尿液外泌体miRNA与肾脏疾病关系的研究进展

外泌体是细胞分泌的细胞外囊泡结构,可通过其携带的miRNA、蛋白质、脂质等活性分子来调节受体细胞生物学活性,在细胞间的通讯交流过程中发挥重要作用。最新研究表明,多种肾脏疾病患者尿液外泌体miRNA含量均发生改变,其变化可反映肾功能,且具有作为肾脏疾病分子标志物的潜能。该文就尿液外泌体miRNA在肾脏疾病的水平及其诊断价值作一综述。     

外泌体微小RNA在肿瘤无创诊断和靶向治疗中的研究进展

外泌体是一类由多种细胞分泌的脂质双分子层包裹的囊状结构, 内含多种蛋白质、脂质、信使RNA、微小RNA(miRNA)以及非编码RNA。外泌体miRNA在多种疾病中异常表达并参与细胞凋亡、细胞焦亡、细胞自噬等生理过程, 通过不同分子机制调节肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移过程, 并具有作为肿瘤无创诊断标志物的潜力。本文总结了外泌体miRNA调节多种肿瘤发生发展的作用机制及其无创诊断价值, 以期为外泌体miRNA作为肿瘤无创诊断标志物及作为分子靶点在肿瘤靶向治疗中的研究提供新的理论依据。     

外泌体在肝脏疾病进展及诊疗中作用研究进展

外泌体是细胞分泌到细胞外基质的纳米级囊泡。在双层膜的包裹下,其内部携带着蛋白质、DNA、mRNA和miRNA等生物分子。外泌体与多种肝脏疾病发生、发展均有着密切关系。在病理情况下,外泌体内特异性蛋白、miRNA均可作为检测靶点,为诊断和治疗提供了新思路。该文主要对外泌体在肝脏疾病中的作用以及其临床应用价值作一简要概述。     

外泌体miRNA在缺血性脑血管病中作用的研究进展

缺血性脑血管病是导致全球人口死亡的三大疾病之一,近年来有关外泌体与缺血性脑血管病的关系逐渐成为研究的热点。外泌体是细胞膜向内凹陷释放的细胞外囊泡,携带多种蛋白质、脂质和核酸等生物活性分子,介导细胞间的物质传递与信号转导,参与机体多种生理、病理过程。外泌体可作为多种疾病诊断的生物标志物,在病情、预后、治疗效果评估中具有重要价值。本文就外泌体miRNA在缺血性脑血管病发病、诊断、治疗中应用的研究进展作一综述。     

外泌体在常见恶性肿瘤化疗耐药中的作用

外泌体是机体各种细胞分泌的细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs),参与机体的生理和病理活动。外泌体被认为是肿瘤细胞与细胞微环境之间的一种交流途径,其与肿瘤化疗耐药的相关性是近年的研究热点。外泌体可介导特定的细胞间的相互作用并激活相关信号通路,传递包括微小RNA(MicroRNA,miRNA)和蛋白质在内的功能性分子。研究表明乳腺癌中miR-221的高表达会引起曲妥珠单抗耐药;miR-21的上调,miR-133b的下调可降低肺癌细胞对顺铂的敏感性。外泌体介导的P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)转移是促成乳腺癌细胞中多西他赛耐药的主要机制。这些发现证实了外泌体携带的功能性分子miRNA和蛋白质与肿瘤耐药性之间可能存在联系,外泌体可以作为信号转导的媒介改变肿瘤对化疗药物的敏感性。本综述侧重于列举外泌体与几种常见的恶性肿瘤化疗耐药性的相关机制,讨论miRNA功能在耐药性方面的前景和挑战,并强调探索外泌体在乳腺癌进展和耐药性中的有价值途径。     

子痫前期患者外周血及胎盘组织微小核糖核酸的相关研究进展

子痫前期是妊娠期特发性疾病之一,直接威胁母婴健康和安全,是围产期产妇与胎儿主要死亡原因之一,但其发病机制尚未阐明。研究结果提示微小核糖核酸(miRNA)通过调节细胞功能基因的表达,影响细胞分化、增殖、凋亡等多种功能,在整个疾病的发展过程中发挥着重要作用,近年表明mi RNA的异常表达与子痫前期的发病有着密切关系。本文对子痫前期患者外周血及胎盘组织miRNA的相关研究进展进行综述。     

