单胺类神经递质及其受体在抑郁症免疫失衡中的作用

目前认为抑郁症发病机制是由于中枢单胺类递质5-羟色胺,去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺等特定的神经递质的含量及其受体功能异常所致.抑郁症同时并存各种躯体疾病相关的免疫改变:在抑郁症患者中可以发现相对正常人群其促炎症因子的表达上升,抗炎症因子的表达下降;Th1/Th2和Th1/Th3的比率增高.单胺类递质及其受体不仅存在于中枢系统,在免疫系统中也广泛分布,B细胞、T细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞上均可见到单胺类递质受体.单胺类神经递质和内分泌系统及某些细胞因子之间存在复杂的联系,抑郁症患者不仅可以使促炎症细胞因子/抗炎症细胞因子的比率发生变化,引起不同淋巴细胞亚型的变化,同时也存在着内分泌系统的变化,通过神经递质-内分泌-免疫网络,神经递质在抑郁症免疫失衡中发挥着重要的调节作用.     

补经合剂对初老大鼠下丘脑内单胺类神经递质的影响

目的 :从大鼠脑内单胺类神经递质途径 ,探讨补经合剂对初老大鼠下丘脑 垂体 卵巢轴功能的影响。方法 :雌性初老大鼠为自然肾虚模型 ,采用荧光分光光度法观察该方对下丘脑内单胺类神经递质多巴胺(DA)、去甲肾上腺素 (NE)、5 羟色胺 (5 HT)含量的影响。结果 :补经合剂低剂量组 (7 8g·kg 1)、高剂量组 (3 1 g·kg 1)均可明显降低初老大鼠下丘脑内NE的影响 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;同时低剂量组还可明显降低初老大鼠脑内DA的含量 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :补经合剂可明显降低初老大鼠下丘脑内NE、DA含量 ,提示该方可能通过影响下丘脑内单胺类神经递质的水平而对下丘脑 垂体 卵巢轴进行调节 ,从而发挥治疗作用。     

航天特定环境下抑郁症模型大鼠血清、海马及延髓中单胺神经递质含量变化

目的 研究航天特定环境下抑郁症模型大鼠血清、海马及延髓中单胺神经递质的变化.方法 选择旷场实验行为学评分相近的30只大鼠,按完全随机法分为对照组和模型组,每组15只.模型组采用经典抑郁症模型,结合航天特定环境,建立大鼠抑郁症模型,对照组不做任何处理.观察航天特定环境下抑郁症模型大鼠行为学变化,测定血清、海马、延髓组织中5-羟色胺(5-HT)、多巴胺(DA)及去甲肾上腺素(NE)含量的变化.结果 与对照组比较,造模后模型组大鼠旷场实验中的穿行格数和直立次数减少,理毛次数、中央格停留时间增加(均P＜0.05);模型组大鼠血清中5-HT、DA及NE含量均高于对照组[(334.23±110.45)μg/L比(248.76±51.83)μg/L,(109.19±26.86)μg/L比(88.42±12.63)μg/L,(102.46±39.31)μg/L比(74.88±12.04)μg/L,均P＜0.05)],而海马组织中NE含量低于对照组[(9.99±8.02)μg/L比(25.41±5.68)μg/L,P＜0.05].结论 航天抑郁症的产生可能与血清中5-HT、DA降低无关,而与海马组织中的NE降低有关.     

航天特定环境下抑郁症模型大鼠血清、海马及延髓中单胺神经递质含量变化

Objective To explore the changes of monoamine neurotransmitters in serum,hippocampus and medulla oblongata of experimental depression rats under simulated space-specific environment. Methods Thirty rats with similar behavior scores at open field test were randomized into model group and control group (n=15 each). Classical pattern of depression combined with simulated spacespecific environment was used to establish the rat models of depression in the model group, whereas the rats in the control group received no treatment. Under simulated space-specific environment, the changes of behavior were observed and the changes of neurotransmitters including 5 - hydroxytryptamine (5 - HT) ,dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) in serum, hippocampus and medulla oblongata were measured.Results Compared with controls, the depressed rats walked through fewer squares, experienced less upright actions, more grooming and time at the central square (all P＜ 0.05). In the model rats, the serum contents of 5-HT [ (334.23±110.45)μg/L vs (248.76±51.83)μg/L], DA [ (109.19±26.86) μg/L vs (88.42±12.63) μg/L] and NE [ ( 102.46±39.31 ) μg/L vs (74.88±12.04) ] were significantly elevated (all P＜0.05),and NE [ (9.99±8.02) μg/L vs (25.41±5.68)μg/L,P＜0.05] in hippocampus was reduced, as compared with controls. Conclusion The major cause of space environment-related depression may be associated with the reduced level of NE in hippocampus and not associated with the reduced levels of 5-HT and DA in serum.     

