Significantly higher frequencies of presence of serum autoantibodies in Chinese patients with oral lichen planus

Background:  Previous studies have shown the presence of serum anti-nuclear (ANA), anti-smooth muscle (SMA), anti-mitochondrial (AMA), anti-gastric parietal cell (GPCA), anti-thyroglobulin (TGA) and anti-thyroid microsomal autoantibodies (TMA) in small groups of patients with oral lichen planus (OLP).
Methods:  In this study, the serum levels of ANA, SMA, AMA, GPCA, TGA and TMA were measured in a group of 320 Chinese OLP patients and 53 healthy control subjects to assess whether Chinese OLP patients had significantly higher frequencies of serum autoantibodies than healthy control subjects and to assess which risk factors had a significant influence on the possession of a specific serum autoantibody in OLP patients.
Results:  We found that autoantibodies were present in 195 (60.9%) of the 320 OLP patients. The frequencies of presence of serum ANA (28.1%), GPCA (26.3%), TGA (21.3%) and TMA (24.4%) in OLP patients were significantly higher than those (5.7%, 1.9%, 1.9% and 1.9%, respectively) in healthy control subjects (all P- values were < 0.005). Forty-one (12.8%) OLP patients also had anti-hepatitis C virus antibody (HCVA) in their sera. The multivariate logistic regression found that major erosive OLP (EOLP) [odds ratio (OR) = 1.786], TGA/TMA-positivity (OR = 2.517), and HCVA-positivity (OR = 2.214) were significant risk factors to influence ANA-positivity in OLP patients. Moreover, only major EOLP (OR = 1.879) and ANA-positivity (OR = 2.581) were significant risk factors to influence TGA/TMA-positivity in OLP patients.
Conclusions:  There are significantly higher frequencies of presence of ANA, GPCA, TGA and TMA in Chinese OLP patients than in healthy control subjects.     

Raised tissue copper levels in oral submucous fibrosis

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a well-recognised-potentially malignant condition of the oral cavity associated with areca nut chewing. Areca nut has been shown to have a high copper content compared to other commonly eaten nuts, and chewing areca nut for 5-30 min significantly increases soluble copper in whole mouth fluids. Our aims were to determine if tissue and serum concentrations of copper were raised in patients with OSF as a result of chewing areca nut. A panel of buccal mucosal biopsies from patients with OSF from Nagpur, India, was used to measure the tissue concentrations of copper by mass absorption spectrometry (MAS). By MAS, the mean tissue copper level was 5.5+/-2.9 microg/g in the OSF specimens (n=11) compared with 4+/-1.9 microg/g in the non-areca chewing controls (n=7) (P=0.2). Energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDX) was used to identify the presence and distribution of the metal element. EDX showed distinct peaks corresponding to copper (Kalpha 8.04 keV; Kbeta, 8.91 keV) in the epithelium (21/23) and in the connective tissue (17/23) of the OSF specimens compared to spectra obtained from control oral biopsies from non-areca chewing subjects (n=7). These findings were confirmed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis in a small number of samples. Serum copper (17.23+/-1.80 pmol/l), caeruloplasmin (0.32+/-0.04 g/l) levels and urinary copper (0.52+/-0.26 micromol/l) in OSF patients (n=14) were within the laboratory reference ranges. The finding of copper in OSF tissue supports the hypothesis of copper as an initiating factor in OSF, playing a role in stimulating fibrogenesis by the upregulation of lysyl oxidase activity.     

A scoring system for the early detection of oral submucous fibrosis based on a self-administered questionnaire

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the present study were to evaluate the frequent clinical complaints of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and to develop a scoring system for early detection of the disease by a self-administered questionnaire. METHODS: A total of 296 subjects were recruited, including 123 OSF patients without oral cancer and 173 betel quid chewers without OSF or oral cancer. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the symptom profile from study subjects. Their maximal mouth opening (MMO) between upper and lower incisor edges was measured and recorded by well-trained nurses. A binary logistic regression model examining the likelihood of OSF based on the eight symptoms of interest was used to develop the scoring system. RESULTS: Among 79 OSF subjects with an MMO < 35 mm, the most frequent complaint was trismus (87.3%), followed by burning sensation (76.0%) and xerostomia (72.2%). Among 44 OSF subjects with an MMO > or = 35 mm, burning sensation (68.2%) was the most frequent complaint, followed by trismus (54.5%) and xerostomia (54.5%). Six frequent complaints including trismus, burning sensation, xerostomia, sore throat, numbness, and oral ulceration were utilized to develop a scoring system for the early detection of OSF. The scoring system had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.90. CONCLUSION: This study suggests a screening questionnaire of frequent complaints for the early detection of OSF.     

