某军校学员膳食调查及营养状况分析

目的调查分析某军校学员膳食营养状况, 为指导学员合理膳食提供依据。方法通过计算体质量指数(BMI)调查学员体格状况;采用称重法调查学员的膳食, 计算每人每日食物和营养素的摄入量以及产能营养素的供能比;采空腹血, 分析空腹血糖、尿酸、总胆固醇等血液生化指标, 了解学员营养状况。结果被调查学员BMI为22.1±1.7, 正常率为83.2%;学员每人每日平均能量摄入量为12.13 MJ, 三大产能营养素的供能比分别为蛋白质19.24%、脂肪45.94%、碳水化物34.82%, 膳食结构为高蛋白高脂肪低碳水化合物, 其中粮食、鱼虾类、大豆、蔬菜、水果、食用菌、干菜类等摄入不足, 禽肉摄入量过高;维生素B1摄入略不足, 维生素E和烟酸摄入超标;钠、磷、铁和硒摄入量过高, 镁、钙、锌摄入不足;0.76%的学员空腹血糖过低, 36.36%的学员血尿酸偏高, 分别有7.58%和3.03%的学员血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)处于临界水平。结论该军校学员日常食物摄入种类丰富, 能量基本达标, 但膳食结构不尽合理, 营养素摄入不均衡, 应加强对学员的膳食营养知识宣教。     

轰炸机飞行人员膳食结构与BMI的网络相关性分析

目的 分析轰炸机飞行人员体质量指数(BMI)同膳食营养素摄入水平相关性,为轰炸机飞行人员提供膳食指导。方法 选取50名轰炸机飞行人员,采用半定量食物频数方法(semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire,SQFFQ)进行膳食调查,评价营养素摄入情况,同时测量身高和体质量,并计算BMI。结果 收回有效问卷31份,轰炸机飞行人员超重/肥胖(BMI≥24 kg/m²)10名(32.26%);膳食组成中除粮谷类、豆类及其制品外,其他类食物摄入不足;膳食营养素中碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的供能比,动物性蛋白质、动物性脂肪的构成比基本符合《军人营养素供给量》标准。轰炸机飞行人员膳食结构可分为两类,分别以粮谷类食物摄入为主(膳食模式1型)和肉禽水产类、豆类及其制品和蔬菜为主(膳食模式2型),膳食模式1型飞行人员超重/肥胖比例显著高于膳食模式2型飞行人员。网络相关性分析显示膳食模式1型飞行人员膳食结构不均衡,各类食物摄入呈现聚集性,其中粮谷类食物、富含蛋白类食物与BMI呈正相关。轰炸机飞行人员BMI与膳食总能量呈正相关(r=0.545...     

15d-6°头低位卧床女性志愿者主要膳食营养素摄人分析

目的 了解女性志愿者15 d头低位卧床实验期间主要膳食营养素摄取情况.方法 采用称重和化学分析相结合的方法对22名志愿者15 d卧床前期和后期进行2次膳食调查,每次连续3 d.结果 从三大营养素供热构成来看,女性志愿者整个卧床期间蛋白质摄入偏高,碳水化合物摄入偏低,脂肪摄入基本满足要求;头低位卧床对照组((20N)的能...     

热区某海军陆战队野外驻训期间膳食营养及认知功能调查

目的 了解驻海南某海军陆战队野外驻训期间的膳食营养状况并对认知功能进行评价,为指导热区部队合理膳食提供依据.方法 分别采用记账法调查官兵2020年7-8月驻训期间的膳食,24 h生活观察法调查官兵每日能量消耗,通过计算体质指数(BMI)调查官兵体格状况;采用问卷调查了解官兵常见营养缺乏症状以及伙食供应情况,通过蒙特利尔认知评价量表进行认知功能评价.结果 被调查官兵能量摄入与能量消耗基本平衡,但脂肪供能比过高,碳水化合物供能比过低;粮食、蔬菜、畜肉、鱼虾、大豆、菌菇和牛奶摄入不足,禽肉、水果和植物油摄入过量;维生素B1、B2、锌摄入不足,维生素A、C、E、D、磷、碘、硒、铁摄入过量;官兵平均BMI 21.9±1.8,合格率89.3％;自诉营养缺乏症中肌无力、口腔和舌溃疡发生比例较高;认知功能评价平均(24.85±2.94)分,合格率55％.结论 该部队驻训期间食物供应种类丰富,能量摄入达标,但膳食结构不合理,营养素摄入不均衡,官兵认知功能评估分值偏低;建议优化膳食结构,改善饮食习惯,适当服用营养补充剂,以促进官兵身体健康、维护作业能力.     