GnRH受体和5-HT受体与更年期大鼠潮热的关系

目的：研究促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)受体、5-羟色胺(5-HT)受体和更年期潮热的关系,为诊治潮热提供思路。方法：手术去卵巢后建立SD大鼠更年期潮热的动物模型,采用免疫组织化学邻片法、HE染色及图像分析等方法来检测大鼠垂体中2种受体的表达。结果：大鼠去卵巢后第8w开始,实验组动物肛温明显高于对照组,垂体中实验组GnRH受体和5-HT受体的表达,明显强于对照组。结论：雌激素缺乏可引起类似于更年期潮热的体温升高;在潮热的发病机制中,GnRH和5-HT可能通过其受体发挥重要作用。     

丙咪嗪对大鼠应激条件下脑内单胺介质代谢的影响

本实验观察了预先给大鼠丙咪嗪后对应激引起的脑内单胺类介质代谢变化的影响。一次给药未改变应激引起的变化,而反复给药则有效地阻止了应激条件下脑内多数部位5羟色胺代谢率的增快,以及下丘脑去甲肾上腺素含量的急剧下降。结果提示反复给丙咪嗪对应激引起的脑内单胺代谢变化具有预防作用。     

针刀和电针对膝骨关节炎大鼠痛阈和中枢单胺类神经递质的影响

目的:对比观察针刀松解法、电针对膝骨关节炎(KOA)大鼠痛阈和中枢神经递质的影响。方法:80只SD大鼠被随机分为空白对照组、模型组、针刀组和电针组,4%木瓜蛋白酶溶液与0.3 mol/L半胱氨酸溶液(1∶1混置0.5 h)的混合液20μL,分别于造模第1 d、4 d、7 d注射于大鼠左侧膝关节腔中,4周后,治疗组分别以针刀松解法或电针治疗,共3周。采用光辐射热法检测大鼠痛阈,膝关节HE染色,ELISA法分别测定大鼠中脑、下丘脑、延脑、海马、脊髓等不同部位5-HT、NE、DA含量。结果:膝骨关节炎大鼠造模后痛阈显著降低(P0.01),而针刀松解法或电针治疗后,第1周、第2周、第3周痛阈值均明显高于模型组(P0.05,P0.01);针刀和电针疗法可以改善大鼠膝骨关节炎病理组织损伤,可调节大鼠中脑、下丘脑、海马、脊髓等部位5-HT的合成与代谢,调节脊髓、下丘脑和延脑NA合成和代谢,调节中脑DA合成与代谢。结论:针刀和电针疗法对膝骨关节炎大鼠痛阈、组织形态学和中枢单胺类神经递质的含量有一定的调节作用。提示2种疗法可通过调节中枢神经5-羟色胺和儿茶酚胺类神经递质的合成和代谢的失衡状态,以减轻关节软骨损伤,缓解膝骨关节炎发生发展时出现的疼痛。     

微波、噪声、振动条件对脑单胺类含量的影响

本文观察了急性或慢性微波、噪声、振动条件下小鼠、家兔脑单胺类递质含量的变化。结果表明,急性噪声条件下小鼠间脑和脑干5-HT含量明显升高,DA含量有升高趋势;急性振动时,家兔下丘脑NE含量明显升高。慢性微波照射条件下,小鼠全脑5-HT含量明显下降,慢性噪声作用下间脑和脑干DA、NE呈下降趋势,我们还初步分析了上述结果与临床微波作业人员的职业病症状间的关系。     

通过猫脊髓背外侧索下行的单胺能神经元定位研究

将荧光染料核黄(NY)的逆行追踪和单胺荧光组织化学方法相结合,用于对通过猫脊髓背外侧索(DLF)下行纤维的胞体的定位。在4只猫上,于脊髓的T_2节段的DLF作单侧横切,并用NY处理以后,其脑干再用Falck和Hillarp的方法处理。在同侧的中缝大核和与之相毗邻的网状大细胞核内,看到被NY标记的5-羟色胺能神经元;在同侧上橄榄核的背外侧、蓝斑和蓝斑下核内,看到被NY标记的去甲肾上腺素神经元。这些结果暗示,DLF下行的单胺能纤维,主要起源于延髓的5-羟色胺能细胞群B_3和脑桥的去甲肾上腺素能细胞群A_5～A_7。     

