鞍区Rathke囊肿一例及文献复习

目的探讨有症状的Rathke囊肿的诊断和手术治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1例有症状的囊肿的临床表现,影像特点,内分泌改变,术后症状缓解情况。结果该病例内分泌功能紊乱症状完全缓解。结论 Rathke囊肿术前CT与MRI检查均有一定特异性,结合CT与MRI检查能提高Rathke囊肿术前诊断率。经鼻-蝶窦入路显微手术是目前治疗Rathke囊肿的最佳方法。     

垂体Rathke囊肿的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨垂体Rathke囊肿的诊断与治疗。方法：对22例主要表现为头痛、视力损害和全垂体功能低下，MR及CT检查诊断为垂体Rathke囊肿的患者采用手术清除囊肿，其中20例采用经蝶窦入路，2例采用经翼点入路。结果：术后头痛均缓解，88％视力损害明显恢复，80％全垂体功能低下明显恢复，1例好转。结论：尽管垂体Rathke囊肿的临床及影像学表现呈多样性，但某些临床及影像学特征有助于本病的诊断。经蝶窦显微手术清除囊肿是治疗垂体：Rathke囊肿的有效方法。     

老年垂体腺瘤的微侵袭治疗

目的 探讨老年垂体腺瘤患者行经蝶垂体腺瘤切除术的安全性及有效性.方法 回顾性分析21例行经蝶手术治疗的老年垂体腺瘤患者的临床资料.结果 经蝶垂体腺瘤切除术后,71.4％的头痛患者及70％视力改变的患者症状得到明显改善,1例患者围术期死亡.在随访的18例患者中,有14例行MRI检查未见肿瘤复发,1例术后泌乳素增高,口服溴隐亭治疗.术后均无严重近期及远期并发症.结论 在充分的术前准备、精细的手术操作及良好的围术期管理情况下,经蝶垂体腺瘤切除术安全有效,可作为老年垂体腺瘤患者的首选治疗方式.     

垂体脓肿的临床特点及诊治

<正>垂体脓肿是一种极为罕见的垂体疾病,约占鞍区肿瘤的0.3%~0.5%〔1〕,且多发生于鞍内。因其与囊性垂体腺瘤、颅咽管瘤及Rathke囊肿在临床症状及影像学上没有特征性的鉴别标准,在临床工作中极易发生术前误诊。垂体脓肿患者若因误诊,缺少术前预防性使用抗生素及选择正确的手术方式,术后易复发,甚者脓肿扩散至颅内可导致全颅感染,危及生命。因此,提高术前垂体脓肿的确诊率,合理使用抗生素,选择正确     

垂体脓肿7例临床分析及其诊断要点

目的分析垂体脓肿的临床表现、辅助检查、诊断及治疗特点。方法对1994年3月至2006年11月就诊于解放军总医院并经病理诊断确诊的7例垂体脓肿患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果7例垂体脓肿患者中原发性垂体脓肿4例,继发性垂体脓肿3例,其中合并垂体腺瘤、垂体囊肿、颅咽管瘤各1例。临床特征:发热者6例,视力下降或颞侧偏盲者5例;头痛伴食欲减退、恶心呕吐者4例。血常规检查白细胞升高者3例。内分泌检查:血浆泌乳素增高者4例,继发性甲状腺功能减退者3例,继发性肾上腺皮质功能减退者2例。影像学检查:MRI显像呈T1等信号或低信号,T2等信号或高信号,T1信号环形强化。术前经MRI及临床症状诊断2例,另5例均为术后病理证实。治疗:均行手术治疗,术后视神经功能障碍恢复不理想,其余症状均有改善,围手术期均予抗生素治疗。结论以发热、头痛、视力视野损害、部分及全垂体功能低下为首发症状的鞍区占位患者应高度怀疑垂体脓肿,早期诊断、及时手术和合理的抗生素治疗是改善垂体脓肿预后的关键。     

20例男性垂体催乳素瘤MRI特征分析并文献复习

目的 探讨男性垂体催乳素瘤的临床及MRI特征,提高其正确诊断率.方法 回顾性分析20例经手术病理或内分泌治疗有效证实的男性催乳素腺瘤.结果 在MRI诊断的20例男性催乳素瘤患者中,微腺瘤9例,大腺瘤11例.平扫T1WI呈稍低或等信号,T2WI均为稍高～高信号,常规增强均可见明显强化.侵袭性者均为大腺瘤,多伴有视交叉受侵或蝶窦、海绵窦侵犯,部分伴骨质破坏.结论 男性垂体催乳索瘤的临床与MRI表现均与女性不同,MRI对催乳素瘤诊断有重要价值,但应注意临床与影像两者结合,以达到早期、准确诊断.     

