苯妥英钠血药浓度与CYP2C19基因多态性关系的研究

目的:探讨苯妥英钠药物浓度与CYP2C19基因多态性的关系,以指导临床个体化用药.方法:运用血药浓度监测仪测定患者血药浓度和变性高效液相色谱法检测癫痫患者的CYP2C19基因多态性位点,对二者结果进行相关性分析.结果:21例中国汉族癫痫患者中有12例含突变型CYP2C19基因.在7例(58.33%)苯妥英钠血药浓度的比值高于剂量比值的患者中,6例(85.7%)为突变型基因携带者(慢代谢者).结论:CYP2C19是苯妥英钠的主要代谢酶.CYP2C19基因突变等位基因携带者苯妥英钠代谢减慢,应给予小剂量苯妥英钠,以减少药物不良反应的发生和药物资源的浪费.     

CYP2C9与CYP2C19基因多态性与癫痫患者丙戊酸血药浓度关系研究

目的:探讨细胞色素氧化酶P450 2C9(CYP2C9)和CYP2C19基因型对癫痫患者丙戊酸血药浓度的影响.方法:对40例癫痫患者应用限制性酶切片段多态性技术分析中国人常见的1个CYP2C9和2个CYP2C19等位基因变异,应用荧光偏振免疫法测定患者丙戊酸的血药浓度,在进行标准化以排除剂量和体重对血药浓度的影响后,分析CYP2C9、CYP2C19基因型和丙戊酸血药浓度的关系.结果:根据携带CYP2C9和CYP2C19突变等位基因的数量,将患者分为基因型CYP2C911合并CYP2C1911的野生型纯合子强代谢者(EM).基因型为CYP2C913或CYP2C1912或CYP2C1913的杂合中等代谢者(IM),基因型为CYP2C933或CYP2C913合并CYP2C1913或CYP2C1922的突变型纯合子弱代谢者(PM).三组频率分别为47.5%、25%和27.5%.并且突变基因携带数量与标准化血药浓度呈正相关.PM患者服用等剂量丙戊酸时血药浓度比EM患者高(P<0.05).结论:丙戊酸代谢受CYP2C9和CYP2C19基因调控.检测患者CYP2C9和CYP2C19基因型可以预测患者药物浓度,有利于临床选择适宜的丙戊酸初始剂量.     

多重耐药基因及细胞色素 P450酶2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷抗凝疗效的关系

目的：研究多重耐药基因（MDR1）及细胞色素P450酶2C19（CYP2C19）基因多态性对急性冠脉综合征（ ACS）患者经皮冠状动脉介入（ PCI）术后氯吡格雷疗效的影响。方法根据所测定的血栓弹力图MAADP结果,将进行PCI治疗的冠心病患者分为3组：A（MAADP ＞47）组、B（31≤MAADP≤47）组、C（MAADP ＜31）组;分别用基因芯片法和测序法,检测CYP2C19、MDR1基因多态性,比较不同组间基因多态性分布情况。结果各组患者在MDR1基因多态性未见明显差异（P＞0.05）,CYP2C19慢代谢基因型患者比例在 A 组明显高于另2组（P＜0.05）。结论 CYP2C19基因多态性可以影响氯吡格雷的抗凝效果。     

丙戊酸药物浓度与CYP2C19基因多态性关系的研究

目的：寻找丙戊酸药物浓度与CYP2C19基因多态性的关系，以便临床根据患者的基因型进行个体化给药。方法：运用血药浓度监测仪测定患者血药浓度和变性高效液相色谱法检测癫痫患者的CYP2C19基因多态性位点．对二者结果进行相关性分析。结果：51名汉族癫痫患者中有29名携带突变型CYP2C19基因，其中19名(65．52％)患者丙戊酸实际血药浓度较预期的血药浓度升高，血药浓度分布曲线右移。结论：CYP2C19参与丙戊酸的代谢。对于含突变型CYP2C19基因的患者应给予小剂量丙戊酸，以减少药物不良反应的发生和药物资源的浪费。     

