研究     

美洲蟑螂重组BCG-Arg变应原致BALB/C小鼠的免疫原性评估

对表达美洲蟑螂Arg变应原的BCG进行免疫原性评估,为BCG脱敏疫苗的研制奠定基础。106CFU重组BCG-Arg皮下注射免疫BALB/C小鼠,分别于免疫0、2、4、6、8周收集血清。使用纯化的重组Arg包被ELISA板,ELISA检测Arg特异性IgG及IgG1I、gG2a亚类。重组BCG-Arg皮下注射免疫BALB/C小鼠2周后,血清Arg特异性IgG显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,实验组IgG1及IgG2a也显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,IgG2a升高更明显。重组美洲大蠊BCG-Arg具免疫原性,并且诱导Th1优势免疫应答。     

CpG寡脱氧核苷酸增强免疫抑制小鼠对乙肝疫苗的免疫应答

目的 :探讨CpG寡脱氧核苷酸 (ODN)增强免疫抑制小鼠对乙肝疫苗的免疫应答效果。方法 :选用环磷酰胺 (CTX)所致免疫抑制模型小鼠 ,以乙肝疫苗和 2 0 μgCpGODN联合或单独左胫前肌肌注免疫C5 7BL/6小鼠。 2wk后以同样剂量加强免疫 1次 ,再过 3wk后摘除眼球取血 ,用ELISA法检测抗 HBsIgG抗体和IL 12的水平。同时 ,无菌取脾脏做HE染色 ,观察脾脏淋巴细胞的数量和细胞核的变化。结果 :CpGODN与疫苗联合注射组产生的绝对抗体量比单独注射疫苗组提高 1倍 ;注射组产生IL 12的水平较单独注射疫苗组也有明显升高。光镜下各组脾脏淋巴细胞的变化如下 :正常对照组脾脏可见大量的淋巴细胞 ;与正常对照组相比较 ,CTX组的淋巴细胞明显稀少 ;而CTX加CpG组的淋巴细胞数明显增多 ,细胞核也明显增大。结论 :CpGODN能增强免疫抑制小鼠对乙肝疫苗的免疫应答     

CpG ODN enhances immunization effects of hepatitis B vaccine in aged mice

Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in contexts of unique sequence (CpG motifs) is active as adjuvant in induction of cellular and humoral immune responses in young mice. To date, there are only limited reports about effect of CpG ODN on immune responses against hepatitis B (HB) infection in aged mice. Our studies demonstrated there were significant increases in secreting of total anti-HB IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a, as well as of IL-12 and IFN-gamma, when CpG ODNs were injected together with hepatitis B antigen in aged mice. Moreover, CpG ODN could stimulate proliferation of spleen lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, the results we obtained indicate that the adding of CpG ODN into the vaccine antigen might be useful in development of more effective vaccination for inducing anti-HB virus responses in the elderly.     

Coencapsulation of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides with recombinant Leishmania major stress-inducible protein 1 in liposome enhances immune response and protection against leishmaniasis in immunized BALB/c mice

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) have been shown to have potent adjuvant activity for a wide range of antigens. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential benefit of using liposomes as a delivery vehicle to enhance the adjuvant activity of CpG ODN with Leishmania major stress-inducible protein 1 (LmSTI1) antigen in induction of the Th1 response in a murine model of leishmaniasis. BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously three times in 3-week intervals with liposomal recombinant LmSTI1 (Lip-rLmSTI1), rLmSTI1 coencapsulated with CpG ODN in a liposome (Lip-rLmSTI1-CpG ODN), rLmSTI1 plus CpG ODN in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), rLmSTI1 plus non-CpG ODN in PBS, rLmSTI1 in PBS, empty liposome, or PBS. The intensity of infection induced by L. major promastigote challenge was measured by footpad swelling. A significant (P < 0.001) inhibition of infection in mice immunized with Lip-rLmSTI1-CpG ODN was shown compared to the other groups, and no parasite was detected in the spleens of this group 14 weeks after challenge. The highest immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) titer and the highest IgG2a/IgG1 ratio were also shown in the sera of mice immunized with Lip-rLmSTI1-CpG ODN before and 14 weeks after challenge. The results indicated the superiority of CpG ODN in its liposomal form over its soluble form to induce the Th1 response when used in association with rLmSTI1 antigen. It seems that using a liposome delivery system carrying CpG ODN as an adjuvant coencapsulated with Leishmania antigen plays an important role in vaccine development strategies against leishmaniasis.     