垂体微腺瘤的诊断与治疗

对37例垂体微腺瘤患者行经单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体微腺瘤切除术。对肿瘤的诊断、手术入路、肿瘤切除程度、术后症状和内分泌变化及术后并发症进行了探讨。结果37例均能经MRI检查得到初步诊断。肿瘤均全部切除。术后各种症状均有不同程度改善。26例激素水平恢复到正常（93%）。9例术后发生轻微脑脊液鼻漏,12例术后发生尿崩,均经保守治疗后痊愈。无大出血和感染病例。认为垂体微腺瘤应首选经单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体瘤切除术。术前准确的诊断和熟练的显微外科操作是提高肿瘤切除率和防止术后并发症的关键。     

显微镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术后并发症的影响因素

目的探讨显微镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术后并发症的影响因素。方法回顾该院103例垂体腺瘤患者,均采用显微镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术治疗,观察统计患者术后恢复及并发症发生情况。结果患者治疗总有效率为89.3%(92/103),随访3~24个月,无复发病例,术后并发症以尿崩症、术区出血、脑脊液鼻漏并发症为主,无死亡病例。经Logistic回归分析发现,患者术后并发症的发生与患者肿瘤大小、鞍旁侵袭、基础内分泌及手术切除程度具有显著相关性(β=0.92,1.02,1.03,1.21,P0.05)。结论显微镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术治疗垂体腺瘤疗效显著,术后并发症的发生与肿瘤大小、鞍旁侵袭、基础内分泌及手术切除情况密切相关,术前应全面认识影响并发症的相关因素,术中及时处理以减少术后并发症的发生。     

经鼻蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨经鼻蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤的显微手术治疗及术后处理.方法 回顾性分析经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术切除的38例垂体微腺瘤患者的临床资料.38例垂体腺瘤中泌乳素( PRL)腺瘤18例,生长激素(GH)腺瘤12 例,促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)腺瘤5例, 无分泌功能腺瘤3例.结果 肿瘤全切33例, 次全切5例;术后复查激素水平,降至正常26例, 下降大于50%的4例, 8例变化不明显.结论 单鼻孔经蝶入路显微手术切除垂体腺瘤是一种安全、有效的方法.     

垂体脓肿的诊断及手术治疗（附7例报告）

目的探讨垂体脓肿的诊断和治疗方法。方法对7例垂体脓肿患者的临床资料作回顾性分析。结果本组视力视野障碍6例,头痛5例,泌乳、月经紊乱、性功能障碍、乏力、毛发脱落、多睡等3例,多饮多尿2例,发热1例。MRI示鞍区类圆形囊状占位性病变,等或长T1,长他,囊壁呈环形强化（“鸭梨”征）。本组均行颅内探查术,6例经鼻蝶入路,1例经右额开颅额下入路,术中肿块切开后均见脓液流出,切除脓肿并引流后患者症状改善,无复发。结论MRI检查有利于垂体脓肿的诊断;治疗原则为尽早手术切除病灶,充分冲洗引流,术后抗感染。     

Collision lesions of the sella: co-existence of craniopharyngioma with gonadotroph adenoma and of Rathke’s cleft cyst with corticotroph adenoma

Collision lesions of the sellar region are relatively uncommon. Most contributions include a pituitary adenoma or a cyst/cystic tumor, particularly a Rathke cleft cyst. The association of craniopharyngioma with an adenoma is particularly rare. Among reported cases, some have included secondary prolactin cell hyperplasia due to pituitary stalk section effect. Herein, we report two collision lesions, including a gonadotroph adenoma with adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma and a corticotroph adenoma with Rathke's cleft cyst. Clinicopathologic correlation and a review of the literature are undertaken.     