潜艇人员营养 KAP与膳食营养状况调查及体检结果分析

目的探讨潜艇人员营养知识、态度、行为(KAP)及膳食营养状况和营养相关疾病发病率, 为潜艇人员的营养干预提供依据与方向。方法采用便利抽样方法, 选取282名潜艇人员作为调查对象并进行营养KAP问卷调查, 采用称重法进行膳食营养状况调查, 同时进行健康体检。结果潜艇人员营养KAP得分28～39分[(34.27±4.16)分], 其中营养知识(8.97±2.36)分、营养态度(9.51±3.47)分、营养行为(17.58±2.45)分。潜艇人员各类食物摄入量与军标比较, 除油脂超标外, 其他各类食物均未达标。能量和营养素摄入情况显示, 潜艇人员能量、钾、镁、磷、铁和烟酸均达标;蛋白质、钠和维生素E摄入超标;钙、锌、硒、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2和维生素C摄入不足。体检结果异常者111人, 异常指标居于前三位的为超重(28.01%)、骨矿含量减少(26.95%)、高尿酸血症(26.24%)。结论潜艇人员营养KAP水平不高, 存在一些不良的饮食习惯, 营养素摄入存在不均衡现象, 体格检查中营养相关异常指标检出率较高。应对潜艇人员进行营养KAP教育, 以改变其不良饮食习惯, 促进其身体强健...     

某野战医疗所演习期间膳食情况调查

目的：了解某部野战医疗所官兵演习期间的营养状况,为今后演习训练中合理调配膳食提供依据。方法：采用记账法,对某部野战医疗所参加演习的官兵118例进行30天膳食情况调查,以军队食物定量标准及营养素供给量标准进行统计分析。结果：食物摄入以谷类、蔬菜为主,平均每人每天摄入的热能为15.5MJ;蛋白质、脂肪、糖类三大营养素占总热量的比例分别为14.8%、36.1%和49.1%。结论：总热量摄入可以满足野外演习训练的需要,但三大营养素摄入比例不合理,脂肪摄入超标,糖类摄入不足。     

重竞技搏击项目运动员增重方法探讨——附1例跆拳道运动员个案报道

目的:通过膳食营养恢复手段紧密结合训练计划,使跆拳道运动员达到理想体重目标。方法:以1名男子跆拳道运动员为研究对象,采用SenseWear Armband能量监测仪测定其全天的能量消耗;运用称重法和《运动员及大众膳食营养分析与管理系统》测量和分析受试对象的能量摄入状况;采用营养素择时补充原则指导运动员进行能量补充。结果:(1)运用SenseWear Armband能量监测仪,结合《运动员及大众膳食营养分析与管理系统》调查计算可对运动员在训练比赛期的能量代谢情况进行准确有效的监控和评价,并对运动员的膳食计划进行有效矫正。(2)根据择时补充原则,结合训练计划按照一定比例进行碳水化合物及蛋白质的补充,可有效增加瘦体重。     

某部机务人员膳食营养调查分析

目的：调查了解机务人员的膳食情况,为合理安排膳食和改善官兵营养提供依据。方法：对某部机务灶膳食情况进行连续1周的调查,采用食物称量法和营养调查软件计算,并进行体格检查。结果：该部队膳食粮食以谷类为主,蔬菜以根茎,叶类为主,肉以畜禽类为主。每人每天摄入能量8737kJ、蛋白质摄入量为76．3g,铁和硒离子摄入充足,维生素、钙和锌离子摄入不足。结论：该部队膳食营养水平基本达到标准,但在某些微量元素摄入方面略显不足,维生素、钙和锌离子摄入不足,营养结构有待改善。     

空军飞行人员营养膳食状况调查

目的 掌握当前飞行人员营养状况以及存在的问题,提出纠正措施. 方法 采用称重法进行膳食调查,食物重量精确到10 g,每个伙食单位连续调查3 d,其中包括1个飞行日.数据录入采用本所自行设计开发的"营养计算软件",该软件数据库采用中国疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所编制的<中国食物成分表2004>. 结果 飞行人员膳食摄入中蛋白质和脂肪偏高、碳水化合物偏低.维生素A、维生素B_1、维生素B_2摄入量仅达到或接近标准低限,微量元素达到标准要求.南方和北方部队在膳食结构上没有明显差别. 结论 飞行人员膳食结构不平衡,某些营养素超标和另一些营养素缺乏同时存在.应采取措施减少脂肪摄入量,增加水果蔬菜和动物脏腑以提高维生素摄入量.     