161例服用华法林的房颤患者CYP2 C19*2基因多态性研究

目的：了解161例服用华法林房颤患者CYP2C19*2（681G／A）基因多态性及不同人群的基因频率分布差异。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）技术,测定161例服用华法林的房颤患者CYP2C19*2（681G／A）基因型,并比较不同人群的基因分布差异。结果 CYP2C19*1及CYP2C19*2等位基因频率分别为63.04％和36.96％。 CYP2C19*1／*1、CYP2C19*1／*2及 CYP2C19*2／*2频率分别为40.4％,44.1％和15.5％。结论本研究人群CYP2C19*2等位基因频率分布与报道的汉族人群、日本、韩国人群相似;但显著高于高加索人群、美籍非州人群。     

老年共病患者使用伏立康唑时药物基因型与血药浓度的相关性分析

目的 分析老年共病患者在使用伏立康唑(VRC)时细胞色素P450(CYP450)基因型与血药浓度的相关性。方法 分析32例老年患者接受VRC治疗侵袭性真菌感染的遗传因素(CYP450基因多态性)和非遗传因素(患者的机体情况、基础疾病与合并用药)对VRC血药浓度的影响。结果 CYP2C19快代谢型和中等代谢型患者的VRC血药浓度中位数分别为4.64和3.93 mg·L^-1,CYP3A4 GG和GA型患者的VRC血药浓度中位数分别为3.17和5.00 mg·L^-1,CYP2C9 AA和AC/CC型患者的VRC血药浓度中位数分别为4.04和3.27 mg·L^-1,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。在非遗传因素中,患者的年龄、服用钙通道阻滞药和利尿药均是影响VRC血药浓度的独立因素(均P<0.05)。结论 CYP2C19、CYP3A4与CYP2C9基因多态性均会影响VRC血药浓度。在使用VRC之前建议行药物基因检测,在用药时不仅要关注药物间的相互作用,还要监测VRC血药浓度。     

细胞色素CYP2C19基因多态性与药物相互作用

CYP2C19酶是一种重要的药物代谢酶,参与多种药物的体内代谢。本文综述了CYP2C19酶的基因多态性及临床应用方面的研究进展,讨论经CYP2C19代谢的药物在联合用药时药物之间的相互作用及可能出现的临床后果,为临床合理用药提供参考依据。     

111例心衰患者的 MDR1 和CYP3A 基因多态性与地高辛血药浓度的相关性研究

目的：观察中国贵州地区汉族心衰患者中MDR1C3435T、CYP3A4＊18B和CYP3A5＊3等位基因多态性对地高辛血药浓度的影响。方法：收集111名中国贵州地区汉族心衰患者的血样与地高辛治疗药物浓度监测（TDM）数据,通过PCR-RFLP法分析患者的MDR1C3435T、CYP3A4＊18B及CYP3A5＊3基因型,分析每个基因的多态性对地高辛血药浓度的影响。结果：70岁以上患者MDR1各基因型组中,野生纯合子（CC）组、突变杂合子（CT）组、突变纯合子（TT）组的地高辛血药浓度依次增高。CC组和CT组较TT组的地高辛血药浓度差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;CYP3A4和CYP3A5各基因型组之间的地高辛血药浓度差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：MDR1C3435T等位基因突变可使地高辛血药浓度提高;而CYP3A4＊18B和CYP3A5＊3等位基因突变对地高辛的血药浓度无明显影响。     

细胞色素P450(CYP450)遗传多态性研究进展

近年来对CYP450基因型和表型相关性的研究越来越受到重视,从临床合理用药方面来说,人们希望利用基因型分析来了解个体中药物代谢酶的活性,期望既能提高药物治疗水平同时又降低不良反应的发生;从新药研发角度来说,研究药物的代谢酶CYP450的功能能够指导新药的设计、筛选及优化。该文通过查阅国内外相关文献综述了近年来关于CYP450遗传多态性研究的进展,分别介绍了CYP2C19、CYP2C9、CYP3A4、CYP2D6、CYP1A2和CYP2E1这6种主要的药物代谢酶。研究CYP450对新药设计、筛选、评价及优化有重要意义。     