递增负荷运动大鼠脑皮质神经元和脑脊液中去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺的动态变化

背景：运动性疲劳的发生、恢复是否与脑脊液循环存在着某种联系？ 目的：观察递增负荷运动后大鼠大脑皮质和脑脊液中去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺的动态变化及其相关性。 方法：随机将30只雄性SD大鼠分为对照组10只,运动组20只,运动组采用6周递增负荷运动方案训练,游泳时间由第1周的10 min递增为第6周的60 min,负重由体质量的3%增至体质量的5%。对照组正常饲养。 结果与结论：高效液相色谱检测结果显示,递增负荷运动后即刻,大鼠大脑皮质和脑脊液中去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺的水平显著增高;递增负荷运动后24 h,大鼠大脑皮质中去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺水平继续增高(P < 0.01),而脑脊液中去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺降至正常水平。其中,递增负荷运动后即刻,大鼠大脑皮质中的去甲肾上腺素与5-羟色胺水平及呈显著正相关(P < 0.05),大脑皮质和脑脊液中的去甲肾上腺素及5-羟色胺水平高度相关(P < 0.01)。提示递增负荷运动后去甲肾上腺素的兴奋作用和5-羟色胺的抑制作用处于动态平衡中。递增负荷运动后的即刻,脑脊液中去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺的变化能够反映大脑皮质中去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺的变化。     

Treatment of menopausal hot flashes with 5-hydroxytryptophan

Objective

Much recent research has focused on nonhormonal treatments for menopausal hot flashes. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of 5-hydroxytroptophan (5-HTP), the immediate precursor of serotonin, upon menopausal hot flashes. Selective, serotonergic, reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which increase the amount of serotonin in the synaptic gap, have shown some promise in the amelioration of hot flashes.

Methods

We administered 5-HTP or placebo, in double-blind fashion, to 24 postmenopausal women reporting frequent hot flashes. Treatment outcome was measured using a miniature, electronic, hot flash recorder.

Results

No significant effects of 150 mg/day 5-HTP upon hot flash frequency were found. The 5-HTP group had 23.8 ± 5.7 (SD) hot flashes/24 h prior to treatment and 18.5 ± 9.6 at the end of treatment. The placebo group had 18.5 ± 9.6 before treatment and 22.6 ± 12.4 at treatment completion.

Conclusions

At the dose given, 5-HTP does not significantly ameliorate frequency of menopausal hot flashes, as measured objectively with an electronic recorder. Given the small size, this study must be considered preliminary in nature.     

Acupuncture for postmenopausal hot flashes

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether individually tailored acupuncture is an effective treatment option for reducing postmenopausal hot flashes and improving quality of life. METHODS: In a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study, 29 postmenopausal participants averaging at least seven moderate to severe hot flashes per 24h, with a baseline estradiol concentration of less than 50 pg/mL and a normal TSH level, were randomized to receive 7 weeks (nine treatment sessions) of either active acupuncture or placebo acupuncture (placebo needles that did not penetrate the skin at sham acupuncture points). Participants recorded hot flashes in logs that were reported daily. Global indices of the severity and frequency of hot flashes were derived from the participants' daily logs. RESULTS: Participants receiving the active treatment had a greater reduction in hot flash severity (24.5+/-30.7%) compared to those receiving placebo (4.4+/-17.1%, P=0.042). Within group repeated measures analyses of variance revealed a significant reduction in hot flash severity in the active (P=0.042), but not in the placebo treatment group (P=0.15). Although there was no significant group difference in the reduction of hot flash frequency between the active (42.4+/-32.2%) and placebo groups (32.0+/-26.5%; P>or=0.352), within group repeated measures analyses of variance revealed that the reduction was statistically significant in both groups (P相似文献   

Effect of fever on menopausal hot flashes

Some women report that they have fewer hot flashes when they have a fever. This is the first case of physiological monitoring of hot flashes during fever in a subject with a well documented pattern of frequent hot flashes when afebrile. During fever, there were fewer hot flashes than during afebrile periods, and these hot flashes also tended to be less intense. For most of the period of reduced hot flashes, internal (core) temperature was elevated, above 37.5°C. When the fever broke, hot flashes resumed in a pattern similar to that of afebrile periods. Possible explanations for the reduction in hot flashes during a fever include: (1) a hot flash is triggered, but the characteristic physiological changes do not occur due to competing thermoregulatory drives, (2) the febrile core temperature inhibits whatever it is that triggers a hot flash; or (3) some product of the fever process inhibits the hot flash trigger or masks the physiological changes that occur during hot flashes.     

