左髂静脉受压综合征并发下肢深静脉血栓形成的综合介入治疗

目的 探讨介入治疗髂髂静脉受压综合征并发左下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床价值.方法 对28例左髂静脉受压综合征并发左下肢深静脉血栓形成患者采用经颈静脉插管溶栓、左髂静脉球囊扩张及支架治疗,部分血栓已蔓延至下腔静脉的患者在溶栓前行下腔静脉滤器置入.结果 28例患者均在术前彩色多普勒超声检查及术中造影检查明确诊断;5例行可回收性下腔静脉滤器置入,所有患者均经颈静脉置入溶栓导管于髂股静脉进行溶栓治疗,髂股静脉血栓溶解率100%,溶栓后均予以球囊扩张左髂总静脉,其中6例置入髂静脉支架.术后肢体肿胀症状明显减轻或消失,随访3～12个月临床效果满意.结论 采用滤器置入、经颈静脉溶栓、髂静脉球囊扩张及支架治疗左髂静脉受压综合征并发左下肢深静脉血栓形成是一种安全、微创、有效的治疗手段,具有较好的效果,值得临床推广.     

下肢深静脉血栓治疗与腔静脉滤器的使用

目的 探讨下腔静脉滤器在下肢深静脉血栓形成治疗中的应用价值.方法 对46例急性下肢深静脉血栓形成患者行腔静脉滤器植入术,并给予相应抗凝等综合治疗.观察滤器的位置、形态及有无并发症.结果 所有患者静脉滤器均成功植入,4例患者出现相关并发症.40例患者随访3～6个月,无滤器移位,血栓形成及致命性肺栓塞发生.结论 下腔静脉滤器在下肢深静脉血栓治疗中能有效地预防肺动脉栓塞的出现,但需谨慎操作,严格掌握适应证,减少相应并发症的出现.     

Amplatz血栓消融器治疗下肢深静脉血栓(附18例分析)

目的：报告Amplatz血栓消融器治疗下肢深静脉血栓的应用情况。方法：回顾2001～2002年18例下肢深静脉血栓，腔髂静脉(n=2)，髂静脉(n=6)，髂股静脉(n=9)，股静脉(n=1)，在临时性／永久性下腔静脉滤器的保护下，经患侧腘静脉(n=10)和健侧股静脉(n=8)为入路行ATD血栓消融术。结果：13例经ATD血栓消融术后，血栓即时清除成功，占72．2％，ATD启动平均时间79．2s，血栓清除率在20％～99％，平均70．3％，17例患者需辅助治疗，占94．4％(17／18)，12例行Stent置入术，13例行经皮血管成形术，2例行经导管血栓抽吸术，9例行血栓药物溶解术，平均随访6个月均未复发DVT。结论：在下腔静脉滤器保护下，ATD是治疗下肢深静脉血栓的有效方法。     

下腔静脉滤器在下肢深静脉血栓治疗中的意义

目的评价置入下腔静脉滤器预防下肢深静脉血栓脱落引起肺栓塞的价值及实行导管溶栓的方法.方法34例下肢深静脉血栓患者分别经右侧股静脉(26例)或右颈静脉(8例)置入波士顿公司的Greenfield滤器或巴德公司Simon's滤器.下腔静脉滤器置人后,将溶栓导管经右股静脉插人到左髂总静脉,经右颈内静脉插入到左髂总静脉进行溶栓.药物尿激酶100～150万u.结果下腔静脉滤器置入全部成功.溶栓经右侧股静脉26例,成功12例,成功率为47%;经颈静脉8例均成功.结论置人下腔静脉滤器防肺栓塞是操作简单、安全有效的方法.经颈静脉溶栓,成功率高,效果好,值得推广.     

下腔静脉滤器置入后大剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的　探讨下腔静脉滤器置入后大剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的可行性。方法　 1 3例经造影证实为左下肢深静脉血栓患者 ,先于下腔静脉内放置滤器 ,后在监护下经患者足背静脉加压推注尿激酶进行持续溶栓治疗 ,尿激酶 (UK)用量 90 0万U～ 1 60 0万U。疗效判断标准 :痊愈 :患者无症状 ,下肢造影示深静脉通畅 ;显效 :患者症状明显缓解 ,下肢造影示深静脉回流畅 ,但壁不光滑 ,血管内径 >70 % ;有效 :症状有所缓解 ,造影示血栓残留 ,血管内径 <70 % ;无效 :症状及下肢造影均无改善。结果　 1 3只下腔静脉滤器均展开良好 ,无移位。其中 :痊愈 2例 ,显效 9例 ,有效 2例 ,无效 0例 ,溶栓过程中未出现肺动脉栓塞症状及出血现象。结论　下腔静脉滤器置入后经患肢浅静脉大剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成是安全、有效的     

经皮下腔静脉滤器置入术后观察

目的　探讨下腔静脉滤器置入术的应用范围和临床疗效。方法　 17例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者置入下腔静脉滤器 ,其中 4例经静脉对血栓进行抽吸 ,13例经患侧足背静脉对血栓进行溶栓治疗。结果　 17例滤器置入成功 ,无并发症发生。接受抽吸治疗者中有 2例出现血栓脱落 ,溶栓治疗中有 4例血栓部分脱落 ,未发生肺梗塞。结论　下腔静脉滤器可有效预防血栓脱落造成肺梗塞 ,而且也是深静脉血栓介入治疗的安全保证     

下肢深静脉血栓的经动脉溶栓治疗

目的：探讨经动脉保留导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓的应用价值。方法：40例下肢深静脉血栓患者经健侧股动脉穿刺插管至患侧髂股动脉内，并保留导管3－7d，经导管注入肝素3000－5000IU及尿激酶25万－100万IU稀释液50－200ml，每日1次。另40例经足背静脉注入同样的药物。共植入下腔静脉滤器31例，髂股静脉支架植入术10例。结果：80例患肢肿胀、疼痛均于溶栓治疗后1－3d内开始消退、减轻。31例滤器均未发生移位变形，下腔静脉通畅，10例支架无阻塞。结论：经动脉保留导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成，安全有效。     

下肢深静脉血栓治疗中下腔静脉滤器的临床应用

目的探讨下腔静脉滤器(IVCF)在下肢深静脉血栓治疗中预防肺栓塞的安全性、有效性。方法31例确诊为下肢深静脉血栓的患者于其他治疗前置入IVCF,共置入滤器31支,其中Simmon Nitinol滤器(SNF)7支,Trap Ease滤器(TEF)18支,可回收式Opt Ease滤器(OEF)6支,滤器均放置于肾静脉开口之下的下腔静脉。滤器放置后对18例下肢深静脉血栓行抗凝溶栓治疗,13例行手术取栓。结果31例IVCF置入全部成功,其中,SNF滤器倾斜3例,倾斜角度均小于15°。术后随访1～38个月,无1例症状性肺栓塞发生,无其他相关并发症。下肢深静脉血栓经治疗后,症状及体征消失或缓解。结论下肢深静脉血栓治疗中,IVCF置入可有效预防肺栓塞的发生,但需精心选择手术适应证、手术指征和合适的滤器。     

介入性综合治疗下肢深静脉血栓的临床应用

目的 评价介入性综合治疗下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的疗效.方法 回顾性分析经介入性溶栓治疗33例下肢DVT患者,其中10例患者仅行下腔静脉滤器植入术,术后溶栓抗凝治疗.23例患者行下腔静脉滤器植入术和同期患侧股髂静脉开通术.结果 随访33例患者均未出现大出血和致死性肺动脉栓塞等严重并发症,23例患者下肢DVT完全溶解,10例部分溶解.结论 介入性综合治疗下肢DVT是一种安全可行、疗效好的方法.     

机械性血栓清除术联合同期髂静脉支架植入治疗合并左髂静脉受压综合征的急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的：评价经皮机械性血栓清除术联合同期髂静脉支架植入治疗合并左髂静脉受压综合征的急性下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）形成的可行性、安全性及有效性。 方法：选取2015年4月-2017年6月收治左髂静脉受压综合征伴急性下肢DVT的患者33例,发病时间6 h-14 d,平均年龄（57.97±14.44）岁。所有患者均在滤器保护下进行治疗。AngioJet血栓清除术、球囊扩张和髂静脉支架植入均在同期完成,术后保留鞘管予以溶栓治疗,每天复查造影,若血栓完全溶解,取出下腔静脉滤器并结束溶栓。术后第1、3、6、12个月进行门诊随访,行彩色超声和（或）下肢静脉造影检查了解下肢深静脉及髂支架内血流通畅情况。 结果：33例患者均同期完成手术,技术成功率100%,AngioJet抽吸时间为（224.70±72.78）s,溶栓时间（34.00±15.37）h,尿激酶用量（112.58±49.92）万U。33例患者同期植入髂静脉支架33枚。血栓清除率Ⅲ级患者29例,血栓清除率Ⅱ级患者4例。无出血、症状性肺栓等严重并发症发生。术后随访1例患者术后两月血栓复发,32例患者术后随访超声和（或）下肢静脉造影检查提示下肢深静脉及髂静脉支架内血流通畅。 结论：机械性血栓清除术联合同期髂静脉支架植入治疗合并左髂静脉受压综合征的急性下肢深静脉血栓形成是一种安全有效的方法。     

