矩形微缺损关节软骨在压缩载荷损伤演化的数值分析

目的 研究软骨在压缩载荷作用下的损伤扩展行为和演变机制。方法 采用有限元方法建立微缺损的纤维增强多孔弹性的软骨模型,对压缩载荷作用下损伤演化过程进行模拟和参数研究,获得不同损伤扩展阶段软骨基体和纤维的应力、应变分布规律。结果 软骨损伤表层和损伤前沿的应变随压缩量的增大而显著增大,两者呈明显的正相关性;在软骨演化过程中同时存在向深层和左右两侧扩展的趋势;软骨中的裂纹和损伤优先沿着纤维切线方向延伸,随着损伤的加剧,软骨横向扩展度明显快于纵向扩展速度。结论 软骨损伤演化过程与纤维的分布有着密切的关系,基质和纤维的损伤相互促进,骨演化速度和程度在不同层区和不同阶段存在变化。研究结果可为软骨创伤性退变的预测及修复提供定性的参考,为临床解释损伤退变病理现象和治疗提供理论依据。     

矩形微缺损关节软骨在压缩载荷下损伤演化的数值分析

目的研究软骨在压缩载荷作用下的损伤扩展行为和演变机制。方法采用有限元方法建立微缺损的纤维增强多孔弹性的软骨模型,对压缩载荷作用下损伤演化过程进行模拟和参数研究,获得不同损伤扩展阶段软骨基体和纤维的应力、应变分布规律。结果软骨损伤表层和损伤前沿的应变随压缩量的增大而显著增大,两者呈明显的正相关性;在软骨演化过程中同时存在向深层和左右两侧扩展的趋势;软骨中的裂纹和损伤优先沿着纤维切线方向延伸,随着损伤的加剧,软骨横向扩展度明显快于纵向扩展速度。结论软骨损伤演化过程与纤维的分布有着密切的关系,基质和纤维的损伤相互促进,骨演化速度和程度在不同层区和不同阶段存在变化。研究结果可为软骨创伤性退变的预测及修复提供定性的参考,为临床解释损伤退变病理现象和治疗提供理论依据。     

缺损关节软骨在循环压缩载荷下棘轮行为的实验研究

目的研究缺损软骨在循环压缩载荷下的棘轮应变行为,探索缺损关节软骨的损伤演化规律。方法取新鲜的成年猪股骨远端关节软骨,对不同缺损深度软骨试样进行不同参数的三角波循环加载。结合非接触式数字图像技术,获得软骨不同层区的棘轮应变。结果随循环加载圈数的增加,软骨各层棘轮应变均表现为先急剧增大,然后缓慢增加并趋于平稳,由浅层到深层棘轮应变逐渐减小。各层区对循环圈数响应不同,浅层在50圈内应变增加较快,中层在100圈内应变增加较快,深层在75圈内应变增加较快。除了中层区域响应有滞后性,浅层、深层的棘轮应变与应力幅值、缺损深度呈正相关,与加载速率呈负相关。结论软骨的棘轮行为受软骨的特殊结构的影响,缺损使软骨各层区的应变增大,易造成损伤加剧。实验结果为组织工程软骨的构建提供参考依据。     

软骨组织无约束压缩的有限元分析

目的采用有限元仿真和实验对比分析关节软骨的承载机理和应力松弛效应。方法考虑关节软骨基质固相、孔隙液相和胶原纤维增强相,并综合考虑软骨分层结构以及关节软骨渗透率随固体基质膨胀率变化特性,建立关节软骨纤维增强多孔弹性有限元模型。基于该模型,应用ABAQUS软件和FORTRAN语言编程嵌套,对关节软骨无约束阶梯压缩进行有限元仿真。应用自行研制的生物力学性能测试系统,通过阶梯加载实验对生猪软骨有限元分析结果进行了实测对比。结果试件以0.45%/s应变速率阶梯加载时,在试件中心,液相可维持承载80 s左右,最大可承担近90%的总应力。结论基于纤维增强多孔弹性有限元模型的无约束阶梯压缩有限元分析可定量评价关节软骨的固、液两相承载能力随应变和时间的变化特性。结合软骨无约束压缩实验的仿真分析有助于更准确地评价软骨的力学性能。     