Modulation of serum gastric parietal cell antibody level by levamisole and vitamin B12 in oral lichen planus

Oral Diseases (2010) 17 , 95–101 Objectives: The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of three different treatment modalities on the reduction of serum anti‐gastric parietal cell autoantibody (GPCA) level in GPCA‐positive oral lichen planus (OLP) patients. Materials and methods: Of 147 GPCA‐positive OLP patients, 100 were treated with levamisole plus vitamin B12, 10 with vitamin B12 only and 37 with levamisole only. The serum GPCA levels in 147 OLP patients were measured at baseline and after treatment. Results: Treatment with levamisole plus vitamin B12 for a period of 2–50 months and treatment with vitamin B12 only for a period of 4–44 months could effectively reduce the high serum GPCA level to undetectable level in 100 and 10 OLP patients, respectively. However, treatment with levamisole only for a period of 2–50 months could not modulate the high mean serum GPCA titer to a significantly lower level in 37 OLP patients. A 92% GPCA recurrence rate was found in 25 OLP patients receiving no further vitamin B12 treatment during the GPCA‐negative remission period. Conclusion: For GPCA‐positive OLP patients, treatment modality containing vitamin B12 can effectively reduce the high serum GPCA level to undetectable level. OLP patients with underlying autoimmune atrophic gastritis trait should receive a maintenance vitamin B12 treatment for life.     

Oral precancerous disorders associated with areca quid chewing, smoking, and alcohol drinking in southern Taiwan

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and the associated risk factors of oral precancerous disorders in southern Taiwan. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional community survey interviewing 1075 adult subjects, 15 years of age and over, gathered from randomly selected 591 households, and spanning five villages in southern Taiwan. The study protocol included a visual oral soft tissue examination and a questionnaire-based interview. The chi-square test was used to test the differences in prevalence of oral precancerous lesions and conditions by different "life styles" relating to current risk habits of current areca quid chewing, smoking, and alcohol drinking. To control for possible confounding, a logistic regression model was used to estimate the Odds Ratios (OR) for leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). RESULTS: 136 precancerous lesions and conditions were detected among 1075 subjects (12.7%). The analysis of the spectrum of oral precancerous disorders detected, leukoplakia (n = 80), OSF (n = 17) and verrucous lesions (n = 9), demonstrated an association with gender (P < 0.001). There were statistically significant associations among leukoplakia (P < 0.01), OSF (P < 0.0001), and verrucous lesions (P < 0.0001) and the life style of current areca quid chewing, smoking, and alcohol drinking. The synergistic effect of smoking and areca quid chewing habit on leukoplakia and OSF was demonstrated. CONCLUSION: This study reinforces the association of current areca quid chewing without tobacco, cigarette smoking, and alcohol drinking to leukoplakia, OSF, and verrucous lesions in Taiwan.     

