莫沙必利联合聚乙二醇4000治疗慢性功能性便秘疗效观察

目的:观察莫沙必利联合聚乙二醇4000散剂治疗慢性功能性便秘的疗效.方法:117例经确诊的慢性功能性便秘患者随机分为3组,治疗组(A组)52例,给予口服莫沙必利5 ms/次,3次/天,聚乙二醇4000散剂10g/次,2次/天;对照组又分为B组和C组,B组34例,口服莫沙必利5 mg/次,3次,天,C组31例,口服聚乙二醇4000散剂10g/次,20/天,疗程均为15天.治疗后观察患者大便次数、大便形状及大便困难等症状缓解情况.结果:治疗15天后,3组总有效率分别为94.2%,58.8%,74.2%,治疗组与对照组相比较差异有显著性(P＜0.01).结论:莫沙必利联合聚乙二醇4000散剂治疗慢性功能性便秘疗效满意,不良反应少,是目前治疗功能性便秘的可行方案.     

莫沙必利联合聚乙二醇4000治疗糖尿病合并便秘的疗效观察

目的评价莫沙必利联合聚乙二醇4000治疗糖尿病合并便秘的疗效。方法选取2008—2010年我院糖尿病门诊收治的糖尿病合并便秘患者112例,给予莫沙必利5mg,3次/d+聚乙二醇4000 10g,2次/d,口服;分别于第2周和第4周观察患者治疗情况和药物不良反应。结果服药后起效时间为2～5d,平均3.2d。治疗第2周显效51例(45.54%),有效40例(35.71%),无效21例(18.75%),总有效率为81.25%。治疗第4周显效87例(77.68%),有效22例(19.64%),无效3例(2.68%),总有效率为97.32%。均无严重不良反应发生。结论莫沙必利联合聚乙二醇4000治疗糖尿病合并便秘安全、有效。     

聚乙二醇4000散剂联合枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片治疗慢性功能性便秘的临床研究

目的探讨慢性功能性便秘患者的治疗方法。方法 2008年9月至2011年4月笔者所在医院治疗74例慢性功能性便秘患者,所有患者进行随机分组,30例患者为A组应用口服枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片+聚乙二醇4000散剂,B组(22例)口服枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片,C组(22例)口服聚乙二醇4000散剂,疗程均为4周。结果治疗4周后,3组总有效率分别为93.33%,45.45%,63.64%,A组显着高于B,C两组(P<0.01)。结论聚乙二醇4000散剂联合枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片治疗慢性功能性便秘疗效好,值得临床推广应用。     

达立通颗粒联合莫沙必利片治疗慢性功能性便秘46例

目的观察达立通颗粒联合莫沙必利片治疗慢性功能性便秘的疗效。方法将126例确诊为慢性功能性便秘患者随机分为3组,A组46例口服迭立通颗粒6g及莫沙必利片5mg,3次／d;B组42例P服聚乙二醇4000散剂10g,2次／d及莫沙必利5mg,3次／d;12组38例口服莫沙必利5mg,3次／d,3组疗程均为14d。观察治疗后患者大便次数、形状及大便困难等症状缓解情况。结果A组、B组和C组的总有效率分别为91．30％,95．23％,57．90％,A组、B组与C组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论达立通颗粒联合莫沙必利治疗慢性功能性便秘疗效满意,不良反应少。     

头孢布烯治疗小儿急性肺炎30例

目的 :观察头孢布烯治疗小儿急性肺炎的疗效。方法 :治疗组 3 0例 ,头孢布烯 9m g/( kg· d) ,po,bid,疗程 7～ 10天。对照组 42例 ,青霉素 10～ 2 0万 U /( kg· d)或头孢唑啉 5 0 mg/( kg· d)加氨苄西林 10 0～ 2 0 0 m g/( kg· d)或妥布霉素40 0 0 U/( kg· d) ,分 2次静脉注射 ,疗程均 7～ 10天。结果 :治疗组与对照组治愈分别为 2 1例 ( 70 .0 % )和 15例 ( 3 5 .7% ) ,两组比较 P <0 .0 1;好转分别为 7例 ( 2 3 .3 % )和 2 2例 ( 5 2 .4% ) ;无效分别为 2例 ( 6.7% )和 5例 ( 11.9% )。结论 :头孢布烯治疗轻型肺炎疗效确切。     