大鼠坐骨神经损伤后的生物力学研究

本文用Instron 1122型万能材料试验机,研究了大鼠坐骨神经钳夹伤后2、7、21、56天的生物力学性能,描绘出应力——应变曲线,发现损伤后早期最大应力和强度明显减弱;硬度在损伤后7天增强,到21天基本恢复,而到56天又明显增强,这与横断面积有关。神经的力学性能及损伤后的力学性能改变主要与神经外膜及束膜中胶原种类和组合方式有关,而损伤后神经外膜和束膜中的胶原是通过如何具体改变来影响生物力学性能改变的,还有待子进一步研究。     

运动性关节软骨损伤修复材料的选择及其生物力学特征

背景：关节软骨是无血管、淋巴管和神经的组织,通常情况下软骨细胞不能进行有丝分裂,这导致自身修复能力有限。生理负荷下,关节软骨经常处在应力环境中。根据软骨自身的结构和特点,作为人工软骨的替代材料应具有良好的生物力学性能。 目的：总结运动性关节软骨损伤修复材料的应用进展及其生物替代材料的生物力学特征。 方法：以“关节软骨,生物材料,生物力学”为中文关键词,以“ tissue enginneering, articular cartilage, scaffold material, biomechanics” 为英文关键词,采用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库、PubMed数据库1993-01/2010-10相关文章。纳入与运动有关的关节软骨损伤修复、目前常用于修复关节软骨损伤的生物材料以及生物替代材料的生物力学特征研究文章;排除重复研究或Meta分析类文章。以20篇文献为主重点对运动性关节软骨缺损修复材料的生物力学特征进行讨论。 结果与结论：关节软骨是一种各向异性、非均质、具有黏弹性并充满液体的可渗透物质,具有独特的力学性能。损伤的关节软骨在生物力学方面均与原来的软骨不同,且极易退变。骨软骨柱移植力学性能近期效果最佳;脱细胞软骨基质、小肠黏膜下基质具有一定的力学强度;普通聚乙烯醇水凝胶的最大缺陷是力学性能的不足;聚乙烯醇材料其良好的柔韧性和高弹性能,具有与人关节软骨相似的力学性能;n-HA浆料与聚酰胺66在溶剂中复合,无论在力学性能还是化学组成上都与自然骨相似。提示在众多关节软骨替代材料中,无论是人工合成材料、天然材料、复合材料其生物力学性能各有不同,且目前还无法再造与天然生成的软骨具有相同力学性能的软骨组织。      

组织工程软骨植入缺损后修复区力学特性分析

目的利用组织工程技术建立体外软骨缺损实验模型,研究修复区人工软骨和宿主软骨的力学特性。方法采用一种琼脂糖凝胶作为人工软骨,制作猪软骨深层缺损,在缺损处仿临床植入人工软骨,用生物胶黏接,建立组织工程修复膝关节软骨缺损的体外模型;在压缩载荷作用下,通过数字图像相关技术研究组织工程软骨植入缺损后修复区即刻力学行为。结果压缩过程中界面处没有出现开裂现象,压缩分别为软骨层厚度的3.5%、5.6%、7.04%和9.0%时获得了修复区中间层应变分布图和应变变化曲线。压缩量从3.5%增加到9%时,在垂直软骨面方向上宿主软骨最大压应变增加75.9%,人工软骨最大拉应变增加226.99%;在平行软骨表面方向,交界面处最大拉应变增加116.9%,增加量远高于宿主软骨区和人工软骨区;对于修复区剪应变,随着压缩量增加交界处剪应变方向发生相反的改变。结论软骨组织工程修复缺损效果有很大的不确定性,这与修复区的力学环境有关。组织工程软骨植入缺损后,修复区受到复杂应变状态,随着压缩量增加,界面处、宿主软骨、人工软骨都发生较大的应变变化,界面处垂直软骨面方向的应变由压应变可转化为拉应变,平行软骨表面方向的拉应变有显著增加,交界处剪应变方向甚至发生了相反的改变,而且剪应力数值迅速增加。这种复杂应变状态造成修复区细胞力学环境的较大变化,还可能引起界面的开裂,影响缺损修复过程,这些力学环境变化应受到临床治疗的重视。     

关节软骨不同层区的率相关性能研究

目的 采用不同加载速率对关节软骨进行非围限压缩试验,探究其不同层区的率相关性能。方法 采用新鲜猪关节软骨作为研究对象,结合非接触式数字图像相关技术,测试不同加载率下软骨不同层区的力学性能。结果 在恒定加载率作用下,取相同压缩应力时,软骨浅表层的压缩应变最大,深层区压缩应变最小,中间层压缩应变鉴于表层与深层之间;沿软骨厚度方向,从浅表层到深层,软骨的泊松比逐渐增大;不同加载率作用下,软骨的压缩应力 应变曲线不重合,说明关节软骨的压缩力学性能具有率相关性;随着加载速率的增大,软骨的弹性模量呈增大的趋势;取相同压缩应力时,加载率越大,不同层区的压缩应变都减小。结论 关节软骨沿厚度方向,从浅表层到深层的压缩应变逐渐减小,泊松比逐渐增大,软骨不同层区的力学性能具有率相关性。实验研究可为临床软骨疾病预防、治疗提供理论依据,同时对人工软骨力学评价具有重要意义。     

失水后干豆荚的结构与力学性能

目的研究失水后豆荚的结构与力学性能,探究豆荚扭转开裂而撒射种子的生物力学机制。方法通过组织学、显微结构材料学观察、力学性能测试和高速摄像,分析绿豆荚的分层情况以及各个细胞层细胞尺寸和方向的区别,观察豆荚弹射过程,并总结豆荚弹射的原理。结果豆荚弹射过程是从豆荚的尾部开始出现裂痕,从下往上逐渐裂开。同一个豆荚的不同两片细胞排布相反,每片豆荚分为4层,其中外层上表面和中层细胞互相正交,且在两层正交的细胞层中间有一层细胞壁破裂的细胞。在豆荚成熟失水过程中,外层纤维发生收缩,中层纤维发生拉伸。结论豆荚纤维在正交方向失水收缩,累积弹性能,产生预应力,最终通过豆荚开裂来释放。     

壳聚糖导管材料的制备及力学性能研究

目的壳聚糖在组织工程血管支架、神经修复导管等方面虽有潜在的广泛用途,但体内降解慢,本实验研究壳聚糖导管在满足基本力学性能要求下尽量降低管壁的厚度,以缩短降解时间。方法在初始溶液中加入聚乙二醇、甘油,通过浸渍-沥滤法制备壳聚糖管状材料,研究不同的成型工艺参数对壳聚糖导管力学性能的影响。结果在初始溶液中加入适量的甘油有利于提高壳聚糖导管的断裂应力和断裂伸长率,但其杨氏模量无显著变化;2%的壳聚糖初始溶液较2.5%所制备的导管的断裂应力、断裂应变和杨氏模量高;制备过程浸入-干燥的次数为2次的较3次制备出的导管的断裂应力、断裂应变和杨氏模量高。结论初始溶液中甘油、壳聚糖浓度以及重复次数都会影响导管的力学性能,优化成型工艺能在满足基本力学性能要求下降低管壁的厚度以达到最佳效果。     

Biomechanical analysis of a chondrocyte-based repair model of articular cartilage.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical properties of newly formed cartilaginous tissue synthesized from isolated chondrocytes. Cartilage from articular joints of lambs was either digested in collagenase to isolated chondrocytes or cut into discs that were devitalized by multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Isolated cells were incubated in suspension culture in the presence of devitalized cartilage matrix for 3 weeks. Multiple chondrocyte/matrix constructs were assembled with fibrin glue and implanted subcutaneously in nude mice for up to 6 weeks. Testing methods were devised to quantify integration of cartilage pieces and mechanical properties of constructs. These studies showed monotonic increase with time in tensile strength, fracture strain, fracture energy, and tensile modulus to values 5-10% of normal articular cartilage by 6 weeks in vivo. Histological analysis indicated that chondrocytes grown on dead cartilage matrix produced new matrix that integrated individual cartilage pieces with mechanically functional tissue.     

Anisotropic fibrous scaffolds for articular cartilage regeneration

Articular cartilage lesions, which can progress to osteoarthritis, are a particular challenge for regenerative medicine strategies, as cartilage function stems from its complex depth-dependent microstructural organization, mechanical properties, and biochemical composition. Fibrous scaffolds offer a template for cartilage extracellular matrix production; however, the success of homogeneous scaffolds is limited by their inability to mimic the cartilage's zone-specific organization and properties. We fabricated trilaminar scaffolds by sequential electrospinning and varying fiber size and orientation in a continuous construct, to create scaffolds that mimicked the structural organization and mechanical properties of cartilage's collagen fibrillar network. Trilaminar composite scaffolds were then compared to homogeneous aligned or randomly oriented fiber scaffolds to assess in vitro cartilage formation. Bovine chondrocytes proliferated and produced a type II collagen and a sulfated glycosaminoglycan-rich extracellular matrix on all scaffolds. Furthermore, all scaffolds promoted significant upregulation of aggrecan and type II collagen gene expression while downregulating that of type I collagen. Compressive testing at physiological strain levels further demonstrated that the mechanical properties of trilaminar composite scaffolds approached those of native cartilage. Our results demonstrate that trilaminar composite scaffolds mimic key organizational characteristics of native cartilage, support in vitro cartilage formation, and have superior mechanical properties to homogenous scaffolds. We propose that these scaffolds offer promise in regenerative medicine strategies to repair articular cartilage lesions.     

羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚物一体化骨软骨组织工程支架的制备及性能*◆

背景：单层支架难以满足关节软骨损伤修复的要求,现提出骨软骨共同修复的一体化支架,以弥补了单一支架的部分缺陷。 目的：以羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚物为基础材料,羟基磷灰石等为复合材料研制一体化骨软骨组织工程支架,测试该支架的物理特性和细胞黏附性。 方法：采用溶剂浇铸/颗粒沥滤法,以支架孔径、孔隙率、力学强度和细胞黏附生长率为检测指标,以羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚物为连续相,通过改变致孔剂NaCl粒径和羟基磷灰石材料配比制备不同形态结构、力学强度和生物学功能的三层一体化骨软骨组织工程支架。 结果与结论：致孔剂与支架材料的最佳质量配比分别为软骨层4.5/1,过渡层2.5/1,硬骨层3.5/1。扫描电镜观察显示支架的三层结构明显不同且紧密结合,其软骨层、过渡层、硬骨层的孔径分别为150~250 μm,≤60 μm,150~450 μm;孔隙率检测结果依次为84%,60%,75%;力学强度测定依次为2.93,6.43,4.30 MPa;支架对骨髓间充质干细胞无毒性,细胞黏附与生长状态良好。结果表明该一体化骨软骨组织工程支架具有仿生学特性,符合骨软骨组织工程支架的基本条件。关键词：羟基丁酸;羟基辛酸;共聚物;一体化支架;关节软骨缺损;骨软骨组织工程 缩略语注释：PHBHO：poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyoctanoate),羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚体;HA：hydroxyapatite,羟基磷灰石 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.16.004     

Zonal Uniformity in Mechanical Properties of the Chondrocyte Pericellular Matrix: Micropipette Aspiration of Canine Chondrons Isolated by Cartilage Homogenization

