颅内病毒感染患者的外周血白细胞变化

众所周知，急性颅内化脓性感染时，外周血中性粒细胞计数升高，并且常伴随白细胞总数的增多；某些病毒感染如流感、风疹、巨细胞病毒感染时，血白细胞常减低。但在临床实践中，可以见到部分颅内病毒感染患者外周血白细胞计数升高的现象。作者对95例颅内病毒感染患者的血白细胞变化情况作一分析，报道如下。     

中枢神经系统感染性疾病的诊治现状——神经系统疾病(8)(续前)

1 引 言近年来国内中枢神经系统感染性疾病发病率上升，新的感染病种不断出现，原有病种的临床表现有较大变化。随着临床诊治水平的提高，此类疾病的预后已有较大改观，现根据病原体的不同对此类疾病的诊治现状介绍如下。2 病毒感染目前中枢神经系统病毒感染以病毒性脑炎为主，病原体主要有单纯疱疹病毒（HSV）、巨细胞病毒（CMV）、腮腺炎病毒、乙型脑炎病毒、柯萨奇B病毒（CBV）等。非流行性脑炎中以单纯疱疹病毒脑炎（HSE）最常见，大样本推测HSE的年发病率为2／100万至 4／100万人口，占所有脑炎的2 ％至19 ％。大多数HSE 是由H…     

病毒性脑炎的临床相关性问题

由病毒感染而引起的脑实质炎症称为病毒性脑炎。病毒性脑炎种类很多 ,根据流行的情况不同将病毒性脑炎分两大类 :①急性流行性脑炎 :指主要以虫媒媒介传播的病毒脑炎 ,常见的流行性乙型脑炎、森林脑炎属于此类 ,本文不予以叙述 ;②急性散发性脑炎 :指不经虫媒传播的病毒性脑炎。1　病因引起本病的病因很多 ,除多见呼吸道病毒、肠道病毒特别是埃可病毒及柯萨奇病毒感染外 ,单纯疱疹病毒、流行性腮腺炎病毒、EB病毒、腺病毒、带状疱疹病毒都可引起脑炎 ,各种病毒中单纯疱疹病毒为重要的病因 ,约占病毒脑炎的 10 % ,其次为肠道病毒。2　病理病…     

儿童病毒性脑炎的诊断与治疗

病毒性脑炎系指病毒感染引起的脑实质的炎症。引起病毒性脑炎的病毒种类较多，而且不断有新的病毒被发现，发病率有逐年增加趋势，根据其流行特征、传播途径不同，一般将病毒性脑炎分为两种类型：①流行性病毒性脑炎。此型脑炎有明显的流行特征，经虫媒病毒或蜱传播，其主要病毒包括黄病毒科的虫传病毒，在我国主要为流行性乙型脑炎和森林脑炎。②散发性脑炎。本型脑炎不经虫媒或蜱传播，呈散发性发生，有时可呈流行性发生。病毒包括肠道病毒(柯萨基病毒、埃可病毒以及肠道病毒68～71型等)。疱疹病毒科病毒(单纯疱疹病毒、水痘一带状疱疹病毒、EB病毒等)。副黏病毒属病毒(麻疹病毒、风疹病毒、流行性腮腺炎病毒)以及近年来在马来西亚尼帕(Nipah)小镇发现Nipah病毒。     

小儿病毒性脑炎的药物疗法与临床评价

病毒性脑炎简称病脑,是由多种病毒感染引起的脑实质的急性炎症综合征,如果脑膜同时受累明显则称为病毒性脑膜脑炎.根据其流行情况可分为流行性和散发性两类.前者如流行性乙型脑炎,后者主要是指一般肠道、呼吸道病毒引起者.本文重点介绍散发性脑炎.     