湖南省娄底市城区中小学生嚼槟榔情况调查

目的 调查湖南省娄底市城区中小学生槟榔咀嚼情况及口腔黏膜下纤维性变(oral submucous fibrosis,OSF)发病情况,以了解咀嚼槟榔在未成年人中的流行情况.方法 按照全国第三次口腔健康流行病学调查的要求,采用二阶段随机抽样的方法抽取湖南省娄底市6所学校的研究样本,共计4087名学生.采用问卷调查的方式调查咀嚼槟榔的情况,进行口腔检查并观察OSF的发病情况.结果 4087名被抽查学生共完成问卷4019份,问卷完成率为98.3%;4019名中小学生中有498人咀嚼槟榔,咀嚼槟榔率为12.4%;男性咀嚼槟榔率为21.1%(437/2073),女性为3.1%(61/1946),男性咀嚼槟榔率显著高于女性(P＜0.05);小学生咀嚼槟榔率为6.4%(126/1983),初中生为14.9%(143/959),高中生为21.3%(229/1077),三组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);小学生咀嚼的槟榔主要来源于父母(61/126,48.4%),中学生主要来源于朋友(初中生:88/143,61.5%;高中生:165/229,72.1%);4019名学生中共发现5例OSF患者,OSF患病率为0.12%,均为高中男生.结论 湖南省娄底市城区中小学生有咀嚼槟榔习惯且有OSF患者;咀嚼槟榔率男性高于女性;咀嚼槟榔与年级相关,年级越高咀嚼槟榔率越高;小学生槟榔主要来源于父母,中学生槟榔主要来源于朋友.     

The effects of chewing areca/betel quid with and without cigarette smoking on oral submucous fibrosis and oral mucosal lesions

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk of areca/betel quid chewing with or without cigarette smoking on oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and other oral mucosal lesions. METHODS: A stratified case-control study was designed. There were in total 102 patients with oral mucosal lesions or OSF (confirmed pathologically) in the case group. OSF (n = 62) and oral mucosal lesions (n = 62) in 102 subjects were separately analyzed for men and women investigating their risks. RESULTS: For OSF, people with both smoking and chewing habits had a statistically significant odds ratio (OR) 8.68 (95% CI = 1.87, 40.23). For the group of people with chewing habit only and without any lifetime cigarette smoking habit, the OR was 4.51 (95% CI = 1.20, 16.94). For other oral mucosal lesions, people with mixed habits and chewing only had also significant risks (OR = 8.37 and 3.95, respectively). For both OSF and other oral lesions, the ORs of mixed habits and chewing only were both higher in women than in men. Conclusions: The areca/betel quid used in Taiwan does not contain any tobacco product. The only way of areca/betel quid could synergize with any tobacco product is through cigarette smoking. A statistically significant association with oral mucosal lesions and OSF was still found in the group of areca/betel quid chewing only.     

Multiple logistic regression analysis of risk factors for carcinogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis in mainland China

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), a chronic progressive disorder, is regarded as the premalignant lesion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Its distribution is associated with chewing betel quid (BQ). The objective of the present study was to investigate risk factors for the carcinogenesis of OSF in mainland China. A case-control study was performed in 42 patients with OSCC that originated from OSF and 40 OSF controls. Epidemiological data and information related to risk factors were collected using a short structured questionnaire. Odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived from logistic regression analysis. In multivariate analysis, only age, duration of BQ chewing, duration of cigarette smoking, and OSF accompanied by oral leukoplakia or oral lichen planus were associated with significantly increased risk for the malignant transformation of OSF. These findings contribute to current knowledge on the prevention of carcinogenesis of OSF in mainland China.     

Betel‐quid and oral submucous fibrosis: a cross‐sectional study in Hunan province,China

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41 : 748–754 Background: The development of betel‐quid (BQ) processing industry in Hunan has increased the usage of this substance and may produce significant health consequences. However, the update data for the prevalence of BQ chewing and its effect on oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) are limited. Methods: A population‐based survey was conducted to investigate the prevalence of BQ chewing and OSF in Hunan. A questionnaire interview and an oral examination were conducted. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to study the effect of socio‐demographic characteristics on area‐specific behaviors of BQ chewing. Results: A total of 2356 subjects participated in this survey, with a 78.5% of response rate. The lifetime prevalence of BQ chewing was 16.2% (2.9% for ex‐chewers and 13.3% for current‐chewers). The findings from multivariate logistic regression model showed that a higher prevalence of this habit was among individuals who were males, urban residents, 15–49 years old, educated for 9–12 years, smokers, and drinkers. Male chewers occupied a fairly higher percentage of the combined use of tobacco and/or alcohol (86.1–87.5%) than the non‐chewers (50.6–56.7%). The overall prevalence of OSF was 1.0%. Compared with the subjects without OSF (1.7–23.2%), a significantly higher proportion of OSF patients were a current‐chewer (62.3% in men and 100.0% in women). Conclusions: BQ chewing is a vital risk factor for OSF in Hunan. A high prevalence of BQ chewing found among the younger cohort (15–49 years old) is an urgent warning for this oral premalignant disorder.     

