应用托吡卡胺与阿托品眼液对青少年远视散瞳验光的对比研究

目的对比托吡卡胺与阿托品眼液对青少年远视散瞳验光的结果。方法用托吡卡胺与阿托品眼液对143眼青少年远视进行散瞳视网膜检影验光。结果143眼远视球镜度数两次验光结果相同和相差≤0.50D者93眼、相差0.75D以上者50眼、远视球镜度数符合率为65.0%,78眼复性远视柱镜度数2次验光结果相同和相差≤0.50D者为71眼、相差0.75D以上者7眼、复性远视柱镜度数符合率为91.0%,散光轴向符合率为82.1%。本组资料2种不同散瞳剂散瞳验光结果对比远视球镜或复性远视柱镜度数相差0.75D以上者均为托吡卡胺低于阿托品散瞳验光的度数。结论青少年远视患者睫状肌调节力大,对青少年远视患者应用托吡卡胺散瞳验光仍可存留部分调节的隐性远视的屈光度数。阿托品眼液用于青少年远视散瞳验光麻痹睫状肌彻底,可暴露全部的远视度数。对青少年远视仍以阿托品眼液散瞳验光为宜。     

阿托品凝胶、盐酸环喷托酯和复方托吡卡胺睫状肌麻痹效果比较

目的：比较阿托品凝胶、盐酸环喷托酯和复方托吡卡胺在近视中小学生睫状肌麻痹验光中的效果,为科学验光和准确矫正提供理论依据。

方法：选取2017-07/08在我院经小瞳验光诊断为近视的中小学生420例818眼,按年龄分为3组,分别采用阿托品凝胶、盐酸环喷托酯和复方托吡卡胺进行睫状肌麻痹验光(散瞳验光)及小瞳复光。

结果：阿托品组、盐酸环喷托酯组、复方托吡卡胺组睫状肌麻痹验光与小瞳复光等效球镜符合率分别是：81.0%、81.3%和79.4%; 睫状肌麻痹验光与小瞳复光等效球镜之差阿托品组为-0.113±0.226D,差异有统计学意义(t=-4.663,P<0.001); 盐酸环喷托酯组为-0.025±0.192D,复方托吡卡胺组为-0.026±0.193D,差异均无统计学意义(t=-1.665,P=0.099; t=1.760,P=0.080)。

结论：对>8岁的近视中小学生,首次睫状肌麻痹验光可采用快速散瞳,以减少对学习生活的影响; 快速散瞳者复光配镜时可按小瞳结果直接给予处方,阿托品散瞳者小瞳复光近视屈光度高于散瞳时,配镜时需参考散瞳结果,选择最佳矫正视力的最低负镜度,避免近视过矫。     

托吡卡胺和阿托品对儿童散瞳验光应用价值的对比研究

目的探讨阿托品和托吡卡胺在儿童散瞳验光中的使用价值及对准确性的影响。方法儿童视力低常患者123例（246眼）,年龄4～12岁。按年龄分为两组,4～7岁组63例（126眼）,8～12岁组60例（120眼）。两组患者先用0.5%托吡卡胺散瞳,然后用NIDEKAR-600A电脑验光初测;第2天再用1%阿托品眼液滴眼,每日3次,连用3d,然后用同一电脑验光仪验光。分别记录两种方法散瞳后的验光结果,对比屈光度变化,采用SPSS11.0统计软件进行分析。结果托吡卡胺散瞳后,近视球镜均值比阿托品散瞳值高,远视球镜均值比阿托品值低,两组经配对t检验显示,差异有统计学意义（P＆lt;0.05）;柱镜均值与轴向均值经配对t检验显示,差异均无统计学意义（P＆gt;0.05）。两个不同年龄组等效球镜均值比较,不同散瞳方法差异有统计学意义（P＆lt;0.05）,托吡卡胺组等效球镜值均低于阿托品组。结论托吡卡胺用于儿童验光不是理想的选择,托吡卡胺不能代替阿托品。     