麻痹型狂犬病1例的护理

对我院麻痹型狂犬病1例的护理总结如下。 1病历摘要女，11岁。死亡诊断：麻痹型狂犬病。患者于2007-09—16T23：45平车入院，拟诊：发热待查。（1）脑炎；（2）狂犬病。诉发热、头痛5d，热型不规则，热峰曾高达40℃，伴全身酸痛不适，偶有腹痛、肢体麻本、幻听。当日脑脊液检查提示：白细胞明显增高，外周血白细胞明显增高。患者曾于27d前被犬咬伤小腿，到当地防疫站2h内予以狂犬病疫苗规律注射。     

手足口病早期危重病例临床特征分析

目的：探讨手足口病早期危重病例的临床特征。方法：从症状、体征、实验室检查等方面对早期危重病例的特征进行评价。结果：早期危重病例以发热、精神差、抖动、呕吐，心率、呼吸增快，外周血白细胞计数升高较多见；有无脑炎征象患儿比较，IL-6差异有统计学意义。结论：手足口病早期危重状态可能为病毒感染引起的全身炎症反应表现。     

流行性乙型脑炎早期诊断研究进展

流行性乙型脑炎(简称乙型脑炎)在我国是常见传染病,多数地区仍然是依靠流行季节的临床症状来诊断,被动且不准确。因此,开展早期、快速特异性血清学诊断,是防治乙型脑炎的迫切需要。现将近年来有关乙型脑炎的早期诊断研究进展综述如下。1 乙型脑炎病毒的快速鉴定1.1 乙型脑炎单克隆抗体作A蛋白菌体协同凝集试验 张永和等使用5系乙型脑炎单克隆抗体,其中乙型脑炎病毒种特异性者为2F_2与2H_4,用这些单克隆抗体致敏含A蛋白的金黄色葡萄球菌cowanl菌体,经过洗除未结合的抗体后,配成2％菌悬液,用以快速鉴定乙型脑炎病毒。结果乙型脑炎种特异性抗体2F_2及2H_4致敏的菌体,对各株乙型脑炎病毒全     

昏迷的病因及病理生理

昏迷是危及生命的严重症状之一,了解昏迷的病因、发病机理,对抢救工作者有着重大的意义。一.昏迷的病因 (一)全身性疾病 1.急性感染性疾病 (1)病毒感染:如流行性乙型脑炎、森林脑炎、脑膜脑炎型脊髓灰质炎、肠道病毒性脑膜(脑)炎、淋巴细胞脉络丛脑膜炎、类脑炎型病毒性肝炎、流行性出血热、脑炎型流行性感冒、传染后脑炎(麻     

病毒感染相关疾病名词

1.viralhepatitis病毒性肝炎2.varicells,chickenpox水痘3.herpeszoster带状疱疹4.infectiousmononucleosis传染性单核细胞增多5.rubella风疹6.denguefever登革热7.denguehemorrhagicfever登革出血热8.epidemicencephalitisB流行性乙型脑炎9.rabies狂犬病(又称恐水症hydrophobia)10.influenza流行性感冒(流感)11.mumps流行性腮腺炎12.measles,rubeola麻疹13.epidemichemorrhagicfever,EHF流行性出血热14.acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome,AIDS获得性免疫缺陷综合征(简称艾滋病AIDS)15.poliomyelitis脊髓灰质炎病毒感染相关疾病名词…     

Clinical feature of human rabies

Rabies is one of the most typical zoonosis that has been well known since ancient ages. Although no rabies case has been reported since 1957 in Japan, there are many areas where rabies is yet endemic or epidemic. Usually men contract rabies through rabid animal bite. However, human-to-human transmission of rabies virus occurred through organ transplantations. Rabies causes fatal encephalitis in animals and humans and effective methods to treat rabies patients have not yet been available. The only means to escape rabies death is to receive the post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies with rabies vaccine as soon after animal bite as possible. We should keep in mind that rabies is preventable but incurable.     

狂犬病毒核蛋白抗原ELISA定量法的建立及初步验证

目的建立检测狂犬病疫苗各工序产品中核蛋白抗原含量的双抗体夹心ELISA法。方法以兔抗狂犬病毒多抗为包被抗体,辣根过氧化物酶标记的抗狂犬病毒核蛋白单抗作为酶标记抗体,对狂犬病毒核蛋白抗原含量进行定量测定,并对该方法进行初步验证。结果此方法线性相关系数大于0.97;最佳线性范围为0.000625～0.01IU/ml,定量限度为0.000625IU/ml;准确性为102%～109%;变异系数(CV)为7.2%～9.4%;与小牛血清、牛血清清蛋白(BSA)、卵清蛋白(OVA)、流感疫苗纯化液、乙脑疫苗纯化液、甲肝疫苗纯化液等均无交叉反应。结论该方法特异性强,灵敏度高,准确性、重复性和稳定性好,可用于狂犬病疫苗各工序产品中核蛋白抗原的定量检测。     