CYP3A5基因多态性分析指导肾移植术后他克莫司的个体化用药

目的:研究肾移植术患者CYP3A5基因多态性与术后个体化给药剂量的关系。方法:采用等位基因特异扩增法对27例肾移植术后患者进行CYP3A5基因分型。采用酶联免疫法测定他克莫司的血药浓度。比较不同基因型之间的他克莫司的血药浓度与给药剂量(C/D)比值的差异。结果:肾移植患者CYP3A5(A6986G)基因多态性,CYP3A5*3的发生频率为50%,CYP3A5*1/*3基因型与*1/*1基因型患者C/D比值相比差异无显著性(P>0.05),但两者C/D比值均显著低于*3/*3基因型患者(P<0.05)。结论:肾移植患者的CYP3A5基因多态性与他克莫司血药浓度具有相关性,CYP3A5*1/*3基因型和*1/*1基因型患者拟取得相似的血药浓度要比*3/*3型患者需服用更高剂量的他克莫司。分析肾移植患者的CYP3A5基因多态性与血药浓度关系,可指导其术后他克莫司的个体化用药方案。     

Genetic polymorphism of <Emphasis Type="Italic">CYP1A2</Emphasis> and the toxicity of leflunomide treatment in rheumatoid arthritis patients

OBJECTIVE: Leflunomide is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug used for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In vitro studies demonstrated that cytochromes P450 (CYPs), mainly CYP1A2 and CYP2C19, might be involved in leflunomide activation. The aim of our study was to investigate whether genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9 influence leflunomide toxicity. METHODS: A genotyping approach was used to determine CYP1A2*1F, CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*17, CYP2C9*2, and CYP2C9*3 alleles in 105 RA patients. RESULTS: Leflunomide treatment was well tolerated by 62 patients, whereas 43 patients discontinued the treatment within the first year due to toxicity. Patients with CYP1A2*1F CC genotype had a 9.7-fold higher risk for overall leflunomide-induced toxicity than did the carriers of CYP1A2*1F A allele [P = 0.002, odds ratio = 9.708, 95% confidence interval = 2.276-41.403]. No significant association between the CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 genotypes and the leflunomide toxicity was observed. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the CYP1A2*1F allele may be associated with leflunomide toxicity in RA patients.     

非甾体抗炎药药物代谢酶多态性的研究进展

非甾体抗炎药(NAIDs)是一类具有解热、镇痛和抗炎作用的药物,临床上用于治疗骨关节炎、类风湿关节炎等疾病,疗效确切但常伴有胃肠道不适等不良反应,其产生与其药物代谢酶的遗传多态性有关.参与NSAIDs氧化代谢的细胞色素P450酶系,主要有CYP2C9、CYP1A2、CYP2E1和CYP3A4,本文就NSAIDs的药物代谢酶及其多态性和P450代谢的部分NSAIDs(双氯芬酸、布洛芬、氟比洛芬、萘普生和醋氨芬)等作一综述.     

ABCB1(2677T>G)、SLCO1B1(521T>C)基因多态性与阿托伐他汀个体化用药的研究

目的:探讨新乡地区人群ABCB1 (2677T>G)和SLCO1B1 (521T>C)单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)对心脑血管疾病患者服用阿托伐他汀的不良反应及降脂疗效的影响。方法:通过荧光原位杂交法、高效液相色谱法等,考察患者SLCO1B1 (521T>C)、ABCB1(2677T>G)SNPs与阿托伐他汀药动学、药效学及不良反应的相关性。结果:在新乡市中心医院的90例入选患者中,SLCO1B1 (521T>C)、ABCB1 (2677T>G)等位基因突变频率分别为18.1%和69.8%。用药前后,SLCO1B1 (521T>C)SNPs与阿托伐他汀的血药浓度有相关性,但对其疗效及肌痛风险影响较小,各基因型间差异无显著性。ABCB1 (2677T>G)各基因型患者阿托伐他汀血药浓度组内差异具有显著性(P<0.05),相比ABCB1 2677T等位基因,携带ABCB1 2677G基因的患者对LDL-C降低作用更强,且出现肝毒性的风险较高。结论:ABCB1 (2677T>G)SNPs与阿托伐他汀的降脂疗效及肝毒性具有相关性,G等位基因可能是阿托伐他汀致肝毒性的因素之一。SLCO1B1 (521T>C)SNPs对阿托伐他汀的降脂疗效及肌痛风险无显著影响。     