水球和举重运动员集训时营养

本文对水球、举重运动员集训期膳食及蛋白质供给情况进行了调查。发现蛋白质、脂肪摄入偏高,糖摄入不足,V_A、V_(B1)、V_(B2)、V_(PP)摄入均示不足。主要原因是肉类摄入过多,烹调用油量大和主食摄入过少所致。文章提出了运动员合理膳食和科学安排的食谱要求。     

武警某机动部队官兵膳食营养调查

 目的 了解武警某机动部队官兵的膳食结构和营养状况,为指导其合理膳食提供参考。方法 选取某机动部队共514名官兵作为调查对象,采用称重法进行连续4 d的膳食调查,计算能量及营养素摄入情况,了解官兵的营养缺乏状况,采取体格检查和问卷调查的方式评估官兵的膳食结构和营养状况。结果 机动部队一类灶和二类灶官兵日人均能量摄入量符合军标,三类灶官兵日人均能量摄入量低于军标。一类灶官兵畜肉、鱼虾、大豆、蔗糖和干菜等摄入量低于军标,钠和维生素D摄入量低于军标;二类灶官兵鱼虾、大豆、蔗糖、食用菌、干菜和饮料等低于军标,磷、锌、硒和维生素D、E、B₁、B₂、B₆、C以及烟酸低于军标;三类灶官兵水果、鱼虾、牛奶、豆类等低于军标,钾、钙、磷、铁、锌、硒和维生素A、B₁、B₂、B₆以及维生素C低于军标。体格检查发现二类灶中有44.45%的官兵体质指数和体脂异常,问卷调查显示45.04%的官兵训练后感到疲乏和睡眠不好。结论 某机动部队官兵存在膳食结构不合理、供能比例不合理的情况。建议增加多种类型果蔬、鱼虾的摄入,适当减少动物性油脂的摄入。     

Vitamin D status of females in an elite gymnastics program.

OBJECTIVE: Vitamin D plays an important role in calcium and bone metabolism. In Australia it has been assumed that all young athletes have good vitamin D levels. A survey of females in an elite gymnastics program was undertaken to determine their vitamin D and dietary calcium status. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Females in an elite gymnastics program at the Australian Institute of Sport. PARTICIPANTS AND OUTCOME MEASURES: Eighteen female gymnasts aged 10-17 years were assessed for vitamin D status (serum 25[OH]D) and dietary calcium intake. RESULTS: Fifteen were found to have levels below current recommended guidelines for optimal bone health (<75 nmol/L). Six had vitamin D levels below 50 nmol/L. Thirteen of the gymnasts also had daily dietary calcium intakes below the daily recommended intake for their age. CONCLUSIONS: Gymnasts and possibly other indoor athletes should be carefully reviewed for vitamin D and calcium status.     

高原边防部队膳食营养调查分析

目的 了解高原边防部队膳食营养现状,为高原部队食物及营养素推荐摄入量标准的制定提供依据.方法 采用GJB 1636A-2016中称重法和体格检查法对驻海拔4600 m(A部)和4030 m(B部)单位的膳食营养情况进行调查.按GJB826B-2010和GJB823B-2016进行膳食质量评价;高效液相色谱法检测血浆维生素A含量,ELISA法检测血浆25-OH VD含量;上臂肌围采用GJB1636A-2016评价,体脂率采用体成分仪所附标准评价.结果 A部禽蛋、牛奶和植物油摄入达标,其余食物未达标;B部粮食和植物油摄入达标,其余食物摄入未达标.A部蛋白质、钙、磷、钠、铁、硒、碘、铜、锰、维生素E、B3摄入充足,能量、钾、锌、镁、维生素D、C、B1和B2摄入不足,维生素A、B6、B9和B12严重缺乏;B部能量、蛋白质、磷、钾、钠、锌、铁、硒、镁、铜、锰、维生素E、C、B1和B3摄入充足,维生素B2摄入不足,钙、碘、维生素A、D、B6、B9和B12严重缺乏.A部蛋白质和脂肪产热达标,碳水化合物产热过低;B部蛋白质产热达标,脂肪产热超标,碳水化合物产热过低.两单位人员血浆维生素A含量充足;血浆25-OH 维生素D含量不足及缺乏.A部和B部上臂肌围正常人数比分别为93.5%和97.7%,体脂率偏瘦人数比分别为80.6%和70.5%.结论 高原边防部队的食物和营养素摄入不均衡,机体维生素D缺乏,但蛋白质营养状况较好,体脂较低,还需调整膳食结构和进行营养宣教来改善高原部队膳食营养现状.     