流行性乙型脑炎发病机制的研究进展

流行性乙型脑炎是由乙脑病毒引起的急性人畜共患疾病。乙脑病毒感染人体后首先在外周组织中扩增,随后进入中枢神经系统导致广泛的中枢神经系统炎症及血脑屏障的破坏,这一过程可能涉及脑微血管内皮细胞间紧密连接的破坏、中枢神经系统炎症介质的浸润及神经元的死亡。乙脑的发病为家庭及社会带来沉重的负担。     

Absence of interferon production in a newly established human cell line.

A cell line established from human embryonic lung, HEL-R66, was demonstrated to be highly susceptible to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, vaccinia virus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus, Sindbis virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and rabies virus. The maximal yields of NDV, JEV, WEE virus, and rabies virus in this cell line exceeded by 2--4 logs those in control human embryonic lung cells. Inability of this cell line to produce interferon upon treatment with native and UV-irradiated forms of virogenic and lentogenic strains of NDV and with poly I:C was revealed. A refractory state to challenging VSV did not develop in HEL-R66 cells treated with the inducers. Furthermore, pretreatment of HEL-R66 cells with interferon did not potentiate the capacity to produce interferon in response to the addition of poly I:C, whereas the same treatment enhanced the production of interferon in normal human embryonic lung cells.     

Comparisons of peripheral blood and hepatic lymphocyte subpopulations and interferon production in chronic viral hepatitis.

Studies were undertaken to clarify the immunological mechanism in patients with chronic hepatitis C compared with chronic hepatitis B. Phenotypic study by flow cytometry showed that CD8+ T cells and HLA-DR+ cells isolated from liver biopsy specimen were significantly increased in their proportions as compared with those in peripheral blood, while intrahepatic CD4+ T cells were significantly lower than peripheral blood CD4+ T cells in both types of patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH). Furthermore two-color analysis revealed that CD8+ CD11- and CD3+ HLA-DR+ cells were significantly elevated in liver tissue than in peripheral blood in both patients groups. In in vitro tests, mononuclear cells obtained from the liver of type B and type C CAH had a reduced capacity to produce IFN-gamma in response to pokeweed mitogen, while they produced equal amounts of IFN-alpha under stimulation with Newcastle disease virus as compared with control peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In contrast, spontaneous productions of both IFNs were greater in liver infiltrates of the two patients groups. These results indicate that functionally activated T cells are distributed in a similar manner in the liver of both chronic hepatitis B and C, suggesting that cytotoxic T cell plays a major role in the hepatocellular injury of both groups of patients.     

INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE OF MICE TO ENTERIC BACTERIAL AND NEUROTROPIC VIRUS INFECTIONS

Under the conditions specified, there may be selected promptly from a hybrid stock of mice, of which 40 to 50 per cent die following a standard dose of B. enteritidis or St. Louis encephalitis virus, lines in which as high as 95 per cent and as low as 15 per cent succumb. Three lines,—one bacteria-susceptible-virus-susceptible, one bacteria-susceptible-virus-resistant, and one bacteria-resistant-virus-susceptible,—are regarded as remaining relatively stable after approximately twelve generations of selection and brother to sister or line inbreeding. Crossing susceptible with resistant lines and testing F₁, F₂, F₃, and backcross progeny resulted in mortality percentages in the neighborhood of those expected on the basis that resistance to B. enteritidis and to encephalitis virus is each inherited independently on a single factor basis with resistance dominant over susceptibility. A bacteria-resistant-virus-resistant line is being developed from a cross between bacteria-susceptible-virus-resistant and bacteria-resistant-virus-susceptible lines. All selected lines proved uniformly susceptible to a strain of mouse passage rabies virus.     

THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF VIRUS INFECTIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A specific complement fixation test can be obtained in various central nervous system virus infections by using as antigens emulsions of infected brain tissue, freezing and thawing the brain emulsion, and then centrifuging it in an angle head centrifuge at 3500 R.P.M. for 1 hour. The method has proved reliable in the case of rabies, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese B encephalitis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, Western equine encephalomyelitis, louping ill, and spontaneous encephalomyelitis of mice (Theiler''s disease). The specificity of the reaction, regardless of the virus involved, requires different temperatures of inactivation of the sera according to animal species: 56°C. for guinea pig, 60°C. for mouse, and 65°C. for rabbit and dog sera, all heated for 20 minutes. For human sera a temperature of inactivation of 60°C. also for 20 minutes has been adopted; at this temperature the reaction is in general specific. Complement-fixing antibodies in high titre were found in the sera of rabbits, guinea pigs, mice, and dogs immunized with rabies virus. Complement-fixing antibodies were present in high titre in sera drawn from two persons 8 years after an attack of louping ill, from five persons 2½ years after an attack of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, and from two persons 2½ years after Western equine encephalomyelitis. In cases of St. Louis encephalitis and lymphocytic choriomeningitis, complement-fixing antibodies have been found shortly following infection but not after long periods.     

Cinema’s Terrifying Realities: Pandemics,Zombification, and SARS-COV-2

Contagion is a function of the properties of the pathogen, social interactions, and personal relationships in the society it attacks. Filmmakers in the horror genre were inspired by the idea of rabies as a virus that could mutate into something more dangerous. Fictional epidemics of scavenging undead were often attributed to encephalitis caused by rabies or a mutated rabies virus. During the early months of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic, there was a spike in streaming of the film, Contagion, that portrays a viral infectious disease modeled after a bat virus that spreads at an alarming rate, unleashing a global public panic and a clueless governmental response. We wanted to trace how filmmakers used rabies pathology as source material for their plots. We searched internet film databases and reviewed fictional films that utilized this plot device. Many dystopic, rabies-induced pandemic scenarios – mostly from the zombie genre – reveal parallels to the COVID-19 pandemic. Many zombie films, despite their absurd premise, anticipated the realities of future pandemics.     

2008-2012年贵州省乙类自然疫源及虫媒传染病流行现状与分析

目的分析2008-2012年贵州省乙类自然疫源及虫媒传染病的流行病学特征,为预防和控制该类传染病提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法,根据2008-2012年贵州省报告乙类自然疫源及虫媒传染病发病资料进行分析。结果 2008-2012年贵州省9个地(州、市)共报告乙类自然疫源及虫媒传染病9种6034例,年均报告发病率3.25/10万,各年度报告发病率分别为5.36/10万、4.99/10万、2.66/10万、2.00/10万和1.22/10万,报告发病率逐年下降;报告死亡1192例,年均报告死亡率0.65/10万。报告发病率居前3位的地(州、市)为黔南州(9.27/10万)、黔东南州(5.30/10万)、黔西南州(4.59/10万)。报告发病数居前3位的病种为疟疾2714例、流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)1558例和狂犬病1118例,占全部病例的89.33%。疟疾发病集中在黔南、黔东南、黔西南州。乙脑病例主要为10岁以下儿童,发病时间集中在7-9月,其中8月为发病高峰。狂犬病病例以农民为主,占狂犬病报告发病总数的61.81%。2008-2012年共报告人感染高致病性禽流感病例3例,均明确有禽类接触史。结论贵州省乙类自然疫源及虫媒传染病总体呈逐年下降趋势,但布病报告率逐年上升,流行性乙型脑炎、狂犬病报告发病率仍居全国前3位,发病有明显的季节性和人群分布特征,应实施重点人群、重点区域、重点疾病、重点环节的防控策略,以预防和控制该类疾病的发生和流行。     

Overview, prevention, and treatment of rabies

Rabies is a uniformly fatal viral encephalitis that causes 30,000 to 70,000 deaths worldwide each year. Prevention is the primary approach to the disease. In the United States, 25,000 to 40,000 people are treated annually for exposure to rabid or potentially rabid animals at a per-patient cost exceeding 1000 dollars. Rabies is transmitted usually by saliva from infected animal bites. However, recent findings that rabies can be transmitted from bats to humans by relatively casual contact has resulted in dramatic changes in guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for postexposure prophylaxis. We review the 5 clinical stages of rabies, current methods of diagnosis, and prevention in animal reservoirs and in humans. We also discuss the use of rabies immune globulin and active and passive vaccinations for preexposure prophylaxis and postexposure treatment of rabies. Human exposure to rabies will always be a possibility, but methods to prevent the disease both before and after exposure to the virus are safe and readily available.