肠道细胞色素P450代谢酶研究进展

细胞色素P450(CYP450s)为肠道主要I相代谢酶,目前发现有CYP1A1、CYP2C9、CYP2C19、CYP2J2、CYP2D6、CYP3A4、CYP3A5 7种同工酶。肠道CYP在药物代谢及药物相互作用中发挥重要作用,与药物疗效及不良反应密切相关。基因多态性及个体差异均影响药物代谢,导致临床疗效差别。该文就肠道CYP各亚型相关研究进展做一综述。     

Relevance and limits of pharmacogenetics to detect patients at risk of adverse drug reactions

For more than 15 years genetic polymorphism of drug metabolism has been extensively studied. Poor Metabolizer (PM) and Extensive Metabolizer (EM) Slow Acetylators (SA) Rapid Acetylators (RA) phenotype and genotype can be defined for CYP2D6 (Debrisoquine) and N-AT (acetylation). Lists of drugs whose metabolism is CYP2D6 or N-AT dependent have been published. So it is theoretically possible to forecast an adverse drug reaction (ADR) for a specific patient who is given a drug affected by a polymorphism. However, not only PM are at risk of ADRs. When an active or reactive metabolite is produced, EM might be at risk whatever the enzyme involved. Drug interactions must also be taken into account. Competitive inhibition of the metabolism of a drug CYP2D6 dependent provokes not only a blurring effect on phenotyping, leading to a misclassification, but also increases the risk of ADRs. New drug metabolic polymorphism is under scrutiny. Determination of phenotypes and genotypes when possible, development of investigations of drug metabolic capacity at large, in patients exhibiting ADR's, might improve the efficiency of pharmacovigilance to forecast at-risk subjects.     

基因多态性对阿片类药物疼痛治疗影响的研究进展

目的:综述阿片类药物镇痛治疗相关基因组学的研究现状,为临床疼痛治疗提供参考。方法:查阅近年国内外有关文献,对已报道的有关阿片类药物镇痛治疗的基因组学及其相关研究进行总结和归纳。结果:阿片类药物镇痛治疗基因组学研究取得很大进展。因受药物代谢酶基因(如CYP3A4、CYP2D6、UGT、COMT)、药物作用靶点或受体基因(如OPRM1)、转运蛋白基因(如ABCB1)多态性的影响,阿片类药物镇痛治疗疗效和不良反应存在很大个体差异。以上相关基因的多态性与阿片类药物用于患者疼痛治疗的有效剂量、治疗效果以及不良反应的发生有密切关系。结论:开展相关基因检测,有助于提高阿片类药物疼痛治疗的精准性。     

Clinical application of pharmacogenomics

The purpose of this review is to discuss the clinical application of pharmacogenomics for select drug therapies (eg, proton pump inhibitors [PPIs], codeine, and carbamazepine) and to highlight limitations and challenges that preclude implementation of pharmacogenomics into clinical practice. Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and the presence of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*1502 allele influence drug disposition and/or response. A portion of PPI pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability can be explained by CYP2C19 genotype. However, conflicting evidence exists related to Helicobacter pylori cure rates based on CYP2C19 genotype. For codeine, adverse drug reactions in neonates through breast-feeding from CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizers have been reported. However, there is lack of conclusive evidence regarding the overall influence of CYP2D6 polymorphisms on codeine efficacy and toxicity. Although CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 genotyping tests are available, clinical utility remains low. The presence of the HLA-B*1502 allele is associated with carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and/or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Pharmacogenomic testing is required prior to initiating carbamazepine in high-risk patients. Lack of sufficient resources, provider knowledge, and ethical, legal, and social issues are several limitations and challenges to implementing pharmacogenomic testing in clinical practice.     