外泌体miRNA在产前诊断中的研究进展

外泌体是由活细胞分泌的一种微小囊泡,包含着蛋白质,mRNA和microRNA等多种生物活性物质,通过调控受体细胞各种生理病理功能,参与一系列的生物过程,如参与细胞免疫应答、炎症反应、细胞凋亡、指导肿瘤细胞生长发育等。外泌体miRNA作为外泌体生物活性物质在疾病的早期诊断、临床治疗及其预后发挥着重要作用,其在各领域的应用也成为研究热点。产前诊断主要针对胎儿出生前,对胎儿是否患有某种疾病的诊断,从而防止严重遗传病,先天性疾病或智力障碍患儿的出生。外泌体miRNA存在于血清和多种细胞外液中,也存在于羊水、胎盘和乳汁中。外泌体miRNA在产期诊断中的临床作用也引起越来越多研究者的关注。本文就外泌体miRNA在产前诊断中的应用前景做一综述。     

外泌体的生物学特性及其微小RNA在脑梗死诊治中的应用

外泌体是由细胞主动分泌的胞外囊泡,内含多种细胞特异的蛋白质、脂质、核酸等。外泌体作为细胞间通讯的载体,参与了调节脑梗死后中枢神经系统修复及功能重塑的过程。随着研究深入,越来越多研究表明,外泌体来源的微小RNA(miRNA)在脑梗死诊断和治疗中扮演重要角色,现就外泌体的生物学特性及其miRNA的研究应用做一综述。     

外泌体微小RNA研究进展及诊断价值

恶性肿瘤的早期诊断对于降低恶性肿瘤患者的死亡率具有重要意义,而近年来发现外泌体微小RNA(miRNA)可以在恶性肿瘤早期诊断中发挥作用,并且其与恶性肿瘤的发生、发展关系密切,恶性肿瘤细胞所分泌的外泌体miRNA可以调节其他恶性肿瘤细胞以及肿瘤生长的环境,促进恶性肿瘤的进展。文章介绍外泌体miRNA及其提取的方法,描述其在恶性肿瘤中的机制,并分析外泌体miRNA在恶性肿瘤诊断中的优势与劣势。     

子痫前期相关循环microRNAs的研究进展

子痫前期在全球范围内是导致孕妇和胎儿死亡的主要原因之一,其发病机制仍未完全阐明。microRNAs是一类具有调控基因转录后表达的非编码小RNA,参与细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡等重要生物功能,近年来研究表明其可作为多种疾病的诊断标志物与治疗靶点。子痫前期患者胎盘及循环中存在一系列表达失衡的microRNAs,表明microRNAs可能在子痫前期的发生发展中发挥重要作用。本文就近年子痫前期相关循环microRNAs的研究概况做一综述。      

Thromboangiitis obliterans plasma-derived exosomal miR-223-5p inhibits cell viability and promotes cell apoptosis of human vascular smooth muscle cells by targeting VCAM1

Background: Exosomes-encapsulated microRNAs (miRNAs) have been established to be implicated in the pathogenesis of different diseases. Nevertheless, circulating exosomal miRNAs of thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the effects of exosomal miRNAs associated with TAO on human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMCs).Methods: The exosomes were isolated from the plasma of TAO patients and normal controls and then were sent for small RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) were identified by bioinformatics analysis and were confirmed by RT-qPCR. After that, PKH67 staining was used to label exosomes and co-cultured with HVSMCs. Cell viability and apoptosis were, respectively, tested by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Finally, dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the downstream targets of miR-223-5p.Results: A total of 39 DE-miRNAs were identified between TAO patients and normal controls, of which, miR-223-5p was one of the most significantly up-regulated miRNAs. TAO plasma-derived exosomes or miR-223-5p mimics inhibited cell viability of HVSMCs and promoted cell apoptosis. The pro-apoptotic effect of TAO plasma-derived exosomes was alleviated by miR-223-5p inhibitor. Additionally, the expressions of VCAM1 and IGF1R were down-regulated by exosomes and miR-223-5p mimics, and were abrogated by miR-223-5p inhibitor. Dual-luciferase report showed that VCAM1 was the target of miR-223-5p.Conclusions: Our findings imply that circulating exosomal miR-223-5p may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of TAO, and provide a basis for miR-6515-5p/VCAM1 as novel therapeutic targets and pathways for TAO treatment.     

糖尿病及其并发症中microRNAs的作用

糖尿病及其并发症严重威胁着人类健康，它们的发生可能涉及到多重复杂因素，然而，具体的发病机制尚不明确。MicroRNAs（miRNAs）是一系列全新的非编码小分子RNAs，其参与人体许多生理和病理过程的调控。新近研究发现，miRNAs在糖尿病及其相关并发症的发病机制中起着重要作用，这些相关miRNAs也为糖尿病的诊断和治疗提供了一个全新视角。     

外泌体在肾间质纤维化中作用的研究进展

慢性肾脏病（CKD）已成为全球性的公共卫生问题,CKD患者的最终结局往往会发展为终末期肾病（ESRD）。肾间质纤维化（RIF）是不同病因的CKD进展为ESRD的共同途径。因发病机制复杂,目前RIF尚无有效的治疗方法,近期研究表明外泌体在多种肾脏疾病的发生发展中发挥着重要作用。该文对外泌体在RIF发病机制中作用的最新研究...     