经腘静脉置管接触性溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成应用价值研究

目的探讨经患侧腘静脉置管接触性溶栓(CDT)治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2012年3月至2017年3月收治的39例应用经患侧腘静脉CDT治疗急性DVT患者的临床资料。所有患者均在腔静脉滤器保护下经患侧腘静脉置管CDT。记录置管成功率,健、患肢周径差值,静脉血栓评分,静脉再通率,深静脉瓣膜保存率,介入治疗并发症与下肢深静脉血栓形成后综合征(PTS)的发生率等指标并评价疗效。结果所有患者均穿刺置管成功,置管成功率为100.0%(39/39)。患者治疗前后的健、患肢周径差值分别为(6.12±1.03)cm与(2.55±0.76)cm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),肢体肿胀消退明显。患者治疗前后静脉血栓评分为(5.73±0.94)分与(2.13±1.60)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),血栓消融明显,静脉再通率为(64.23%±16.21%)。39例患者中,1例患者出现置管处炎症,1例患者出现穿刺处血肿,1例患者溶栓后出现髂静脉狭窄并行髂静脉支架植入术治疗,即介入治疗并发症的发生率为7.7%(3/39)。随访6~12个月,34例患者完成随访,随访率为87.2%(34/39),无DVT复发与肺栓塞发生。深静脉瓣膜保存率为(76.14%±9.15%),PTS的发生率为15.4%(6/39)。结论应用经患侧腘静脉CDT治疗急性DVT安全有效。     

经颈静脉导管血管内溶栓联合足背静脉溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓

目的 探讨经颈静脉途径血管内溶栓联合足背静脉溶栓,治疗下肢深静脉血栓的可行性与疗效.方法 18例下肢深静脉血栓患者(治疗组)采用经颈静脉穿刺后,置管造影并植入滤器,留置导管持续血管内溶栓同时联合足背静脉溶栓;而同期有16例患者(对照组)仅行足背静脉溶栓.结果 治疗组溶栓时间为(6.6±2.3)d,对照组为(8.2 ±1.4)d;所用尿激酶总量治疗组为(552±224)万u,对照组为(700±166)万u.联合溶栓能显著减少溶栓时间与尿激酶用量(P＜0.05).治疗组溶栓前后大、小腿周径分别减小(4.6 ±2.1)cm、(4.0±2.1)cm,对照组分别为(3.2±1.7)cm、(2.7±1.5)cm,两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗组完全溶通率为66.7%.对照组完全溶通率为31.3%,两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗组4例患者在血栓完全溶通后从原穿刺处将滤器取出.结论 经颈静脉途径导管内溶栓联合足背静脉溶柃治疗下肢深静脉血栓安全、效果好,完全溶通后可从原穿刺处回收滤器.     

下肢深静脉血栓形成的介入治疗研究

目的：探讨下肢深静脉血栓形成介入治疗方法与疗效。方法：对81例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,采用下腔静脉放置滤器,静脉内置管注入尿激酶溶栓剂和利用介入器材破栓、抽栓及球囊扩张等综合治疗技术,观察疗效,并对相关资料和继发病症进行分析总结。结果：痊愈62例,明显有效13例,有效4例,无效2例,总有效率达97.5%,放置下腔静脉滤器76例。置管时间19 d,平均6.8 d。结论：综合介入治疗是治疗下肢深静脉血栓安全、有效和微创方法,值得推广运用。     

Role of IVC Filters in Endovenous Therapy for Deep Venous Thrombosis: The FILTER-PEVI (Filter Implantation to Lower Thromboembolic Risk in Percutaneous Endovenous Intervention) Trial

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the necessity of and recommend indications for inferior vena cava (IVC) filter implantation during percutaneous endovenous intervention (PEVI) for deep venous thrombosis (DVT).