Immunomodulation of Japanese encephalitis vaccine through CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in mice

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated cytosine guanine (CpG) dinucleotides motifs act as immune adjuvant and provide means of modulation to immune responses when co-delivered with antigens. They stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses and induce T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses. We investigated the immunomodulation of Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine using CpG ODN as an adjuvant. Mice were immunized with one dose of JE vaccine 0.1 ml with different concentrations (10, 25 and 100 microg) of CpG ODN. The serum antibody level and cytokines were evaluated and compared with mice immunized with two doses of JE vaccine alone. Our studies revealed that anti-JE antibody level in mice immunized with single dose of 0.1 ml JE vaccine and 100 microg CpG ODN were almost equal to mice immunized with two doses of JE vaccine alone. Furthermore, CpG ODN enhanced the production of TNF-alpha and Th1-mediated cytokines, including IFN-gamma and IL-2 compared with JE vaccine alone. In addition, absence of any significant changes in biochemical, haematological and histological studies suggest that CpG ODN are safe adjuvants for JE vaccine. Therefore, it is inferred that CpG ODN are effective and improve the efficacy of JE vaccine.     

Co-administration of porcine-specific CpG oligodeoxynucleotide enhances the immune responses to pseudorabies attenuated virus vaccine in newborn piglets in vivo

Oligonucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN) are strong adjuvants for humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, but data on immune responses in piglets are scarce. In this report, porcine-specific CpG ODN were used as immunoadjuvants to enhance the immune responses of the newborn piglets to Pseudorabies attenuated virus (PRV) vaccine. The titres of specific antibodies and serum IgG1/IgG2 ratio to PRV vaccine, the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), IL-4 and interferon-gamma(IFN-gamma) in piglets serum were examined to identify the immune response of the newborn piglets. The results showed that piglets immunized with PRV vaccine and CpG ODN presented high titers of PRV-specific antibodies and IgG2 isotype, a Th1-dominated (IFN-gamma) cytokine profile, together with inducing higher proliferation of PBMCs. All these data indicate that CpG ODN are potential effective adjuvants for the PRV vaccine in newborn piglets.     

Protection of BALB/c Mice against Brucella abortus 544 Challenge by Vaccination with Bacterioferritin or P39 Recombinant Proteins with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as Adjuvant

The P39 and the bacterioferrin (BFR) antigens of Brucella melitensis 16M were previously identified as T dominant antigens able to induce both delayed-type hypersensivity in sensitized guinea pigs and in vitro gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from infected cattle. Here, we analyzed the potential for these antigens to function as a subunitary vaccine against Brucella abortus infection in BALB/c mice, and we characterized the humoral and cellular immune responses induced. Mice were injected with each of the recombinant proteins alone or adjuvanted with either CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) or non-CpG ODN. Mice immunized with the recombinant antigens with CpG ODN were the only group demonstrating both significant IFN-gamma production and T-cell proliferation in response to either Brucella extract or to the respective antigen. The same conclusion holds true for the antibody response, which was only demonstrated in mice immunized with recombinant antigens mixed with CpG ODN. The antibody titers (both immunoglobulin G1 [IgG1] and IgG2a) induced by P39 immunization were higher than the titers induced by BFR (only IgG2a). Using a B. abortus 544 challenge, the level of protection was analyzed and compared to the protection conferred by one immunization with the vaccine strain B19. Immunization with P39 and CpG ODN gave a level of protection comparable to the one conferred by B19 at 4 weeks postchallenge, and the mice were still significantly protected at 8 weeks postchallenge, although to a lesser extent than the B19-vaccinated group. Intriguingly, no protection was detected after BFR vaccination. All other groups did not demonstrate any protection.     

T helper 2 immunity to hepatitis B surface antigen primed by gene-gun-mediated DNA vaccination can be shifted towards T helper 1 immunity by codelivery of CpG motif-containing oligodeoxynucleotides

Gene-gun-mediated DNA immunization usually induces predominant T helper 2 (Th2) type immune response. As oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN)-containing unmethylated CpG motifs can activate the innate immune system in a Th1-biased way, the potential of codelivery of CpG motifs-containing ODN (CpG-ODN) with plasmid DNA to switch the gene-gun-mediated Th2 immune response was evaluated in this study. Here we show that codelivery of CpG-ODN with plasmid DNA at certain ratio (10/1) can enhance the Th1 humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in gene-gun-mediated DNA immunization in BALB/c mice, including increasing the hepatitis B surface antigen-specific total immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG2a subclass, cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte activity as well as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion. Taken together, these results demonstrate that codelivery of CpG-ODN with recombinant plasmid DNA by gene gun can shift the gene-gun-mediated DNA immune response from Th2 towards Th1.     