CYP1A2、CYP2D6和CYP2C19基因多态性与氯氮平及其代谢物血药浓度的相关性研究

目的：研究CYP1A2、CYP2D6和CYP2C19基因多态性与精神分裂症患者氯氮平（clozapine,CLZ）及其活性代谢物去甲氯氮平（N-desmethy clozapine,N-CLZ）血药浓度的相关性。方法：纳入156例经CLZ单药治疗1个月以上的精神分裂症患者,采集清晨服药前空腹血,采用液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）法测定CLZ及N-CLZ稳态谷浓度。通过Axiom基因芯片分析技术检测CYP1A2（*1C、*1F）、CYP2D6（*2、*10）、CYP2C19（*2、*3）等6个SNP位点的基因型,比较不同基因型患者CLZ及其代谢物的浓度剂量比（C/D）及代谢物与CLZ血药浓度比值（C_N-CLZ/C_CLZ）的差异。结果：CYP2D6*10基因多态性与N-CLZ C/D具有相关性（P<0.01）。CYP1A2*1C、CYP2D6（*2、*10）基因多态性与C_N-CLZ/C_CLZ具有相关性（P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01）。CYP1A2*1F、CYP2C19*2、CYP2C19*3基因多态性与C/D及C_N-CLZ/C_CLZ无相关性（P>0.05）。结论：CYP1A2*1C和CYP2D6（*2、*10）基因多态性对CLZ代谢存在影响,建议临床在使用CLZ治疗前检测患者CYP1A2*1C和CYP2D6（*2、*10）基因型,为CLZ个体化治疗提供参考。     

环孢素代谢相关酶基因多态性对其药动学及药效学的影响

环孢素（cyclosporine A,CsA）作为钙调磷酸酶的抑制剂发挥免疫抑制作用而广泛用于器官移植和自身免疫病的治疗。然而,该药在患者个体间的疗效差异大。细胞色素P450（cytochrome P450,CYP）3A4和CYP3A5是CsA体内代谢的肝药酶,此外,肠道P-糖蛋白（P-glycoprotein,P-gp）对该药的外排作用也显著影响CsA的吸收。目前研究示CYP3A5*3、CYP3A4*1B、*18B、*22的多态性,以及编码P-gp的ABCB1基因中的3种多态性,即C1236T、G2677T/A和C3435T,与CsA代谢及疗效相关联,但结论仍然存在争议。本文主要对上述研究结果进行归纳和分析,还同时对参与调节CYP活性或CsA药理作用发挥路径中涉及的分子,包括过氧化物酶体增殖剂激活受体α（peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha,PPAR-α）、CYP450氧化还原酶（cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase,POR）、孕烷X受体（pregnane X receptor,PXR）及甲酰肽受体1（formyl peptide receptor 1,FPR1）的基因多态性也进行小结,从较全面的角度归纳新近关于基因多态性对CsA在体内的代谢、疗效发挥所产生的影响的研究进展。     

Cytochrome p450 polymorphisms in geriatric patients: impact on adverse drug reactions--a pilot study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Up to 23% of the population, depending on their ethnic background, has genetically determined differences in the metabolism of drugs by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6. The aim of this survey was to determine the relationship between genetical polymorphisms in these CYP enzymes and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in geriatric patients. STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective 6-month cohort study of 243 patients in a geriatric rehabilitation ward, mean age 80.2 +/- 7.7 years, ADRs were identified by intensive monitoring by a pharmacoepidemiological team, consisting of pharmacists and physicians. 125 out of these 243 patients were genotyped cross-sectionally for polymorphisms of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 by the TaqMan-polymerase chain reaction. The main outcome measures were the prevalence of genetical polymorphisms and the patients' risk for developing an ADR as related to the genotype. RESULTS: Patients received an average of 14.2 drugs during hospitalisation which led to 251 ADRs in the whole cohort and 149 ADRs in the cross-sectional genotyping study. Genotype frequencies of CYP2C9 enzyme were 25.9% (n = 29) intermediate metabolisers (IMs) and 2.7% (n = 3) poor metabolisers (PMs). For the enzyme CYP2C19, 26.8% (n = 33) IMs and 0.8% (n = 1) PMs were detected. For the enzyme CYP2D6, 24.1% (n = 26) IMs and 3.7% (n = 4) PMs were found in the analysed patient population. In total, 61.6% (n = 77) of genotyped patients experienced mutations in at least one of the three cytochrome enzymes. The ADR rate did not differ significantly between patients with genetic mutations and wild-type genotype patients. Moreover, only eight out of 40 ADRs which were associated with drugs metabolised by CYP2C9, CYP2C19 or CYP2D6 were detected in patients with IM genotype and none in patients with PM genotype. CONCLUSION: In this investigation geriatric patients showed a high rate of ADRs. However, no association between the ADR rate and the patients' genotype could be detected, which most likely was a result of the small number of patient samples analysed.Although prophylactic genotyping would have not prevented ADRs in this pilot study, physicians nevertheless have to be aware of potential genetic mutations in patients with polypharmacy.