Background

PEVI has emerged as a powerful tool in the management of acute proximal DVT. Instrumentation of extensive fresh thrombus is potentially associated with iatrogenic pulmonary embolism (PE). The true frequency of this complication has not been studied in a randomized fashion. We evaluated IVC filter implantation during PEVI for DVT.

Methods

A total of 141 patients with symptomatic proximal DVT undergoing PEVI for symptomatic DVT were randomized to receive an IVC filter (70 patients) or no filter (71 patients; control group). The anticoagulation and PEVI regimen were similar between the two groups. Patients with development of symptoms suggestive of PE underwent objective testing for PE.

Results

PE developed in 1 of the 14 symptomatic patients in the filter group and 8 of the 22 patients in the control group (P?=?0.048). There was no mortality in any group. Three patients (4.2%) in the control group had transient hemodynamic instability necessitating resuscitory efforts. Predictors of iatrogenic PE were found to be PE at admission; involvement of two or more adjacent venous segments with acute thrombus; inflammatory form of DVT (severe erythema, edema, pain, and induration); and vein diameter of?≥7?mm with preserved architecture.

Conclusions

IVC filter implantation during PEVI reduces the risk of iatrogenic PE by eightfold without a mortality benefit. A selective approach may be exercised in filter implantation during PEVI.     

介入治疗烧伤后下肢深静脉血栓形成13例

目的 探讨烧伤后下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)患者介入治疗效果及其特殊性.方法 回顾性分析13例烧伤并发下肢DVT患者临床资料.其中男7例,女6例;年龄37 ～67岁,中位年龄46.1岁;火焰伤9例,电击伤2例,热液伤2例;烧伤面积为1％～88％,平均(37.08±30.60)％;11例伴发下肢烧伤,其中8例双下肢烧伤;5例伴发吸入性损伤;烧伤后13～72 d发现DVT,平均(38.69±16.83)d.所有患者均接受介入治疗并观察疗效.结果 介入手术技术均获成功(13/13).3例经右侧颈内静脉入路,10例经健侧股静脉入路分别接受下腔静脉滤器(IVCF)置入及抗凝治疗;7例留置溶栓导管接受接触溶栓,4例静脉溶栓,2例未溶栓治疗.未发生有症状的肺栓塞.介入治疗有效率为84.6％(11/13).结论 介入治疗烧伤后DVT安全、可靠,但在穿刺点选择、是否留置溶栓导管方面有其特殊性.     

Prophylactic implantation of inferior vena cava filter during interventional radiological treatment for deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the filtering effect of the Gunther tulip retrievable vena cava filter (GTF) during treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the lower extremity using various interventional radiological procedures. Subjects of the study were all 17 consecutive patients (8 women, 9 men; age range 18-87 years; mean age 55.9 years) with symptomatic lower limb DVT referred for interventional radiological treatment between February 2001 and September 2004. In all of these patients, the GTF was implanted during interventional radiological treatment. Trapped thrombus in the filter was evaluated with venocavography performed repeatedly during the treatment for DVT. Implantation of a total of 29 GTFs was successfully performed in the 17 patients. In 10 (58.8%), more than 2 filters were subsequently implanted to prolong implantation time. Also in 10 patients, the DVT resolved after therapy and retrieval of the final GTF was successful with one exception. Worsening of or new formation of pulmonary embolism was avoided in all patients. In 8 (47.1%) of the 17 patients, a trapped thrombus in the GTF was observed during treatment for DVT. In six patients the trapped thrombus was large, filling more than half the height of the filter. In conclusion, we found that the GTF is effective in filtering the relieved thrombus from DVT in the lower extremity and in protecting against movement of the thrombus to the pulmonary artery during therapies with interventional radiological procedures.     