OSF并存OLP34例回顾性分析

目的：总结口腔黏膜下纤维性变（OSF）并存口腔扁平苔藓（OLP）的临床特征,提高对该病的诊断和治疗水平。方法：对34例OSF并存OLP患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：34例OSF并存OLP患者表现为青壮年男性居多,均有进食刺激性食物和咀嚼槟榔史,29例（85.29%）有吸烟史,27例（79.41%）有饮酒史,28例（82.35%）OSF的病理分期为早期,6例（17.65%）为中期,发病部位以颊部和舌部为主,所有患者均无糜烂和张口受限,治疗后疼痛症状缓解,但白色条纹或斑点始终未消退,已消失的丝状乳头、菌状乳头亦未见恢复。结论：OSF并存OLP并非两种疾病的简单叠加,而是具有其特异性的表现,必要时可行两个典型部位活检进行诊断,治疗中及治疗后须戒烟、戒槟榔。     

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口腔黏膜下纤维性变(oral submucous fibrosis,OSF)是一种慢性、隐匿性且具有癌变倾向的疾病,主要发生于印度、巴基斯坦等东南亚国家以及我国湖南、台湾两省。OSF病因不明,咀嚼槟榔是其最主要的致病因素,且咀嚼槟榔的频率越高、年限越长,越易患OSF。所有OSF患者都有咀嚼槟榔史,咀嚼槟榔还与口腔白斑、口腔癌发病高度相关。此外,OSF的发生还与遗传因素、免疫反应、胶原相关性基因,营养缺乏等有关。本文就OSF致病因素做一简单介绍。     

Higher expressions of p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in atrophic oral lichen planus and patients with areca quid chewing

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the expressions of p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in oral lichen planus (OLP) in relation to its clinical behavior and the patients' oral habits. STUDY DESIGN: Immunohistochemical study was carried out to investigate the expressions of p53 and PCNA in 56 OLP specimens. The results were correlated with the clinical behavior of the disease and the patients' oral habits. The expression rates were further compared with those of normal oral mucosa (NOM), epithelial hyperkeratosis (EH), epithelial dysplasia (ED), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). RESULTS: The staining rate of p53 (28.6%) and PCNA labeling index (LI) (27.6 +/- 8.8%) in OLP were similar to those in EH ( P = .868, .074, respectively), but higher than those of NOM and lower than those of ED and SCC (all P < .05). In OLP, no significant correlations were found between p53 or PCNA expression and the patients' age, gender, lesion duration, location, size, number of site, presence of pain, presence of local irritant, and the habits of alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking (all P > .05). In addition, the mean PCNA LI of p53+ cases was close to that of p53- cases (P = .38). However, the staining rate of p53 in OLP was higher in areca quid (AQ) chewers compared to abstainers (P = .001), and the mean PCNA LI in atrophic cases was higher than that in hypertrophic cases (P = .029). Interestingly, the staining rate of p53 and mean PCNA LI were significantly increased in AQ chewers with atrophic OLP (100%, 36.7% +/- 9.0%, respectively), which were similar to those in ED and SCC (all P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Although this study could not confirm the precancerous nature of OLP by the relatively low p53 and PCNA expression, the results do suggest that atrophic form OLP and patients with AQ chewing habit may have a higher disease activity in view of higher expression rates of p53 and PCNA in the lesions.     