环喷托酯在屈光参差儿童散瞳验光中的应用

目的比较分析1%盐酸环喷托酯与1%阿托品对3~12岁屈光参差儿童散瞳验光效果。设计回顾性病例系列。研究对象2010年10月~2011年2月在北京同仁医院眼科斜弱视门诊就诊的3~12岁屈光参差儿童40例(80眼)。方法对以上40例患儿按年龄分成3组,即3~6岁组,7~9岁组和10~12岁组。全部患儿均首先用1%盐酸环喷托酯进行散瞳验光,待其瞳孔完全恢复正常(1周后)再行1%阿托品散瞳验光,比较两种方法的验光结果。主要指标屈光值(球镜度数、柱镜度数及轴向)。结果用1%盐酸环喷托酯散瞳验光结果(球镜:+1.18 D±4.90 D,柱镜:+1.47 D±1.16 D,散光轴向:80.50°±38.62°)与用1%阿托品散瞳验光结果(球镜:+1.20 D±4.91 D,柱镜:+1.47 D±1.15 D,散光轴向:80.06°±38.48°)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。在80眼中,球镜值相同或相差≤0.50 D者77眼,符合率为96.25%;柱镜值在69眼中,结果相同或相差≤0.50 D者65眼,符合率为94.20%;散光轴向在69眼中,结果相同或相差≤5°者67眼,符合率为97.10%。三个年龄组间的球镜、柱镜和散光轴向符合率差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 1%盐酸环喷托酯可以替代1%阿托品用于3~12岁屈光参差儿童散瞳验光,其结果可以作为配镜的依据。     

青少年应用复方托品酰胺散瞳前后电脑验光的结果分析

目的:了解青少年屈光不正患者应用复方托品酰胺散瞳前后验光结果的符合程度。方法:106例12～18岁患屈光不正的青少年(共212眼),均先行小瞳电脑验光,然后给予复方托品酰胺扩瞳后进行再次电脑验光,比较散瞳前后验光所得的球镜值、柱镜值及柱镜轴向结果的差异性。结果:(1)球镜值:12～15岁患儿采用散瞳前后验光结果差异性有统计学意义(P<0.05),16～18岁患儿结果差异性无统计学意义(P>0.05);(2)柱镜值:12～18岁患儿散瞳前后验光结果差异性无统计学意义(P>0.05);(3)柱镜轴向:当柱镜值≥1.50D时,散瞳前后轴向差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);柱镜值<1.50D时,散瞳前后轴向差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:复方托品酰胺是较大年龄(12～15岁)儿童散瞳验光的理想药物,而对16～18岁年龄段青少年可以直接小瞳验光。对于合并1.50D以下的散光患儿,散瞳验光可能更有助于确定柱镜的轴向。     

不同年龄及不同进展程度的近视患者3种验光方法的选择时机

目的　探讨不同进展程度及不同年龄的近视患者选择小瞳验光、复方托吡卡胺散瞳后验光及阿托品散瞳后验光的时机。方法　将年龄7～18岁的304例近视患者按复诊的戴镜视力或初诊的裸眼视力分为3组:0.1～0.3组、0.4～0.6组、0.7～0.9组。所有患者根据不同年龄段（7～9岁、10～12岁、13～15岁、16～18岁）分别进行小瞳验光、复方托吡卡胺散瞳后验光及阿托品散瞳后验光,记录各组患者屈光度。结果　视力下降至0.1～0.3时,不同年龄段患者三种验光方式所得屈光度比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结果显示各年龄段近视患者采用小瞳验光、复方托吡卡胺散瞳后验光、阿托品散瞳后验光的屈光度变化不明显。视力下降至0.4～0.6时,7～12岁近视患者复方托吡卡胺散瞳后验光、阿托品散瞳后验光都比小瞳验光所得屈光度低,而阿托品散瞳后验光所得屈光度降低更显著;13～18岁近视患者复方托吡卡胺散瞳后验光、阿托品散瞳后验光所得屈光度均低于小瞳验光所得屈光度,但其降低的差异随着年龄增长更加不明显。视力下降至0.7～0.9时,各年龄段近视患者小瞳验光、复方托吡卡胺散瞳后验光、阿托品散瞳后验光所得屈光度差异均有统计学意义（均为P＜0.05）。各年龄段近视患者小瞳验光、复方托吡卡胺散瞳后验光、阿托品散瞳后验光所得屈光度之间两两比较,差异均有统计学意义 （均为P＜0.05）。结果显示与小瞳验光所得结果相比,复方托吡卡胺散瞳后验光和阿托品散瞳后验光所得屈光度均降低,而阿托品散瞳后验光结果降低更显著。结论　视力下降至0.1～0.3的不同年龄患者可采用小瞳验光。视力下降至0.4～0.6的12岁以上近视患者可采用复方托吡卡胺散瞳后验光。视力下降至0.4～0.6的12岁以下近视患者和视力下降至0.7～0.9的各年龄段患者均需采用阿托品散瞳后验光。     