抗磷脂抗体和子痫前期的研究进展

抗磷脂抗体是一类能与磷脂或磷脂结合蛋白结合的自身免疫性抗体,与血栓形成、不良孕产史密切相关。抗磷脂抗体中高滴度阳性的患者易有子痫前期等不良妊娠结局。子痫前期发生于妊娠期,可导致全身多脏器的损伤,严重危及母儿生命和健康。子痫前期的发病机制目前还不是很清楚,研究提示抗磷脂抗体可能通过诱导氧化应激,促进血管内炎症等作用参与子痫前期的发病;对于抗磷脂抗体阳性的患者,早期发现和早期干预对获得良好的妊娠结局至关重要。     

低氧条件下结直肠癌外泌体miR-449诱导M2型巨噬细胞极化的实验研究

目的 研究低氧环境中结直肠癌外泌体miR-449与巨噬细胞相互作用的分子机制及其促进癌细胞转移的分子机制.方法 观察低氧和正常氧浓度(以下简称"常氧")条件下SW480细胞外泌体的分泌水平.用佛波酯(PMA)将THP-1细胞诱导成人单核巨噬细胞,分别用PBS(作为阴性对照)、常氧条件下SW480细胞分泌的外泌体(SW4...     

miRNAs: Their discovery,biogenesis and mechanism of action

The field of miRNA research is evolving at a very fast pace. Since their discovery almost 20 years ago, miRNAs have proven to be of tremendous importance to normal physiological homeostasis as well as to the pathogenesis of major diseases such as cancer. Recent advances describe a key contribution for miRNAs in a wide variety of cellular processes ranging from embryonic development, cell proliferation and apoptosis to prominent roles in disease progression. miRNAs are now of central interest to biomedical research. Here we provide an overview of their discovery, biogenesis and mechanism of action.     

Differential expression profiling of microRNAs and their potential involvement in renal cell carcinoma pathogenesis

ObjectiveWe seek to identify the differentially expressed miRNAs in the clear cell subtype (ccRCC) of kidney cancer.Design and methodsWe performed a miRNA microarray analysis to compare the miRNA expression levels between ccRCC tissues and their normal counterpart. The top dysregulated miRNAs were validated by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Bioinformatics analysis was also performed.ResultsA total of 33 dysregulated miRNAs were identified in ccRCC, including 21 upregulated miRNAs and many of these miRNAs have been reported to be dysregulated in other malignancies and have a potential role in cancer pathogenesis. The miRNAs showed a significant correlation with reported chromosomal aberration sites. We also utilized target prediction algorithms to identify gene targets. Preliminary analyses showed these targets can be directly involved in RCC pathogenesis.ConclusionWe identified miRNAs that are dysregulated in ccRCC and bioinformatics analysis suggests that these miRNAs may be involved in cancer pathogenesis and have the potential to be biomarkers.     

Three new circulating microRNAs may be associated with wet age-related macular degeneration

Abstract

This study investigates the circulating microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and the role of miRNA in wet AMD and its pathways. Exosomes were extracted from serum samples of AMD patients (n?=?70) and a control group (n?=?50). After isolating miRNA from the exosomes, miRNAs were transformed into cDNA. In the control and AMD samples, the expression was compared with a panel including 175 genes using the PCR array method. Target genes and pathways of miRNAs were detected by KEGG and Biocarta signaling pathway enrichments. Comparing the serum samples between groups revealed that the expression levels of 15 microRNAs within 175 genes had significantly changed. In the validation studies, miR-129-3p and miR-132-3p had no significant expression in AMD group compared to the controls. miR-486-5p and miR-626 had higher expression in AMD patients compared to the control group, while miR-885-5p showed significantly lower expression. Pathway analysis revealed that these miRNAs may have critical roles in the apoptosis and neovascularization pathways. The data suggest that some miRNAs within the serum may have a role in the pathogenesis of wet AMD. Further studies are needed to examine the use of these miRNAs as biomarkers.     

Roles of exosomes in diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that mediate intercellular communication. They contain different molecules, such as DNA, RNA, lipid, and protein, playing essential roles in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Exosomes derived from CRC are implicated in tumorigenesis, chemotherapy resistance, and metastasis. Besides, they can enhance CRC progression by increasing tumor cell proliferation, reducing apoptosis mechanistically through altering particular essential regulatory genes, or controlling several signaling pathways. Therefore, exosomes derived from CRC are essential biomarkers and can be used in the diagnosis. Indeed, it is crucial to understand the role of exosomes in CRC, which is necessary to develop diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for early detection and treatment. In the present review, we discuss the roles of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC.