微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定中药材中铅、镉、砷、汞、锑的含量

目的建立中药材中铅、镉、砷、汞、锑的原子荧光光谱检测方法。方法采用微波消解法消解中药材样品后,用原子荧光光谱法测定其中的铅、镉、砷、汞、锑的含量,并对测定方法进行了方法学考察。结果对于所测元素,校准曲线的相关系数r>0.999 2,回收率为90.0%~107.4%,RSD<7%。结论该方法快速、简便、准确且灵敏度高,为中药材中重金属含量测定提供了较好的方法,用本方法测定标准样品达到满意效果。     

Heavy metal concentrations in timberline trees of eastern Tibetan Plateau

Concentrations of 14 heavy metals (Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, V, and Zn) in needles, twigs, bark and xylem of spruce and fir collected at the timberline of eight sites along the Hengduan Mountains, eastern Tibetan Plateau, are reported. Twigs had the highest concentration for most of elements, while xylem had the lowest concentration. The connections between elements in twigs were much richer than other organ/tissues. Pb, Ni, As, Sb, Co, Cd, Hg, Cr and Tl which are partly through anthropogenic sources and brought in by monsoon, have been accumulated in twigs and needles by wet or dry deposition in south and east sites where are within or near pollutant sources. Under moderate pollution situation, vegetation are able to adjust the nutrient element (Cu and Zn) cycle rate, thus maintain a stable concentration level. Seldom V, Ag, and Mo are from external anthropogenic sources. Needles and twigs can be used as biomonitors for ecosystem environment when needles can simply distinguish the origin of elements and twigs are more sensitive to extra heavy metal input.     

Comparison of Eleven Heavy Metals in Moringa Oleifera Lam. Products

Eleven heavy metals in various products of Moringa oleifera were analyzed to determine eleven heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni, and Zn) using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. The products of M. oleifera were purchased in Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. All products were digested with nitric acid solution before determining the concentrations of heavy metals. The recoveries of all heavy metals were found to be in the range of 99.89-103.05%. Several criteria such as linearity, limits of detection, limits of quantification, specificity, precision under repeatability conditions and intermediate precision reproducibility were evaluated. Results indicate that this method could be used in the laboratory for determination of eleven heavy metals in M. oleifera products with acceptable analytical performance. The results of analysis showed that the highest concentrations of As, Cr, Hg, and Mn were found in tea leaves while the highest concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn were found in leaf capsules. Continuous monitoring of heavy metals in M. oleifera products is crucial for consumer health.     

Removal of heavy metals by conventional water treatment plants using poly aluminum chloride

In this study, trace heavy metals, such as aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) were investigated in the water of the Karun River that enters the water treatment plants (WTP1 and WTP2) in Ahvaz City, Iran. Removal efficiency of these heavy metals was assessed in various units of WTP1 and WTP2, as well. For this purpose, water samples were collected from four different points of the WTP1 and WTP2, namely, the influent (raw water, RW), the effluent of the clarifier (clarifier effluent, CE), and the effluent of the filter (filter effluent, FE). A total of 72 water samples were collected and analyzed for heavy metals using ICP-OES apparatus. The results indicated that all RW samples contain Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn within the US EPA maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), except Al, Fe, Mn, and Sb that crossed the MCLs. High levels of Al (649.9 (±171.6) µg/L, 806.4 (±135.1) µg/L), Fe (484.95 (±127.05) µg/L, and 529.7 (±119.6) µg/L) were found in finished water of WTP1 and WTP2, respectively. Experimental results showed that level of all studied heavy metals except Al reduced in WTP1 and WTP2 effluent. From the observed data, it is found that effluent Al concentration was over influent Al concentration in both WTP1 and WTP2. It is concluded that using PACl as coagulant in WTP1 and WTP2 can increase concentration of aluminum.     

Distribution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of toxic heavy metals and metalloid in surface water of lakes in Daqing Heilongjiang Province,China

It is necessary to estimate heavy metal concentrations and risk in surface water for understanding the heavy metal contaminations and for sustainable protection of ecosystems and human health. To investigate the anthropogenic contribution of heavy metal accumulation surrounding an industrial city in China, the concentrations of six heavy metals, including mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) were examined; from four different regions of Daqing in autumn 2011 and winter 2012. The results showed heavy metals distributed in the industrial area at concentrations relatively higher than those in other three areas, while concentrations in the farming area and the protected area were lower. The heavy metal concentrations of water bodies in all areas, except those for Hg and As, Cu, Pb and Cr were lower than the cutoff values for the Class I water quality that was set as the highest standard to protect the national nature reserves. While Hg and As of lakes in industry region had a higher level than those in the agriculture and landscape water, the lowest allowed. The concentrations of all the heavy metals in winter were higher than in the autumn. Cu had a higher ecological risks level to freshwater organisms. The discharge of urban sewage and industrial wastewater might be a major pollutant source, thus these sources should identified before remediation efforts. Efforts are needed to protect the lakes from pollution and also to reduce environmental health risks. This study and the valuable data will pave the way for future research on these Lakes in Daqing.     

Heavy metal bioaccumulation in different fish species in the coast of the Persian Gulf,Iran

This study project aimed to determine the concentrations of five heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Hg and Pb) in different fish species in the coast of the Persian Gulf in Iran. Ninety samples divided to three types’ fish including Rastrelliger kanagurta, Tenualosa ilisha and Scomberomorus commerson. The investigation performed by ICP-OES technique. The estimated daily intake of heavy metals compared with allowable daily intake of these. Also, the means compared with the allowable limit regulated by national Iranian standards. Results showed that the heavy metal contamination of these was in the standard limit, except Pb in R. kanagurta (43.33%), T. ilisha (23.33%) and S. commerson (13.3%) had greater than European Union limit (300?μg L^?1). Therefore, monitoring of the heavy metals contents, specially Pb is very important yet because of the presence of these in soils due to increase of industrial activity and use pesticides and fertilizers.     

Distribution and ecological assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of the East Lake, China

Concentrations and risk assessment of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) were investigated in 106 samples of surface sediments from the East Lake, China in this study. The mean concentration of Zn was highest among the eight heavy metals (225 mg kg^?1), followed by As (191 mg kg^?1), Cr (145 mg kg^?1), Cu (55 mg kg^?1), Ni (27.1 mg kg^?1), Pb (7.93 mg kg^?1), Cd (0.94 mg kg^?1) and Hg (0.21 mg kg^?1). Niuchao Hu was less polluted by heavy metals compare to the other four lakelets of the East Lake. The correlations among these heavy metals and the results of principal component analysis indicated that the distribution of Cd, Pb and Hg was related to anthropogenic activities, whereas Cu, As and Cr were affected by the parent rocks. Zinc and Ni were influenced both by anthropogenic activities and parent rocks. Based on the Sediment Quality Guidelines, the results of toxicity assessment indicated that adverse effects caused by Cr and As would be expected frequently. Nickel, Zn, Cd and Hg may cause adverse effects occasionally and Cu and Pb may cause toxicity infrequently. Arsenic was found to have the highest acute toxicity by toxic units (TUs), followed by Cr, Ni, Zn, Hg, Cu, Cd and Pb. The potential ecological risk index analysis indicated that As, Cd and Hg had considerable or high ecological risk, whereas Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb had low ecological risk. The potential ecological risk index (RI) of the heavy metals in the surface sediments of East Lake was 483, indicating considerable ecological risk. Close attention should be paid to pollution of the heavy metals in East Lake, China.     

灵芝孢子粉中4种重金属元素的含量测定

目的：研究灵芝孢子粉中As、Hg、Pb、Cd 4种重金属含量.方法：采用原子荧光光谱法、原子吸收分光光度法分别测定灵芝孢子粉中As、Hg及Pb、Cd、的含量.结果：灵芝孢子粉中As、Hg、Pb、Cd最高含量分别为0.342 mg·kg-1、0.043 mg·kg-1、10.495 mg·kg-1、0.649 mg·kg-1.结论：该方法简单可行,为灵芝孢子粉中As、Hg、Pb、Cd 的含量测定提供了可靠的检测方法,为其质量标准的制定提供了科学依据.     

ICP-MS法测定结核丸中的12种微量元素

目的了解市售中成药重金属有害元素的真实状况,为中成药质量安全控制提供依据。方法采用ICP-MS法测定用药周期较长的结核丸中的12种微量元素含量。结果结核丸中镉Cd、砷As、铬Cr、铜Cu、锡Sn、铅Pb、锑Sb、镍Ni、银Ag、锰Mn、钡Ba、锌Zn元素均有检出,其中有害元素镉、砷、铬、铜、铅的含量均在现行规定的中药材的安全范围内。结论结核丸中镉、砷、铬、铜、铅5种有害元素的含量均能达到《中国药典》2010版对中药材的限量要求(铅≤5.0、镉≤0.3、铜≤20.0μg/g,砷的限量范围为2.0～10.0μg/g铬每人每天的安全摄入量为50～200μg),锡、银、锑、镍等有害元素暂无国家限量标准,但结核丸中含量均较低。     

原子荧光光谱法测定宫瘤消片中的铅、砷、汞、锑

目的建立宫瘤消片中铅、镉、砷、汞、锑的原子荧光光谱检测方法。方法采用微波消解法消解宫瘤消片样品后，用原子荧光光谱法测定其中的铅、砷、汞、锑的含量，并对测定方法进行了方法学考察。结果对于所测元素，校准曲线的相关系数r〉0．9992，回收率为90．5％～107．4％，RSD〈7％。结论该方法快速、简便、准确且灵敏度高，为宫瘤消片中重金属含量测定提供了较好的方法，用本方法测定宫瘤消片样品达到满意效果。     

微波消解/电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定西洋参重金属及有害元素含量

目的:分析不同产地不同商品规格西洋参中重金属及有害元素的含量,评价西洋参的药用安全性,为其行业标准的制定提供试验依据。方法:采用微波消解/电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定了22个不同产地不同规格西洋参中Pb、Cd、Cu、As、Hg的含量,用SPSS16.0软件进行统计分析;并以中国药典2010年版一部限量标准为依据,判断西洋参中重金属及有害元素含量超标情况。结果:建立了不同产地西洋参样品重金属及有害元素分布特征图谱;西洋参中Pb、Cd、Cu、As、Hg的含量均低于中国药典的限量标准;方差分析表明长度对西洋参中Pb、Cd的含量具有显著性影响,单枝质量对Pb、Cd、Cu、As、Hg的含量影响差异不显著。结论:西洋参具有较高的药用安全性,从药用安全性角度为西洋参商品规格标准的修订提供了参考。     

A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran

With attention to high public concern to dietary intakes of heavy metals from various foods and rice as one of the main food of the people in the Iran, the aim of this study was to survey heavy metals in rice samples of Iran. Based on obtained results, among the metals in some Iranian cultivated rice samples, cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) concentrations were higher than national standard of Iran. But, totally in Iran, average weekly intake for Cd, As, Pb, cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) were lower than the maximum weekly intake recommended by WHO/FAO. However, the average weekly intake amount for Hg from rice in Iran is higher than the maximum weekly intake recommended by WHO/FAO.     

Determination of the heavy metal content of Entoban herbal medicinal product

The levels of As, Cd, Pb and Hg were investigated in the medicinal herbal syrup Entoban, which is widely used in the management of non-specific diarrhea and acute intestinal infections of various etiologies. The ingredients in Entoban syrup include 6 potent herbal drugs: Aegle marmelose, Berberis aristata, Butea frondosa, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Myrtus communis, and Quercus infectoria. Entoban medicinal plant syrup was analyzed for As, Cd, Pb and Hg by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). Contents of heavy metals in the examined samples were in the range: As (0.074–10.0 ppm); Cd (0.020–0.3 ppm); Pb (0.00–10.0 ppm) and Hg (0.00–1.0 ppm). Results were compared with permissible limit acceptability intake (AHPA). According to determined amounts of heavy metals, the investigated Entoban syrup samples were validated and considered safe for human consumption.     

青霉素V钾胶囊微生物限度检查法的方法学研究

目的:建立青霉素V钾胶囊的微生物限度检查方法。方法:分别采用平皿法、培养基稀释法和薄膜过滤法(每膜100、300、500 ml+青霉素酶)对青霉素V钾胶囊进行微生物限度检查法的研究及控制菌的检查(每膜100、200 ml)。结果 :细菌检查采用薄膜过滤法(每膜500 ml、大于300万u青霉素酶),霉菌和酵母菌采用平皿法,控制菌采用薄膜过滤法(每膜200 ml)时,细菌、霉菌和酵母菌回收率均大于70%。结论:采用薄膜过滤法检查青霉素V钾胶囊中的细菌,平皿法检查霉菌及酵母菌,薄膜过滤法检查控制菌,结果可靠。     

ICP-MS法测定红花注射剂中5种重金属的残留量

目的建立电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定红花注射剂中重金属铜(Cu)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)的残留量方法。方法 采用微波消解法,以72锗1、15铟2、09铋为内标,采用ICP-MS法同时测定上述5种元素的残留量。结果Cu、As、Cd、Pb、Hg的标准曲线的相关系数0.999 3～0.999 9,回收率为95.3%～103.6%,其RSD在1.1%～3.4%。结论该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于红花注射剂中重金属的残留量。     

原子吸收法测定中药材中6种重金属及有害元素的残留量

目的:建立中药中6种重金属及有害元素(铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、锑)的检测方法,测定6种中药材中的残留含量。方法:样品经微波消解,采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅、镉、锑;采用氢化物-原子吸收法测定砷;采用冷原子吸收法测定汞;采用火焰原子吸收法测定铜,并对测定方法进行了方法学考察。结果:6种重金属及有害元素的回收率为79.0%～125.8%,RSD 为0.8%～14.6%。结论:该方法简便,准确,可较好地用于中药重金属及有害元素残留量的测定。     

微波消解-ICP-MS法测定天舒胶囊中5种重金属元素

目的：使用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）仪,建立天舒胶囊中Cu、As、Pb、Cd、Hg 5种重金属元素的测定方法。方法：样品经过微波消解处理后,采用外标法,以ICP-MS进行测定。结果：各元素线性关系良好（r＞0.9990）,最低检测限为（0.0014~0.8237）μg·L-1,回收率为98.4%~114.1%。结论：该方法准确、简便、快速、灵敏,适用于天舒胶囊内容物中重金属的含量测定。     

Multivariate analysis combined with GIS to source identification of heavy metals in soils around an abandoned industrial area,Eastern China

Heavy metals in soils polluted by industrial production are a meaningful topic worldwide. The purpose of this study is to understand the pollution status and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils. The result can help decision-makers apportion possible soil heavy metals sources and formulate effective pollution control policies. In this paper, 155 soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected and analyzed for eight heavy metals (Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, and Ni) from an abandoned industrial area of Tong County, located in Jiangsu Province of Eastern China. The multivariate analysis (including I_geo, E_i/RI, EF, PCA, and CA) and geostatistics (GIS) were used to assess the enrichment level and pollution level of soil heavy metals and identify their sources. The results indicated that eight heavy metals in soils had moderate variations, with CVs ranging from 19.63 to 63.34 %. The pollution level of I_geo of soil heavy metals decreased in the order of Cd~Zn > Cu > Hg~As~Pb~Cr~Ni. The enrichment level of soil heavy metals decreased in the order of Cd > Zn > Hg > Cu > Pb > Ni > As > Cr. According to the E_i, except Cd and Hg were in the significant and moderate ecological risk levels respectively, other soil heavy metals were in the clean or light ecological risk levels, the level of potential ecological risk (RI) of the whole industrial area was moderate. Finally, the source identification of soil heavy metals indicated that Cd and Zn were primarily controlled by human activities, and Hg and Cu were controlled by natural and anthropogenic sources, and As, Pb, Cr, and Ni were mainly controlled by soil parent materials.     

骨刺片中重金属及有害元素的控制

目的：建立骨刺片中铅（ Pb）、镉（ Cd）、砷（ As）、汞（ Hg）、铜（ Cu）等重金属及有害元素的质量控制方法。方法采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定铅、镉含量;火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定铜含量;氢化物原子吸收光谱法测定砷含量;冷原子吸收法测定汞含量。结果5种元素的检出限范围为0．0018～0．2135μg? g－1;线性关系良好（ r≥0．9988）;平均回收率为92．0％～95．0％;RSD≤3．7％。结论该方法操作简便、快速。可用于骨刺片中重金属及有害元素含量的检测。     

Relative in vitro affinity of hepatic metallothionein for metals

The ability of selected metals (Ag, Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Tl and V) to displace Zn from Zn-metallothionein (Zn-MT) was quantitated. Of the metals tested Cd had the highest affinity for MT, with 1.33 microM displacing 50% of the 65Zn bound to MT (EC50), followed by Pb (1.46 microM), Cu (1.93 microM), Hg (3.93 microM), Zn (8.06 microM), Ag (10.4 microM), Ni (474 microM) and Co (880 microM). As, Ca and Mo had a limited ability to displace Zn from MT while Al, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Tl and V had no effect on Zn binding even at 1.0 mM.