Formulation with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides increases cellular immunity and protection induced by vaccination of calves with formalin-inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus

Vaccination of calves with formalin-inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus (FI-BRSV) induces low levels of cellular immunity that may not be protective. Since inactivated and subunit vaccines formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) have been shown to induce cellular immune responses, we studied the ability of a FI-BRSV vaccine formulated with CpG ODN to elicit cellular immunity against BRSV. Neonatal calves were immunized with FI-BRSV, FI-BRSV formulated with CpG ODN or medium and challenged with BRSV after two immunizations. Calves vaccinated with FI-BRSV formulated with CpG ODN developed increased numbers of IFN-gamma secreting cells in the peripheral blood and broncho-tracheal lymph nodes and enhanced BRSV-specific serum IgG2 in comparison to FI-BRSV immunized animals. Calves that received the FI-BRSV vaccine formulated with CpG ODN also experienced a reduction in the amount of BRSV in the lung tissue. Based on these observations, CpG ODN appears to be a suitable candidate adjuvant for inactivated BRSV vaccines.     

CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and Montanide ISA 51 adjuvant combination enhanced the protective efficacy of a subunit malaria vaccine

Unmethylated CpG dinucleotide motifs present in bacterial genomes or synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) serve as strong immunostimulatory agents in mice, monkeys and humans. We determined the adjuvant effect of murine CpG ODN 1826 on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae-expressed 19-kDa C-terminal region of merozoite surface protein 1 (yMSP1(19)) of the murine malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii. We found that in C57BL/6 mice, following sporozoite challenge, the degree of protective immunity against malaria induced by yMSP1(19) in a formulation of Montanide ISA 51 (ISA) plus CpG ODN 1826 was similar or superior to that conferred by yMSP1(19) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA/incomplete Freund's adjuvant). In total, among mice immunized with yMSP1(19), 22 of 32 (68.7%) with ISA plus CpG 1826, 0 of 4 (0%) with CFA/incomplete Freund's adjuvant, 0 of 4 (0%) with CpG 1826 mixed with ISA (no yMSP1(19)), and 0 of 11 (0%) with CpG 1826 alone were completely protected against development of erythrocytic stage infection after sporozoite challenge. The adjuvant effect of CpG ODN 1826 was manifested as both significantly improved complete protection from malaria (defined as the absence of detectable erythrocytic form parasites) (P = 0.007, chi square) and reduced parasite burden in infected mice. In vivo depletions of interleukin-12 and gamma interferon cytokines and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vaccinated mice had no significant effect on immunity. On the other hand, immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype levels appeared to correlate with protection. Inclusion of CpG ODN 1826 in the yMSP1(19) plus ISA vaccine contributed towards the induction of higher levels of IgG2a and IgG2b (Th1 type) antibodies, suggesting that CpG ODN 1826 caused a shift towards a Th1 type of immune response that could be responsible for the higher degree of protective immunity. Our results indicate that this potent adjuvant formulation should be further evaluated for use in clinical trials of recombinant malarial vaccine candidates.     

CpG ODN增强乙型肝炎表面抗原免疫小鼠的抗体产生

目的：探讨合成含CpG基序的寡核苷酸（CpG ODN)对重组乙型肝炎表面抗原（rHBsAg)及乙型肝炎疫苗增强小鼠特异性抗体产生的效应。方法：采用非纯系（Km)及纯系（Balb/c)小鼠作为免疫对象，经后腱胫骨前肌免疫2次，ELISA法检测血清乙型肝炎表面抗体（抗－HBs)效价。结果：加CpG ODN组，其抗-HBs效价均较单独注射rHBsAg和疫苗组明显增高，持续时间长，且纯系鼠的抗体效价明显高于非纯系鼠。结论：CpG ODN对小鼠抗－HBs产生具有增强作用，具与疫苗中的铝佐剂有协同效应。