The pericellular matrix (PCM) is a region of tissue that surrounds chondrocytes in articular cartilage and together with the enclosed cells is termed the chondron. Previous studies suggest that the mechanical properties of the PCM, relative to those of the chondrocyte and the extracellular matrix (ECM), may significantly influence the stress–strain, physicochemical, and fluid-flow environments of the cell. The aim of this study was to measure the biomechanical properties of the PCM of mechanically isolated chondrons and to test the hypothesis that the Young's modulus of the PCM varies with zone of origin in articular cartilage (surface vs. middle/deep). Chondrons were extracted from articular cartilage of the canine knee using mechanical homogenization, and the elastic properties of the PCM were determined using micropipette aspiration in combination with theoretical models of the chondron as an elastic incompressible half-space, an elastic compressible bilayer, or an elastic compressible shell. The Young's modulus of the PCM was significantly higher than that reported for isolated chondrocytes but over an order of magnitude lower than that of the cartilage ECM. No significant differences were observed in the Young's modulus of the PCM between surface zone (24.0 ± 8.9 kPa) and middle/deep zone cartilage (23.2 ± 7.1 kPa). In combination with previous theoretical biomechanical models of the chondron, these findings suggest that the PCM significantly influences the mechanical environment of the chondrocyte in articular cartilage and therefore may play a role in modulating cellular responses to micromechanical factors.     

Influences of the depth-dependent material inhomogeneity of articular cartilage on the fluid pressurization in the human knee

The material properties of articular cartilage are depth-dependent, i.e. they differ in the superficial, middle and deep zones. The role of this depth-dependent material inhomogeneity in the poromechanical response of the knee joint has not been investigated with patient-specific joint modeling. In the present study, the depth-dependent and site-specific material properties were incorporated in an anatomically accurate knee model that consisted of the distal femur, femoral cartilage, menisci, tibial cartilage and proximal tibia. The collagen fibers, proteoglycan matrix and fluid in articular cartilage and menisci were considered as distinct constituents. The fluid pressurization in the knee was determined with finite element analysis. The results demonstrated the influences of the depth-dependent inhomogeneity on the fluid pressurization, compressive stress, first principal stress and strain along the tissue depth. The depth-dependent inhomogeneity enhanced the fluid support to loading in the superficial zone by raising the fluid pressure and lowering the compressive effective stress at the same time. The depth-dependence also reduced the tensile stress and strain at the cartilage–bone interface. The present 3D modeling revealed a complex fluid pressurization and 3D stresses that depended on the mechanical contact and relaxation time, which could not be predicted by existing 2D models from the literature. The greatest fluid pressure was observed in the medial condyle, regardless of the depth-dependent inhomogeneity. The results indicated the roles of the tissue inhomogeneity in reducing deep tissue fractures, protecting the superficial tissue from excessive compressive stress and improving the lubrication in the joint.     

压缩载荷下不同应变判定皮质骨断裂准确性分析

目的 寻找适合压缩断裂工况下的应变判据。方法 基于连续损伤力学理论进行皮质骨在压缩载荷下的断裂模拟。分别将等效应变与主应变设置为有限元模型单元损伤与失效判据进行断裂模拟,通过对比两种预测结果与动物实验数据,探究应用两种应变判据进行断裂模拟的准确性。结果 应用等效应变判据模拟的断裂时间晚于应用主应变模拟;相比等效应变,应用主应变进行仿真所得结果与动物实验结果更为接近。结论 压缩载荷下,应用主应变判定皮质骨单元力学状态进行断裂模拟较为准确。通过对比分析找到准确模拟皮质骨在压缩载荷下断裂的数值方法,能够为临床中提高骨折预测精度提供理论基础。     

股骨颈骨折后髋关节软骨退变的生物力学研究

在动物模型上研究股骨颈骨折后髋关节软骨退变在发生、发展、转归过程中软骨厚度和生物力学特性改变及其与伤后时间的关系。用新西兰白兔60只作股骨颈基底截骨制作骨折动物模型，于术后2、4、6、8、12、16周采用压凹法测定关节软骨厚度和生物力学特性。免股骨颈骨折后关节软骨持续增厚，6周达高峰，随后软骨迅速磨损、变薄；骨折后4周起软骨退变失代偿，弹性和机械强度进行性大幅度下降，退变至骨关节炎。股骨颈骨折后保守治疗形成局部低应力环境，关节软骨缺乏动态载荷，基质胶原网络迅速降解所引起的生物力学特性降低是导致并维持软骨退变不断前进的动力。