Tumors invading the cavernous sinus that cause internal carotid artery compression are rarely pituitary adenomas

There is a clinical impression that when tumors invade the cavernous sinus, compression of the internal carotid artery is rare with pituitary adenomas and more common with other types of lesions but there are no actual data to support this impression. To confirm the impression that the finding of internal carotid artery compression by tumors invading the cavernous sinus is inconsistent with a diagnosis of a pituitary adenoma, we performed a retrospective analysis of MRI scans performed between 2000 and July 2009. An initial search of the radiology database was performed using the terms ??invasive mass cavernous MRI?? and subsequent refinement narrowed the evaluation to 141 patients with cavernous sinus invasion by sellar/parasellar tumors for whom there were clinical/pathological data to determine tumor type. 83 of the 141 patients with cavernous sinus invasion had carotid artery encasement; 58 were pituitary adenomas and 25 were other types of lesions. Eight of these 83 scans revealed compression of the internal carotid lumen, with only one being a pituitary adenoma and seven being other types of lesions. Therefore, only 1/58 (1.7%) of pituitary adenomas and 7/25 (28%) of non-pituitary adenoma lesions that encased the internal carotid artery caused compression of the artery (P?=?0.0007). A mass lesion that invades the cavernous sinus and encases the internal carotid artery is very unlikely, therefore, to be a pituitary adenoma if it compresses the lumen of the internal carotid artery.     

Ectopic prolactinoma of the sphenoidal sinus: case report

A 34-year-old woman was hospitalized for exploration of amenorrhea and galactorrhea. She had experienced primary sterility, diagnosed 11 years earlier. Endocrine tests demonstrated hyperprolactinemia (serum prolactin 594 ng/ml). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a soft tissue mass located within the posterior part of the sphenoidal sinus. The pituitary gland appeared normal. Medical treatment with bromocriptine was unsuccessful. Transsphenoidal tumor resection was performed. Histology reported adenoma, which was consistent with prolactin-producing tumor demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining for prolactin. Because of the persistence of hyperprolactinemia related to an intra-sphenoidal tumor remnant, bromocriptine (15 mg/d) was initiated. Menses ensued and prolactin level declined (49 ng/ml). One year later, the tumor remnant had disappeared on the MRI and the patient became pregnant. Ectopic adenomas of the sphenoidal sinus are of particular interest due to the diagnostic difficulties encountered. Nevertheless, the nature of the lesion can be determined from the endocrine manifestations. Some of these tumors respond to medical treatment, similar to intra sellar tumors. Surgery remains however the only means of obtaining definitive diagnosis and cure.     

Intracystic hemorrhage of a simple liver cyst mimicking a biliary cystadenocarcinoma

Simple liver cysts are rarely complicated by intracystic hemorrhage. We encountered a case of simple liver cyst that was morphologically similar to biliary cystadenocarcinoma, which was complicated by asymptomatic intracystic hemorrhage and successfully treated by right lobectomy. A large cystic lesion of the liver was detected in a 57-year-old woman during a mass screening health check. Abdominal ultrasonography (US) revealed that the cystic lesion, containing many hyperechoic papillary structures, occupied almost the entire region of the right hepatic lobe. In addition, a round mural nodule, measuring approximately 5 cm in diameter, was detected in the cystic wall. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed that the inner part of the cystic lesion showed homogeneous low density, but CT did not show the round nodule detected by US. On T1-weighted sequence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the lesion showed homogeneous high signals, together with a low-signal tumorous lesion in the cystic wall. T2-weighted sequence of MRI showed unhomogeneous high signals, together with high signals in the tumorous part. These findings did not exclude the possibility of a malignant cystic tumor, such as biliary cystadenocarcinoma. Therefore, right lobectomy was performed. Histological examinations of resected tissue specimens revealed that the lesion was a liver cyst containing a large amount of blood clot, and that the tumorous lesion detected by US and MRI was a large mass of blood clot which was partly liquefied. This case indicates the diagnostic importance of the morphological discordance between CT and US or MRI findings for liver cyst containing a large amount of blood clot. Received: May 7, 2001 / Accepted: December 27, 2001 Reprint requests to: Y. Kitajima     

Cystic tumors of the liver： A practical approach

Biliary cyst tumors （cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma） are an indication for liver resection. They account for only 5% of all solitary cystic lesions of the liver, but differential diagnosis with multiloculated or complicated biliary cysts, atypical hemangiomas, hamartomas and lymphangiomas may be difficult. The most frequent challenge is to differentiate biliary cyst tumors from hemorrhagic cysts. Computerized tomography （CT） and magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） are often not diagnostic and in these cases fine needle aspiration （FNA） is used to confirm the presence of atypical biliary cells. FNA, however, lacks adequate sensitivity and specificity and should always be used in conjunction with imaging. Pre-operative differentiation of cystadenoma from cystadenocarcinoma is impossible and surgery must be performed if a biliary cyst tumor is suspected. When multiple cystic lesions are observed throughout the liver parenchyma, it is important to exclude liver metastasis, of which colonic cancer is the most common primary site. Multiple biliary hamartomas （von Meyenburg complex） can appear as a mixture of solid and cystic lesions and can be confused with cystic metastasis. Strong and uniform T2 hyperintensity on MRI is usually diagnostic, but occasionally a percutaneous biopsy may be required.     