Günther Tulip filter: preliminary clinical experience with retrieval

PURPOSE: The Günther Tulip filter is a permanent filter that has a hook to permit retrieval. The authors report their preliminary clinical evaluation of the filter with regard to feasibility and safety of retrieval. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine men and six women who ranged in age from 17 to 79 years (mean, 51 years) underwent treatment with use of the Günther Tulip filter. Patients judged to require caval interruption for < 14 days were selected to receive the filter and retrieval was planned for all patients. Indications for filter placement were: recent pulmonary embolism (PE) or proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with a contraindication to anticoagulation (11 patients), massive PE treated with thrombolytic therapy (one patient), PE with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (one patient), and prophylaxis after major trauma (two patients). Patients were followed for inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis, bleeding, and recurrent DVT or PE. RESULTS: In all nine patients in whom it was attempted, the filter was successfully snared and retrieved via a jugular approach. The mean implantation period was 8.6 days (range, 5-13 days). Retrieval required 2.2-13 minutes (mean 5.3 minutes) of fluoroscopy. No caval injuries occurred as a result of retrieval. All retrieved filters had strands of organized thrombus on the filter struts. The patients were followed for 52-285 days (mean, 115 days) after retrieval. One patient developed a recurrent DVT 230 days after retrieval. No other patients developed a recurrent DVT and no patients developed IVC thrombosis, bleeding, or PE. Six filters were not retrieved: five because of an ongoing contraindication to anticoagulation and one because the patient died of causes unrelated to the filter. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study confirms the feasibility and safety of retrieval of the Günther Tulip filter up to 13 days after implantation.     

Thrombolysis for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis

Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) has been proposed as an alternative mode of therapy to anticoagulation in patients with massive, symptomatic deep vein thrombosis of the extremity. The major goal of therapy is to rapidly restore venous blood flow, reduce the pain and edema of the extremity, preserve venous valve function, and reduce chronic symptoms related to chronic venous hypertension (postthrombotic syndrome). In patients with iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis (DVT) standard angiographic techniques are used to instrument a lower extremity vein (popliteal) and venography is performed followed by catheter-directed infusion of a plasminogen activator directly into the thrombus. Following lytic infusion, the interventionalist must evaluate the venous drainage to determine if there is an anatomic lesion that requires further endovascular treatment (eg, iliac vein compression syndrome). Posttreatment therapy usually consists of warfarin therapy and venous compression stockings for at least 3 to 6 months. The purpose of this article is to review the technical approach used in treating iliofemoral DVT and highlight the hurdles that face interventionalists in attempting to broaden this procedure to most types of lower extremity DVT.     

经动脉序贯静脉置管溶栓治疗急性混合型下肢深静脉血栓26例的初步临床疗效观察

目的评价经动脉序贯静脉置管溶栓治疗急性混合型下肢深静脉血栓（lower extremity deep vein thrombosis,LEDVT）的安全性和有效性。 方法回顾性分析26例急性混合型LEDVT患者的临床资料。患者术前置入下腔静脉滤器,穿刺左侧肱动脉于患侧髂动脉置管溶栓,2～3 d后复查造影并穿刺患侧腘静脉行球囊扩张（percutaneous transluminal angioplasty,PTA）+手动抽栓（percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy,PMT）+置管溶栓（catheter directed thrombolysis,CDT）。观察血栓清除情况、患侧下肢周径变化情况及溶栓并发症等。 结果26例患者经动脉置管溶栓后24例（92.31%）腘静脉及膝下段深静脉血栓大部分溶解;之后行PTA+PMT+CDT操作1次者17例（65.39%）,操作2次者7例（26.92%）,操作3次后置入髂静脉支架者2例（7.69%）。血栓清除率Ⅲ级者22例（84.62%）,Ⅱ级者2例（7.69%）,I级者2例（7.69%）。治疗前膝上周径与健侧差值为（5.02±2.29）cm,治疗后差值为（0.74±0.18）cm,两者比较具有显著的统计学差异（t=7.601,P<0.001）。26例溶栓治疗无严重并发症。 结论经髂动脉置管溶栓序贯腘静脉PTA+PMT+CDT对于急性混合型LEDVT治疗安全有效。     

经动静脉双路径同步治疗深静脉血栓临床应用

目的：评价经动静脉双路径同步治疗下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）的疗效。方法回顾性分析37例下肢深静脉血栓溶栓治疗患者,在行下腔静脉滤器置入术后,其中16例患者行动静脉双路径同步溶栓及抗凝治疗。21例患者行单纯患肢静脉溶栓导管置入或患肢足背静脉溶栓术。结果随访37例患者均未出现大出血和致死性肺动脉栓塞等严重并发症,20例患者下肢DVT完全或大部分溶解,13例部分溶解,4例仍较多血栓,但深静脉主干基本出现,有较多侧枝循环。其中动静脉同步溶栓治疗中,完全或大部分溶解12例,单纯静脉溶栓完全或大部分溶解的有8例。结论经动静脉双路径同步治疗下肢深静脉血栓是一种安全可行、疗效好、操作相对简单的方法,较单纯静脉溶栓时间缩短,尿激酶用量减少,而且静脉完全溶解率升高。