三联疗法治疗小儿功能性消化不良并幽门螺杆菌感染阳性的疗效观察

目的:探讨分析三联疗法治疗小儿功能性消化不良并幽门螺杆菌感染阳性的临床疗效,并与序贯疗法进行对照.方法:采用前瞻性病例对照分析方法.选取2014年10月~2016年3月收住我院的小儿功能性消化不良并幽门螺杆菌感染阳性患者50例为试验组,均采用标准三联疗法进行治疗:阿莫西林30mg/(kg·d),克拉霉素15mg/(kg·d),奥美拉唑0.8mg/(kg·d),口服,2次/d,共7d.同期患者50例为对照组,均采用序贯疗法治疗:阿莫西林30mg/(kg·d),奥美拉唑0.8mg/(kg·d),2次/d;5d后给予奥美拉唑0.8mg/(kg·d)、奥硝唑15mg/(kg·d)、克拉霉素15mg/(kg·d),2次/d,再服用5d.分别于治疗4周后和治疗6个月后对两组症状进行评分,并行14C-尿素呼气试验和快速尿素酶试验,比较Hp再现率.结果:试验组有效率为96.7%(58/60),治愈28例,有效30例;对照组有效率为83.3%(50/60),治愈17例,有效33例.两组临床疗效差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).两组治疗后症状评分均获得明显缓解(P<0.05),但二者缓解幅度有显著差异(P<0.05).随访1年,两组Hp再现率无显著差异(P>0.05).结论:对小儿功能性消化不良并幽门螺杆菌感染阳性采用标准三联疗法有助于改善临床症状,提高临床疗效.     

MPT治疗原发性巨球蛋白血症临床疗效观察

目的:观察MPT治疗原发性巨球蛋白血症(WM)的临床疗效。方法:10例WM患者均应用MPT方案,美发仑片4mg/(m2·d),分3次口服,口服7d,泼尼松片1mg/(kg·d),每日1次口服,口服7d,沙利度胺片100mg/d,睡前顿服,持续服用6个月,不能耐受的给予50mg/次,早晚服用。4周1个疗程,应用6个疗程后评价疗效。结果:完全缓解(CR)3例,部分缓解(PR)4例,未缓解(NR)3例,总有效率为70%。所有患者治疗前血红蛋白、血清IgM、骨髓淋巴样浆细胞比例较治疗前均有明显改善(P<0.05)。5例出现便秘,2例四肢麻木,其余患者未见其他明显不良反应发生。结论:MPT方案治疗WM疗效明显、患者耐受性较好、副作用小,易于推广应用。     

聚乙二醇电解质、莫沙必利、益生菌协同治疗慢性功能性便秘的临床疗效分析

目的观察聚乙二醇电解质、莫沙必利联合益生菌协同治疗慢性功能性便秘的临床疗效与安全性,优化慢性便秘的治疗方案。方法将88例符合入组标准的慢性功能性便秘患者随机分为观察组44例和对照组44例,对照组口服莫沙必利5mg/次,tid,口服双歧杆菌0.15g,tid,观察组在对照组基础上口服聚乙二醇电解质2A+2B,睡前顿服,治疗28d,观察两组患者治疗前后症状改善情况,并评价两组临床疗效。结果观察组和对照组的总有效率分别为95.45%比81.82%,观察组和对照组腹痛腹胀、排便困难改善率分别为72.73%比28.57%,89.47%比63.16%,差异均具有统计学意义,P<0.01或P<0.05。结论聚乙二醇电解质、莫沙必利、益生菌协同治疗慢性功能性便秘临床疗效确切,快速缓解排便困难、腹痛腹胀的不适症状,提高临床疗效,是治疗便秘的理想方案。     

西沙必利治疗老年人慢性功能性便秘

对老年人慢性功能性便秘96例采用双盲随机分为2组.西沙必利组56例(男36例,女20例,年龄72±6岁),对照组40例(男26例,女14例,年龄73±5岁).西沙必利组:用西沙必利10 mg～20 mg,口服,1日3次;对照组:用安慰剂2～4片,口服,1日3次.两组疗程均为8周.结果西沙必利组的总有效率为75%,而对照组为30%(P＜0.01);排便间隔由4.2±1.0 d减至1.9±1.1 d,每次排便时间由32±7 min减至16±5 min(P＜0.01),而对照组排便间隔由4.0±1.2 d减至3.2±1.0 d,每次排便时间由30±5 min减至27±6 min(P＞0.05).西沙必利组未出现明显副作用.     

吉他霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎临床疗效观察

目的:探讨吉他霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎的疗效及安全性.方法:将160例小儿支原体肺炎患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组各80例,治疗组静脉滴注酒石酸吉他霉素10 mg/(kg·d),7～14 d后改口服吉他霉素,对照组静脉滴注乳糖酸红霉素30 mg/(kg·d),1次/d,7~14 d后改口服红霉素,疗程均为3~4周,比较两组临...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.