Oral submucous fibrosis: study of 1000 cases from central India

BACKGROUND: Very few reports have been published on the gender specificity of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) in relation to habit patterns and the severity of disease in the world literature. The purpose of the study was to ascertain the gender specificity for different habits and severity of OSF. METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study on various habit patterns associated with OSF was performed in Nagpur over a 5-year period. A total of 1000 OSF cases from 266,418 out patients comprised the study sample. RESULTS: The male-to-female ratio of OSF was 4.9:1. Occurrence of OSF was at a significant younger age group (<30 years) among men when compared with women (OR = 4.62, 3.22-6.63, P = 0.0001). Reduced mouth opening, altered salivation and altered taste sensation were found to be significantly more prevalent in women when compared with men. Exclusive areca nut chewing habit was significantly more prevalent in women (OR = 44.5, 25.4-79.8, P = 0.0001). Whereas significant increase for Gutkha (Areca quid with tobacco) (OR = 2.33, 1.56-3.54, P = 0.0001) and kharra/Mawa (crude combination of areca nut and tobacco) (OR = 6.8, 4.36-11.06, P = 0.0001) chewing was found in men when compared with women. CONCLUSIONS: There is a marked difference in literacy, socioeconomic status, areca nut chewing habits, symptoms and disease severity in women when compared with men in the central Indian population.     

口腔黏膜下纤维性变的病因、致病机理、诊断与治疗

口腔黏膜下纤维性变是一种能形成瘢痕、组织纤维化的慢性疾病。流行病学研究显示,咀嚼槟榔是导致口腔黏膜下纤维性变的危险因素。在中国的口腔黏膜下纤维性变患者均有咀嚼槟榔的习惯。研究证实,嚼槟榔、吸烤烟和饮白酒可增加口腔黏膜下纤维性变的风险。口腔黏膜下纤维性变被广泛认为是一种口腔癌前病变,病理表现为慢性炎症、结缔组织内广泛的胶原纤维沉积、上皮固有层或其下结缔组织内的局部炎症改变。口腔黏膜下纤维性变的癌变发生率为7%~30%。口腔黏膜下纤维性变的治疗主要采用曲安奈德和丹参酮注射液行黏膜下局部注射,对改善患者的张口度及口腔黏膜的烧灼痛效果良好,其治疗总有效率可达93%。本文就口腔黏膜下纤维性变的病因、致病机理、诊断与治疗进行阐述,以供同道们临床参考之用。     

HLA typing in Taiwanese patients with oral submucous fibrosis

BACKGROUND: A significant association of certain human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and haplotypic pairs with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) has been reported. However, controversial result of no HLA association with OSF has also been reported. In this study, the phenotype and haplotype frequencies of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB1 in 135 Taiwanese OSF patients were calculated and compared with those in 540 healthy control Taiwanese. METHODS: The analysis of HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens, and of HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles in OSF patients and healthy control subjects, was performed by serologic typing and DNA typing using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP), respectively. RESULTS: We found that the phenotype frequency of HLA-B76 (3.0%) in OSF patients was significantly greater than that (0%) in healthy control subjects (corrected P (Pc) = 0.000). In addition, the haplotype frequencies of HLA-B48/Cw7 (3.0%), -B51/Cw7 (6.7%), and -B62/Cw7 (8.2%) in OSF patients were significantly greater than the corresponding haplotype frequencies (0, 0.7, and 1.9%, respectively) in healthy control subjects (Pc = 0.000). The relative risk (RR) values of haplotypes B51/Cw7 (9.57) and B62/Cw7 (4.7) were greater than the RR values of phenotypes B51 (1.81), B62 (2.31), and Cw7 (1.91) in OSF patients. In addition, the etiologic fraction (EF) value of haplotype B51/Cw7 (0.63) was higher than the EF values of phenotypes B51 (0.2) and Cw7 (0.59). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that some Taiwanese areca quid (AQ) chewers with particular HLA phenotypes and haplotypes are prone to have OSF. In addition, some particular HLA haplotypes may play more important roles than the individual HLA phenotypes for the genetic susceptibility to OSF. However, the significantly increased HLA phenotype B76 and three of the common HLA haplotypes detected are present in only about 20% of incident cases of OSF.     

Role of chewing and smoking habits in the etiology of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF): a case-control study

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), a premalignant and crippling condition of the oral mucous membrane, was studied to identify its relationship to various chewing and smoking habits. Two hundred and thirty-six consecutive cases of OSF were compared with 221 control subjects matched for age, sex and socio-economic conditions. It was found that chewing of areca nut/quid or pan masala (acommercial preparation of areca nuts, lime, catechu and undisclosed colouring, flavouring and sweetening agents) was directly related to OSF. Also, pan masala was chewed by a comparatively younger age group and was associated with OSF changes earlier than areca nut/quid chewing. However, chewing or smoking tobacco with various other chewing habits did not increase the risk of developing OSF. It was also found that frequency of chewing rather than the total duration of the habit was directly correlated to OSF.     