以低血糖昏迷就诊的多发性内分泌腺瘤1型四例并文献复习

目的 探讨以低血糖昏迷就诊的多发性内分泌腺瘤1型(MENI型)的临床特点及诊治经验.方法 对因复低血糖昏迷住院、经内分泌激素和影像检查及手术确诊为MEN1型的4例患者临床资料进行分析.结果 (1)4例患者均具备Whipple三联征,影像榆查显示胰腺内占位性病变,手术病理证实为胰岛素瘤,其中2例为多发性.(2)1例合并垂体瘤、甲状旁腺瘤(术后复发)和肾上腺皮质腺瘤,1例合并垂体瘤、甲状旁腺瘤(2个)和肾卜腺结节增生,1例合并垂体瘤和甲状旁腺瘤,另1例合并垂体瘤及可疑甲状旁腺瘤.结论 (1)对于胰岛素瘤患者,应仔细检查是否存在MENl型.(2)对于MEN1型患者,手术时应关注甲状旁腺瘤(或增生)和胰岛素瘤是否为多发及异位等情况.术后应定期随访以监测病变的复发和新病变发生.     

Nonpuerperal galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Clinical findings, endocrine features and therapeutic responses in 56 cases

The clinical and endocrine features, and the responses to different treatment modalities, were examined in 56 patients with galactorrhea and/or hyperprolactinemia after a two month to six year follow-up period. A pituitary adenoma was diagnosed in 17 patients. A prolactin-cell adenoma was identified histologically in eight patients. Other etiologic factors were myxedema (two patients), phenothiazine ingestion (six patients) and breast manipulation (four patients). In 27 patients, including three with abnormalities of the sella turcica, no causal factor was found, and their condition was labelled as dysfunctional in origin. Symptoms were preceded by childbirth in 11 patients and by estrogen-progestin contraception in 22; pituitary adenomas were discovered in both groups in approximately the same frequency (30%) as in the over-all study group. Aside from roentgenographic studies, as well as visual field perimetry in a few cases, a serum prolactin level above 100 ng/ml was the only indicator of a pituitary prolactin-cell adenoma. Prolactin-suppression tests (L-DOPA and 2alpha-Br-ergocryptine) were found to be of no value in discriminating between tumoral and dysfunctional conditions. No significant alterations in prolactin levels occurred after water loading irrespective of basal levels or the nature of the pathologic process. Selective pituitary tumor excision (eight patients) was followed by rapid normalization of prolactin levels and disappearance of clinical abnormalities. Conversely, after pituitary irradiation (eight patients), improvement tended to be slower. Treatment of infertility in those patients without an apparent organic lesion was more successful with 2alpha-Br-ergocryptine (three of three) than with clomiphene (two of seven). Pregnancies following the administration of drugs or after surgical treatment were uneventful. Since follow-up resulted in the early diagnosis of pituitary tumors from seven to 56 months after initial investigation, and since no diagnostic tools are currently available which help to discriminate between tumoral and dysfunctional conditions before abnormalities become evident on roentgenograms, prolonged observation of these patients remains essential.     

Cushing's disease with cure by resection of a pituitary adenoma. Evidence against a primary hypothalamic defect

A patient with Cushing's disease was treated by transphenoidal resection of a pituitary adenoma. Pituitary-adrenal suppressibility, responsiveness to metyrapone and circadian rhythm were observed postoperatively. Reversion to physiologic regulation after resection of an adenoma implies that the lesion secreted ACTH autonomously (primary hyperpituitarism). Current evidence favors the pituitary adenoma, when present, as the primary etiologic factor in pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Since adenomas occur in a majority of cases, initial therapy is best directed at the pituitary.     

Focal nodular hyperplasia contiguous with an echinococcal cyst

We report the first case of an Echinococcal cyst and focal nodular hyperplasia, two usually isolated hepatic lesions, in direct contiguity. The patient presented with right upper quadrant pain and subsequent imaging studies found a cystic and solid lesion. These studies suggested that this lesion was an hepatic adenoma, which had bled forming a hematoma. Pathological examination of the surgical resection showed Echinococcus multilocularis with contiguous focal nodular hyperplasia. Because focal nodular hyperplasia is a benign hepatic lesion the etiology of which is thought to be abnormal arterial blood flow, we postulate that the parasitic hepatic infection by E. multilocularis may have incited the formation of this contiguous hepatic lesion.