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and the menopausal hot flash

The possibility that the sudden discharge of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the brain triggers the climacteric hot flash was tested (double-blind) by an intra-venous, bolus injection of 500 μg of TRH into 7 post-menopausal women and 1 menstruating control. Temperatures and sweating were recorded continuously on the recumbent subject during the 2-h test. None of the women reacted either subjectively or objectively to the placebo. TRH induced gastric pain in 1 post-menopausal subject. In another subject TRH elicited no response during the first test, but a week later in a second test it evoked transient nausea and a series of hot flashes with bursts of sweating. Published results of animal studies suggest that a higher dose of TRH would probably stimulate hot flash-like responses in more women.     

Correlates of menopausal hot flashes

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationships of frequency, duration, and intensity of hot flashes with daily stress, ambient temperature, and caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine intake in menopausal women. Ten menopausal women suffering from hot flashes monitored these variables daily for 6 weeks. Intrasubject correlational analyses revealed significant relationships between hot-flash activity and stress for half of the sample; few women exhibited significant relationships between hot-flash activity and other variables. The results are discussed with respect to theoretical implications and treatment strategies.     

Do menopausal hot flashes have any significant effects on arterial blood gas measurements?

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of menopausal hot flashes on arterial blood gas measurements. Methods: Twelve postmenopausal women with frequent hot flashes were enrolled in this study. Blood samples from femoral artery were collected before and during menopausal hot flashes in each subject, and all blood samples were analyzed for pH, pCO₂, pO₂, HCO₃ standard, total CO₂, and base excess. Arterial blood gas parameters before and during menopausal hot flashes were compared statistically. Results: pH measurements decreased significantly during hot flashes (P<0.05); although the difference was found to be statistically significant, the amount of decrease and the range in which the change took place led us to conclude that this change was clinically insignificant. Other parameters did not show any statistically significant differences between the preflash and flash measurements. Conclusions: Our results indicate that menopausal hot flashes do not have any clinically significant effects on arterial blood gas measurements.     

Thermography of menopausal hot flushes

The skin temperature changes associated with menopausal hot flushes have been examined by thermography on a small group of patients. The subjective sensation of heat during a flush seems to be out of proportion to the actual skin temperature increase which was only about 1 degrees C on the face, neck and upper chest during this study. The increased temperature on the cheeks often persisted for several minutes after the symptoms of the flush had subsided, whereas sweating on the forehead produced a more rapid local cooling effect. Sequential temperature changes were portrayed by using an AGA Thermovision Model 680 Medical System with a colour isotherm attachment. This study provided colourful objective evidence that the symptoms of menopausal flushing is associated with an increase of skin temperature which may be monitored by thermography.     

A comparative study of menopausal hot flashes and their psychosocial correlates in Taiwan and the United States

Objective

To compare the frequency, severity, and interference of menopause-related hot flashes and their psychosocial correlates in Taiwanese and U.S. women.

Study design

Cross-sectional study, using a convenience sample of 101 Taiwanese and 121 U.S. midlife women.

Main outcome measures

Hot-flash measures, including frequency, severity (Women's Health Initiative Symptom Scale), hot flash related daily interference; and psychosocial measures: Attitudes toward Menopause and Aging Scale, Coping Strategies Questionnaire, Sense of Coherence Questionnaire, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and State-Trait Anger Scale.

Results

Using ANCOVA with demographic variables as covariates, U.S. women reported greater frequency and daily interference from hot flashes compared with Taiwanese women. Greater depression, greater catastrophizing about hot flashes, lower sense of coherence, lower state/trait anger, and more positive attitudes toward aging were reported in the U.S. cohort. The groups were similar in their frequency of specific coping strategies, and they did not differ significantly in menopause symptom severity, attitudes towards menopause, state/trait anxiety, or overall negative psychosocial characteristics. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that hot-flash related daily interference was predicted by marital status, frequency of hot flashes, and negative psychosocial characteristics among the U.S. women; and by frequency of hot flashes and negative psychosocial characteristics among the Taiwanese women.

Conclusions

Despite differences in the frequency and daily interference from hot flashes in the two samples, the predictors of interference were similar. Results highlight the importance of considering both psychosocial factors and cultural differences in providing guidance and treatment for women experiencing menopause-related hot flashes.