比较阿托品和复方托吡卡胺对学龄期儿童散光的影响

目的: 对6～12岁儿童使用阿托品和复方托吡卡胺麻痹睫状肌前后的散光变化进行矢量分析, 探讨不同睫状肌麻痹剂对学龄期儿童散光的影响。方法: 回顾性病例对照研究。收集2019年1月至2020年9月于南京医科大学附属儿童医院眼科门诊进行睫状肌麻痹验光的6～12岁儿童1 262例(1 262眼), 按使用不同睫状肌麻痹剂分为阿托品组(530眼)和复方托吡卡胺组(732眼), 均选取右眼作为研究对象。采用TOPCON KR 800型全自动电脑验光仪对所有儿童进行睫状肌麻痹前后电脑验光检查, 记录球镜度、柱镜度和轴向。通过Thibos矢量分析方法将散光分解为J0和J45。睫状肌麻痹前后散光各矢量成分的差异比较采用t检验, 睫状肌麻痹前后J0和J45的相关性采用Spearman相关分析, 一致性采用Bland-Altman图描述。结果: 复方托吡卡胺组睫状肌麻痹后J0成分增加0.04±0.13(t=8.34, P<0.001)。进一步按散光程度和SE高低分组, 阿托品组睫状肌麻痹前后J0和J45差异均无统计学意义;复方托吡卡胺组J0差异在各组均有统计学意义(均P<0.001), J45...     

22例学龄儿童调节痉挛临床诊治体会

目的观察儿童调节痉挛的临床表现,探讨诊疗特点。方法回顾性分析22名调节痉挛患者的临床资料,总结诊治经验。结果22名患儿44只眼初诊平均裸眼视力0．27±0．07,小瞳电脑验光结果均表现近视,等效球镜均值-2．75±0．35D;经0．5％托吡卡胺快速散瞳后检影验光等效球镜均值＋0．68±0．64D,平均矫正视力0．47±0．05;经1％硫酸阿托品凝胶点眼,2次／天,连续5天后检影验光,中度远视者23眼、低度远视者17眼,轻度近视者4眼,44眼散光值均不超过1．0D,等效球镜均值＋2．96±0．93D,矫正视力均可达到0．8以上。结论学龄儿童过强的调节力可导致部分远视患者表现为假性近视状态;对于远视导致调节痉挛的儿童宜使用阿托品散瞳验光。     

新时期成年人近视患者散瞳验光的必要性探讨

目的:探讨成年人近视眼患者复方托吡卡胺散瞳前后的电脑验光结果的差异性。方法:应用TOPCON8000型电脑验光仪记录72例144眼18~30岁长时间近距离用眼的成年人近视患者复方托吡卡胺散瞳前后的电脑验光数据,并对记录结果进行统计学分析。结果:长时间近距离用眼的成年人近视患者复方托吡卡胺散瞳前后电脑验光结果具有显著差异性(P<0.01)。结论:对于新时期有长时间近距离用眼工作史的成年近视患者,复方托吡卡胺散瞳验光仍有必要性。     

比较阿托品和复方托吡卡胺对学龄期儿童散光的影响

目的：对6~12岁儿童使用阿托品和复方托吡卡胺麻痹睫状肌前后的散光变化进行矢量分析,探讨不同睫状肌麻痹剂对学龄期儿童散光的影响。方法：回顾性病例对照研究。收集2019年1月至2020年9月于南京医科大学附属儿童医院眼科门诊进行睫状肌麻痹验光的6~12岁儿童1 262例（1 262眼）,按使用不同睫状肌麻痹剂分为阿托品组（530眼）和复方托吡卡胺组（732眼）,均选取右眼作为研究对象。采用TOPCON KR 800型全自动电脑验光仪对所有儿童进行睫状肌麻痹前后电脑验光检查,记录球镜度、柱镜度和轴向。通过Thibos矢量分析方法将散光分解为J0和J45。睫状肌麻痹前后散光各矢量成分的差异比较采用t检验,睫状肌麻痹前后J0和J45的相关性采用Spearman相关分析,一致性采用Bland-Altman图描述。结果：复方托吡卡胺组睫状肌麻痹后J0成分增加0.04±0.13（t=8.34,P<0.001）。进一步按散光程度和SE高低分组,阿托品组睫状肌麻痹前后J0和J45差异均无统计学意义;复方托吡卡胺组J0差异在各组均有统计学意义（均P<0.001）,J45仅在高度散光组及近视组差异有统计学意义（t=-2.18,P=0.031;t=-2.67,P=0.008）。Spearman相关分析发现2组睫状肌麻痹前后J0和J45相关性高,Bland-Altman分析显示2组睫状肌麻痹前后J0和J45一致性均较好。结论：与阿托品相比,滴用复方托吡卡胺进行睫状肌麻痹后散光变化显著,特别是对近视或高度散光的学龄期儿童。     

盐酸环喷托酯、复方托吡卡胺与阿托品对儿童睫状肌麻痹效果的比较

目的：探讨盐酸环喷托酯、复方托吡卡胺与阿托品对不同年龄、屈光状态及调节性内斜视儿童的睫 状肌麻痹效果。方法：前瞻性临床研究。对2018年9月至2019年9月在武汉大学人民医院眼科就诊 的3～12岁屈光不正儿童283例（566眼）行睫状肌麻痹验光。所有患儿均先使用1%阿托品眼用凝胶 点眼后电脑验光,并随机分为A组和B组。2组均按年龄分为3～<6岁组和6～<12岁组,3～<6岁组 和6～<12岁组再分为无内斜近视组、无内斜远视组和伴内斜视组3个亚组。5周后,瞳孔大小及对光 反射恢复正常,A组使用1%盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液点眼后电脑验光,B组使用0.5%复方托吡卡胺滴眼 液点眼后电脑验光。采用Wilcoxon符号秩和检验对1%阿托品睫状肌麻痹前后电脑验光等效球镜度 （SE）差值、不同药物睫状肌麻痹后电脑验光差值进行统计分析。结果：1%阿托品散瞳后SE较散瞳 前偏正,SE差值为1.75（1.00～2.75）D,差异有统计学意义（Z=-20.62,P<0.001）。差异在3～<6岁 儿童、无内斜远视儿童及伴内斜视儿童中更明显（P<0.001）。A组使用1%阿托品散瞳后SE较使用 1%盐酸环喷托酯后偏正,SE差值为0.25（0.13～0.50）D（Z=-11.49,P<0.001）。3～<6岁组使用1% 阿托品后和使用1%盐酸环喷托酯后的SE差值在无内斜近视组、无内斜远视组和伴内斜视组分别为 0.25（0.25～0.25）D、0.38（0.25～0.50）D、0.50（0.38～0.75）D（Z=-3.34、-7.36、-4.95,均 P<0.001）。6～<12岁组的SE差值在3组为0（0～0.12）D、0.25（0.12～0.25）D、0.44（0.28～0.69）D （Z=-0.83,P=0.405;Z=-5.30,P<0.001;Z=-3.53,P<0.001）。B组使用1%阿托品散瞳后SE较使用0.5% 复方托吡卡胺后偏正,SE差值为0.25（0.13～0.50）D（Z=-15.46,P<0.001）。3～<6岁组使用1%阿 托品后和使用0.5%复方托吡卡胺后的SE差值在无内斜近视组、无内斜远视组和伴内斜视组分别为 0.25（0.19～0.25）D、0.38（0.25～0.75）D、0.69（0.30～1.03）D（Z=-3.15,P=0.002,Z=-9.89, P<0.001,Z=-4.79,P<0.001）。6～<12岁组的SE差值在3组分别为0（0～0.12）D、0.32（0.13～0.38）D、 0.50（0.41～0.50）D（Z=-1.37,P=0.171;Z=-7.15,P<0.001;Z=-4.37,P<0.001）。结论：1%盐酸环 喷托酯滴眼液或0.5%复方托吡卡胺滴眼液点眼后散瞳验光SE与1%阿托品眼用凝胶点眼后散瞳验光 的SE在6～<12岁无内斜视的近视儿童中相近,在3～<6岁和6～<12岁远视及伴内斜视儿童中存在 差异。     

Comparison of Cyclopentolate,Compound Tropicamide and Atropine on Cycloplegiain Children

Objective: To investigate and compare the cycloplegic effect of cyclopentolate, compound topicamide and atropine in children with different ages, refractive status and accommodative esotropia. Methods: This prospective clinical study had been conducted at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University between September 2018 and September 2019 in 283 children (566 eyes) of 3-12 years old with refractive error. All the children were given 1% atropine to obtain the refractive diopter, and they were randomly divided into group A and group B. The two group are divided into 3-<6 years old group and 6-<12 years old group according to age. The 3-<6 years old group and the 6-<12 years old group are divided into three subgroups: The myopia group without esotropia, the hyperopia group without esotropia and the esotropia group. After 5 weeks, pupil size and light reflex back to normal. Group A received 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride eye drops for computer optometry, and group B received 0.5% compound tropicamide eye drops for computer optometry. The Wilcoxon signed rank sum test was used to statistically analyze the difference of spherical equivalent of computer optometry before and after 1% atropine, and the difference of computer optometry after different cycloplegia. Results: The SE after 1% atropine was greater than before 1% atropine, the difference of SE was 1.75(1.00-2.75)D, and the difference was statistically significant (Z=-20.62, P<0.001). The difference was more obvious children with aged 3 to 6, children with hyperopia and children with esotropia (P<0.001). In group A, the SE after using 1% atropine was greater than that after using 1% cyclopentolate, and the difference of SE was 0.25(0.13-0.50)D (Z=-11.49, P<0.001). The difference of SE in 3-<6 years old group after using 1% atropine and 1% cyclopentolate in the myopia group without esotropia, hyperopia group without esotropia and esotropia group were 0.25(0.25-0.25)D, 0.38(0.25-0.50)D, 0.50(0.38-0.75)D (Z=-3.34, -7.36, -4.95, all P<0.001). The difference of SE of that 3 subgroups in the 6-<12 years group were 0(0-0.12)D, 0.25(0.12-0.25)D, 0.44(0.28-0.69)D (Z=-0.83, P=0.405; Z=-5.30, P<0.001; Z=-3.53, P<0.001). In group B, the SE after using 1% atropine was greater than that after using 0.5% compound tropicamide, and the difference of SE was 0.25(0.13-0.50)D (Z=-15.46, P<0.001). The difference of SE in 3-<6 years old group after using 1% atropine and 0.5% compound tropicamide in the myopia group without esotropia, hyperopia group without esotropia and esotropia group were 0.25(0.19- 0.25)D, 0.38(0.25-0.75)D, 0.69(0.30-1.03)D (Z=-3.15, P=0.002; Z=-9.89, P<0.001; Z=-4.79, P<0.001). The difference of SE of that 3 subgroups in the 6-<12 years group were 0(0-0.12)D, 0.32(0.13-0.38)D, 0.50(0.41-0.50)D (Z=-1.37, P=0.171; Z=-7.15, P<0.001; Z=-4.37, P<0.001). Conclusions: The spherical equivalent of mydriasis refraction with 1% cyclopentolate eye drops or 0.5% compound tropicamide eye drops is similar to that with 1% atropine in myopic children aged 6 to 12 years without esotropia, and it is different from that with 1% atropine in 3-<6 years old children and children with hyperopia and esotropia at 6-<12 years old.     

比较两种人工晶状体矫正老视效果的临床研究

目的比较非对称区域折射型多焦点人工晶状体(IOL)与衍射型三焦点IOL治疗年龄相关性白内障的疗效。 方法回顾性研究。收集2016年11月至2018年6月于成都爱尔眼科医院白内障中心行超声乳化白内障吸除联合IOL植入术57例(57只眼)患者的病历资料。其中,男性28例(28只眼),女性29例(29只眼);年龄50~76岁,平均年龄(63.3±5.5)岁。按照植入IOL的类型将患者分为区域折射组和衍射三焦组。检查并记录两组患者术前与术后3个月的术眼屈光度、裸眼远距离视力(UDVA)、裸眼中距离视力(UIVA)、裸眼近距离视力(UNVA)、最佳矫正远视力(BCDVA)、客观散射指数(OSI)、调制传递函数截止空间频率(MTF cutoff)、斯特列尔比值(SR)以及对比度视力。根据中文版VF-14视功能指数量表对上述指标进行评分,并对患者进行问卷调查。两组患者患眼的眼轴长度、角膜散光、术前UDVA、术前BCDVA、术后OSI、MTF cutoff、SR及中文版VF-14视功能指数量表评分等指标采用均数±标准差表示,并以独立样本t检验进行比较。UDVA、UIVA、UNVA、BCDVA及对比度视力采用中位数和四分位数间距表示。采用Mann-Whitney U检验,比较两组患者术后3个月术眼的UDVA、UIVA、UNVA、BCDVA以及对比度视力。 结果区域折射组和衍射三焦组患者的术后球镜屈光度分别为-0.75 D~+0.50 D和-0.50 D~+1.00 D。两组患者球镜屈光度位于-0.50 D~+0.50 D区间者占比的比较,差异无统计学意义(χ²＝0.000,P>0.05)。两组患者术后柱镜屈光度分别为0.00 D~-0.75 D和0.00 D~-1.00 D。两组患者柱镜屈光度位于-0.75 D~-1.00 D者占比的比较,差异无统计学意义(χ²＝0.459,P>0.05)。区域折射组患者术后的UDVA、UIVA、UNVA及BCDVA分别为0.10(0.00,0.10)、0.20(0.20,0.20)、0.20(0.10,0.20)及0.00(0.00,0.10);衍射三焦组患者术后分别为0.05(0.00,0.10)、0.20(0.10,0.20)、0.10(0.10,0.20)及0.00(0.00,0.05)。经Mann-Whitney U检验,两组患者术后UDVA、UNVA和BCDVA的比较,差异无统计学意义(Z＝-0.169,-1.265,-1.410;P>0.05);UIVA的比较,差异有统计学意义(Z＝-2.708,P<0.05)。区域折射组患者术后的OSI、MTF cutoff及SR分别为(1.9±0.7)、(24.755±7.751)c/deg和(0.126±0.029);衍射三焦组患者术后分别为(1.6±0.7)、(35.813±9.984)c/deg和(0.195±0.083)。经t检验,两组患者MTF cutoff和SR的比较,差异有统计学意义(t＝-5.419,-4.822;P<0.05);OSI的比较,差异无统计学意义(t＝1.959,P>0.05)。区域折射组患者术后在100%、20%和9%对比度下的对比度视力分别为0.70(0.60,0.90)、0.50(0.40,0.60)和0.30 (0.20,0.30);衍射三焦组分别为1.20(0.95,1.50)、0.70(0.60,0.90)和0.50(0.30,0.70)。经Mann-Whitney U检验,两组患者对比度视力的比较,差异有统计学意义(Z＝-4.882,-4.829,-3.676;P<0.05)。区域折射组与衍射三焦组的中文版VF-14视功能指数量表评分分别为(94.39±4.74)分与(96.86±3.63)分,两者比较的差异无统计学意义(t＝-0.075,P>0.05)。区域折射组与衍射三焦组眩光的发生率分别为10.7%与6.9%。两组近脱镜率和眩光发生率的比较,差异无统计学意义(χ²＝0.181,0.002;P>0.05)。区域折射组与衍射三焦组轻度光晕的发生率分别为3.57%与27.59%,差异有统计学意义(χ²＝4.505,P<0.05)。 结论两种老视矫正型IOL均能为年龄相关性白内障患者提供较好的全程视力,术后患眼屈光度可预测性好,而衍射型三焦点IOL客观视网膜成像质量的评估方面较区域折射型多焦点IOL略好。     

Laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia and hyperopia using the Lasersight 200 laser in 300 consecutive eyes

PURPOSE: To evaluate effectiveness, safety, predictability, and short-term stability of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using the LaserSight Compac-200 Mini excimer laser with software version 9.0, for all refractive errors. METHODS: One hundred fifty consecutive patients (300 eyes) that received bilateral LASIK for myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism were studied prospectively. A new 9.0 software version applying a modified nomogram that takes advantage of bilateral surgery was used. Follow-up at 6 months was available for 267 eyes (89%). RESULTS: Six months postoperatively, 131 eyes (96.32%) in the low to moderate myopia group (-1.00 to -5.99 D; n=136) had a spherical equivalent refraction within +/-1.00 D, and 123 eyes (90.44%) were within +/-0.50 D of emmetropia. In the high to extreme myopia group (-6.00 to -25.00 D; n=114), 97 eyes (87.08%) had a spherical equivalent refraction within +/-1.00 D and 78 eyes (68.42%) were within +/-0.50 D of emmetropia. In the hyperopia group (+1.00 to +6.00 D; n=50), 44 eyes (88%) had a postoperative spherical equivalent refraction within +/-1.00 D, and 31 eyes (62%) were within +/-0.50 D of emmetropia. Mean change in spherical equivalent refraction at 6 months was less than -0.50 D in the low to high myopia groups and -1.16 +/- 0.55 D in the extreme myopia group. At 6 months follow-up, uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 73 eyes (54%) in the low to moderate myopia groups and 21 eyes (18%) in the high to extreme myopia groups. In the hyperopia group at 6 months follow-up, uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 31 eyes (62%) and 20/40 or better in 41 eyes (82%). Only two eyes had a temporary loss of two or more lines of spectacle-corrected visual acuity due to corneal folds that were surgically treated. Six months after LASIK, no eye had lost any lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity in this series. CONCLUSIONS: Our modified LASIK nomogram with the 9.0 software of the LaserSight 200 excimer laser (with a larger and smoother ablation pattern) resulted in safe and effective outcomes for the treatment of low to high myopia, astigmatism, and hyperopia.     

眼轴与角膜曲率半径比值定性评估青少年儿童近视的准确性

目的评价眼轴与平均角膜曲率半径比值（简称轴率比）诊断青少年儿童近视的准确性。方法横断面研究。根据纳入标准,连续选取2012年12月至2014年9月期间,在上海儿童医学中心眼科门诊首诊的3~17岁屈光不正青少年儿童共1 011例。检查记录患儿双眼裸眼视力、眼轴、平均角膜曲率半径等,计算轴率比（AL/CR）。双眼睫状肌麻痹后视网膜检影及主觉验光,记录主觉验光的等效球镜度（SE）。以SE≤-0.50 D为近视诊断标准,AL/CR>3为可疑近视。数据行正态性检验、秩相关分析及ROC曲线分析等处理。结果AL/CR和SE均非正态分布,AL/CR为3.05（2.27,3.54）,SE为-1.25 D（-11.38 D,+11.63 D）,AL/CR与SE呈负相关（r=-0.563,P<0.01）,与诊断近视的金标准睫状肌麻痹下主觉验光相比,AL/CR诊断近视的灵敏度为0.896,特异度为0.918,准确度为90.3%,Kappa系数为0.790,ROC曲线下面积为0.965（P<0.01）。结论轴率比>3对近视的定性诊断价值较高。     

儿童弱视愈后转归情况的分析

目的:探讨儿童弱视治愈后的转归情况,寻找脱镜指标及防止弱视复发、发生假性近视和形成真性近视的途径。方法:对治愈的儿童弱视368例678眼进行3～7a的观察,每1～2mo复查1次,均检查裸眼远近视力、眼位、屈光间质、眼底、注视性质、电脑验光、小瞳孔下动态检影或必要时阿托品散瞳验光等。符合以下4项指标可以脱镜:(1)双眼裸视远近视力≥1.0,≥6mo;(2)眼位正常或斜视性弱视的残余斜视度<5。者;(3)远视屈光度≤+1.00DS;(4)远视散光度≤+0.50DC。若发现裸眼远视力≤0.9时,就一定要查清原因给予恰当治疗。结果:本组368例678眼的弱视儿童治愈后,经3～7a的治疗,有205例364眼(53.7%)脱镜,其中轻度弱视244眼脱镜率为70.5%,高于中度114眼(37.4%)和重度6眼(22.2%)。屈光不正性弱视脱镜305眼,脱镜率为59.0%,屈光参差性29眼42.0%,斜视性30眼32.6%,无明显差异。单纯远视性弱视脱镜316眼,脱镜率为62.7%,高于单纯远散11眼(28.2%)和复性远散37眼(30.1%);而单纯近视性弱视和单纯近散、复性近散性弱视均没能脱镜。弱视儿童初戴眼镜属低屈光度(球镜≤3.00D,柱镜≤1.00D)脱镜289眼,脱镜率为58.7%,中度(球镜3.25～4.75D,柱镜1.25～1.50D)58眼48.7%,高于高度(球镜≥5.00D,柱镜≥1.75D)17眼(25.4%)。从就诊时的年龄上看3～8岁者脱镜率高。还发现弱视复发6例9眼,发生率为1.3%;发生假性近视7例10眼,发生率为1.5%;形成真性近视31例62眼,发生率为9.1%;残余斜视4例4眼,发生率为0.6%。还需要继续治疗观察者115例229眼,占治愈眼数的33.8%。结论:分析儿童弱视治愈后病例的追踪观察,对巩固疗效,降低复发率,提高远期疗效是有实际价值和意义的。从转归情况分析:长期定期追踪观察能早期发现弱视复发、假性近视,及时采取正确治疗措施,可防止形成真性近视和提高弱视的治疗效果。同时证明上述4项脱镜指标是可行的;脱镜后仍要坚持追踪观察,最好观察超过视力发育敏感期12岁之后。     

Laser in situ keratomileusis for hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism with the Nidek EC-5000 Excimer laser.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the efficacy, predictability, stability, and safety of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed for 92 eyes of 62 consecutive patients to evaluate uncorrected (UCVA) and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) and manifest refraction before and 3 and 6 months after LASIK (Moria LSK-ONE microkeratome, Nidek EC-5000 excimer laser). Eyes were divided into groups: Group 1 (low hyperopia) for spherical correction of +1.00 to +3.00 D (22 eyes), Group 2 (low hyperopic astigmatism) for toric correction with spherical equivalent refraction of +1.00 to +3.00 D (18 eyes), Group 3 (moderate hyperopia) for spherical correction of +3.25 to +6.00 D (10 eyes), and Group 4 (moderate hyperopic astigmatism) for toric correction with spherical equivalent refraction between +3.25 and +6.00 D (18 eyes). RESULTS: At 3 and 6 months after LASIK, 68 eyes (73.9%) were available for follow-up examination. Percentage of eyes with a spherical equivalent refraction within +/-0.50 D of emmetropia for Group 1 was 54.5% (12 eyes); Group 2, 50% (9 eyes); Group 3, 40% (4 eyes), and Group 4, 38.8% (7 eyes). UCVA > or =20/20 in Group 1 was 14% and in Groups 2, 3, and 4, 0%. One eye (5.5%) lost two lines of BSCVA. CONCLUSION: LASIK with the Moria LSK-ONE microkeratome and the Nidek EC-5000 excimer laser reduced low and moderate hyperopia and was within +/-0.50 D of target outcome in approximately 50% of eyes. Undercorrection was evident in all groups. The procedure was safe.     

Visual and refractive results of combined PTK/PRK in patients with corneal surface disease and refractive errors

PURPOSE: To investigate the changes in symptoms, refraction, and visual acuity (VA) in patients with corneal surface disease and refractive errors who had phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) combined with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). SETTING: University-based referral practice. METHODS: Patients with myopia or astigmatism and map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy or recurrent erosions were treated. The corneal epithelium was removed with a 64 blade, and laser was performed using a Visx Star S3 laser. RESULTS: Nineteen eyes of 14 patients were treated. Preoperatively, mean myopia was -3.76 diopters (D) (range -7.50 to -0.75 D), mean astigmatism was +0.96 D (range 0.00 to +2.25 D), and mean UCVA was 20/400. At 3 months, mean myopia was -0.53 D (range -1.75 to +0.75 D) (P<.001), mean astigmatism was +0.58 D (range 0.00 to +1.25 D) (P = .05), and mean uncorrected VA was 20/23 (P<.001). At 6 months, mean myopia was -0.31 D (range -1.00 to +0.75 D) (P<.001), mean astigmatism was +0.56 D (range 0.00 to +1.25 D) (P = .05), and mean uncorrected VA was 20/23 (P<.001). The change in astigmatism was confirmed by vector analysis. Only 1 patient lost 1 line of acuity, and all patients were asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: Patients with myopia and astigmatism and symptomatic epithelial basement membrane disorders who had PTK/PRK had resolution of their symptoms and nearly achieved emmetropia. Therefore, this procedure is safe and effective for patients with corneal surface disease and myopia.     

LASIK for hyperopia with the WaveLight excimer laser

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the ALLEGRETTO WAVE excimer laser system (WaveLight Laser Technologie AG, Erlangen, Germany) in LASIK for hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism. METHODS: One hundred twenty consecutive LASIK cases for hyperopia with or without astigmatism treated with the ALLEGRETTO WAVE excimer laser were prospectively evaluated up to 12 months postoperatively. Patients were allocated into three groups according to their refractive sphere and cylinder: a low hyperopia group, with up to +3.00 diopters (D) sphere and astigmatism < or = +1.00 D (n = 52); a moderate hyperopia group with +3.25 to +5.00 D sphere and astigmatism of < or = +1.00 D (n = 45); and a high hyperopia/toric group with sphere > or = +5.25 D or cylinder > or = +1.25.D (n = 23). Flaps were created with the Moria M2 microkeratome (Moria, Antony, France). Parameters evaluated were pre- and postoperative refractive error, uncorrected visual acuity, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), higher order aberration change, and contrast sensitivity. RESULTS: One hundred twelve eyes (93%) were available for follow-up at 12 months. Of the eyes in the low hyperopia group, 92% were within +/- 0.50 D of the refractive goal. For the moderate sphere group and the high hyperopia/toric group, 79% and 71% of eyes, respectively, were within +/- 0.50 D of the refractive goal. No eye lost > or = 2 lines of BSCVA. An increase in higher order aberrations was noted in the high hyperopia/toric group from 0.47 microm (+/- 0.096) to 0.94 microm (+/- 0.167) (P < .001). No significant changes in higher order aberrations were noted in the low and moderate hyperopia groups. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperopic LASIK using the WaveLight ALLEGRETTO WAVE excimer laser appears to be safe and effective in the correction of low, moderate, and high hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism.     

Astigmatism in Chinese primary school children: prevalence,change, and effect on myopic shift

Purpose

To study the prevalence, type, and progression of astigmatism in primary school children, and its effect on myopic shift.

Study design

A prospective study carried out in a primary school in southern Taiwan.

Methods

The study was performed on a subset of children, one year after initial examination. Refractive error measured by cycloplegic autorefraction was the main study outcome. Astigmatism was recorded as negative cylinder form, and we defined clinical significant astigmatism (CSA) as cylinder refraction -1.0 D or greater. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of -0.50 D or greater.

Results

Three hundred sixty-two children, mean age was 8.97 y/o (SD 1.41; range 7 to 11 y/o) participated in the study. One hundred nineteen (32.9 %) subjects had CSA at the initial screening. The mean cylinder refraction was -0.80 + 0.84 diopters (D) (-5.25 D to 0.00 D), with predominant with rule astigmatism (69.7%). In the 183 children studied longitudinally, the mean cylinder refraction was reduced from -0.74 D to -0.58 D (p< 0.05). The cylinder refraction in the initial CSA group was not associated with SER change (p=0.99) or axial length change (p=0.55). Compared to the initial non-CSA group, the initial CSA group had no significant difference in axial length elongation (p=0.20).

Conclusion

The prevalence of astigmatism was not low in the Chinese primary school children and with-the-rule astigmatism was predominant. The astigmatism decreased during the 1 year follow-up. The CSA was not associated with myopia progression (p=0.99).