抗核抗体和T细胞免疫异常在口腔扁平苔藓和复发性口腔溃疡及慢性盘状红斑狼疮患者中的比例

目的比较口腔扁平苔藓（OLP）、复发性口腔溃疡（ROU）和慢性盘状红斑狼疮（DLE）患者自身抗核抗体（ANA）和T细胞免疫异常的差别,为探讨其发病机制奠定基础。方法流式细胞仪检测口腔扁平苔藓、复发性口腔溃疡和慢性盘状红斑狼疮患者外周血血清T细胞亚群,间接免疫荧光法检测ANA,比较ANA和T细胞免疫异常的比例。结果口腔扁平苔藓、复发性口腔溃疡和慢性盘状红斑狼疮3组患者间ANA的阳性率,慢性盘状红斑狼疮组为29.0%（9/31）,口腔扁平苔藓组为6.25%（5/80）,复发性口腔溃疡组为1.7%（2/115）。CD3＋细胞在3组中均以降低占最大比例,其中复发性口腔溃疡组为52.2%（60/115）,慢性盘状红斑狼疮组为51.6%（16/31）,口腔扁平苔藓组为50%（40/80）。CD4＋细胞在口腔扁平苔藓组以正常占最大比例,为75%（60/80） 而在慢性盘状红斑狼疮组却以降低占最大比例,为54.8%（17/31）。结论3组患者间的ANA阳性率和T细胞亚群检测结果差异均有统计学意义。     

Expression of p53 protein correlates with decreased survival in patients with areca quid chewing and smoking-associated oral squamous cell carcinomas in Taiwan

Expression of p53 protein was examined in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from patients who were areca quid (AQ) chewers and/or tobacco smokers, using anti-p53 antibodies with an immunoperoxidase technique. Positive p53 stain was observed in 47 of 81 (58%) cases of oral SCC. p53 overexpression was found to higher in patients without AQ chewing and smoking habits than in patients with these two habits (80% vs 52%, P=0.076). No significant correlation was found between p53 expression and the patients' age, sex, cancer location, clinical staging, primary tumor TNM status, or histological differentiation of SCC. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the prognosis for patients with p53-negative tumors was significantly better than that for patients with p53-positive tumors (P<0.05). A significant correlation was also observed between positive lymph node status and poor prognosis (P<0.05). These results suggest that p53 may serve as an adjuvant marker of poor survival in patients with oral SCCs in Taiwan.     

口腔粘膜下纤维性变患者外周血淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换率…

采用ＢｒｄＵ－Ｇｉｅｍｓａ染色法检测了湖南湘潭地区居民中有咀嚼槟榔习惯的口腔粘膜下纤维性变患者２７人，有咀嚼槟榔习性但未患ＯＳＦ的健康者１４人，无咀嚼槟榔习惯的正常人４４名的外周血淋巴细胞姐妹染色产本交换率。     

口腔粘膜下纤维性变临床分析

目的：总结口腔粘膜下纤维性变(OSF)临床特征，提高OSF临床检出率和诊断率。方法：对382例OSF患者临床资料进行总结，对其发病因素，临床特征进行分析。结果：1)382例OSF患者中男性370例(96．8％)，20～40岁以上的OSF患者328例(85％)；2)382例OSF患者均有咀嚼槟榔史，其发病与咀嚼槟榔的时间呈正相关关系，但与咀嚼槟榔的量无正相关关系；3)因热、辣食物有烧灼感、张口困难而就诊者分别为99．2％和50．2％，糜烂或起疱、张口受限者分别为85．8％和50．3％，颊、翼颌韧带受累者分别为96．3％和99．2％，患者常有多个部位受累。结论：1)OSF好发于青年男性；2)槟榔是OSF发病的关键因素；3)OSF临床症状和体征多样。