武警某部2019年入伍战士骨密度与其饮食行为习惯的相关性

 目的 调查了解新兵骨密度与其饮食行为习惯的关系,为降低训练伤风险,推行科学合理的训练方案提供理论依据。方法 对武警某部2019年入伍的1489名战士进行骨密度测定,自行设计调查问卷对他们的膳食营养态度和饮食行为习惯进行现场问卷调查。纳入骨密度正常的和骨密度低下的共计780名战士资料进行相关分析,探讨骨密度的膳食影响因素。结果 膳食营养态度方面,骨密度正常组(476名)关注饮食健康和认为自己每天食物摄入均衡方面优于骨密度低下组(304名),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素回归结果显示:不偏食挑食(OR=0.534,95% CI 0.370~0.770),每天鸡蛋(OR=0.603,95% CI 0.412~0.882)、牛奶摄入(OR=0.419,95% CI 0.286~0.615)达到中国居民膳食指南推荐剂量,每天锻炼(OR=0.653,95% CI 0.449~0.949),户外活动时间≥2 h(OR=0.153,95% CI 0.057~0.411)是骨密度的保护因素;但是经常喝碳酸饮料(OR=3.182,95% CI 2.117~4.284)是骨密度的危险因素。结论 本次调查的入伍新兵38.8%为骨密度低下,应制定个体化的训练计划、普及相关知识、树立科学的饮食行为习惯提升骨密度值。     

Imbalanced nutrition of top-level swimmers

The aim of the present study was to monitor the nutritional status of 9 Greek national top-level swimmers during a competitive season of eight months. The swimmers were assessed through recording of food and supplement intake, blood sampling, and anthropometry at four landmarks: in the beginning of the season (baseline), after completing a phase of intensive and voluminous training (at 10 weeks), at a minor taper (19 weeks), and during the major taper (32 weeks). Energy and macronutrient intake did not change significantly over time, and only a few significant changes were found in micronutrient intakes. Low carbohydrate and high fat intakes (e.g., 36 and 42 % of total energy, respectively, in males), inadequate intake of some micronutrients, and improper use of supplements indicated suboptimal dietary habits. Blood hemoglobin fluctuated significantly during the season. No significant changes in parameters indicative of the iron stores (transferrin saturation and ferritin) were found, although iron intake increased by supplementation with the onset of training. Serum markers of training stress were not significantly altered. In conclusion, Greek top-level swimmers should be guided toward a balanced diet and a rational use of supplements. Monitoring of dietary intakes during a competitive season is highly recommended.     

Guidelines for daily carbohydrate intake: do athletes achieve them?

Official dietary guidelines for athletes are unanimous in their recommendation of high carbohydrate (CHO) intakes in routine or training diets. These guidelines have been criticised on the basis of a lack of scientific support for superior training adaptations and performance, and the apparent failure of successful athletes to achieve such dietary practices. Part of the problem rests with the expression of CHO intake guidelines in terms of percentage of dietary energy. It is preferable to provide recommendations for routine CHO intake in grams (relative to the body mass of the athlete) and allow flexibility for the athlete to meet these targets within the context of their energy needs and other dietary goals. CHO intake ranges of 5 to 7 g/kg/day for general training needs and 7 to 10 g/kg/day for the increased needs of endurance athletes are suggested. The limitations of dietary survey techniques should be recognised when assessing the adequacy of the dietary practices of athletes. In particular, the errors caused by under-reporting or undereating during the period of the dietary survey must be taken into account. A review of the current dietary survey literature of athletes shows that a typical male athlete achieves CHO intake within the recommended range (on a g/kg basis). Individual athletes may need nutritional education or dietary counselling to fine-tune their eating habits to meet specific CHO intake targets. Female athletes, particularly endurance athletes, are less likely to achieve these CHO intake guidelines. This is due to chronic or periodic restriction of total energy intake in order to achieve or maintain low levels of body fat. With professional counselling, female athletes may be helped to find a balance between bodyweight control issues and fuel intake goals. Although we look to the top athletes as role models, it is understandable that many do not achieve optimal nutrition practices. The real or apparent failure of these athletes to achieve the daily CHO intakes recommended by sports nutritionists does not necessarily invalidate the benefits of meeting such guidelines. Further longitudinal studies of training adaptation and performance are needed to determine differences in the outcomes of high versus moderate CHO intakes. In the meantime, the recommendations of sports nutritionists are based on plentiful evidence that increased CHO availability enhances endurance and performance during single exercise sessions.     

我军炮兵部队膳食调查与评价

目的：调查、评价我军炮兵部队膳食情况。方法：选择南京、北京、沈阳、广州四军区炮兵部队伙食单位作为调查对象,采用称重法进行为期5 d的膳食调查,同时采用军人食物定量、军人营养素供给量标准和膳食平衡指数法评价膳食结构存在的问题。结果：调查单位膳食结构不尽合理,谷类、豆类及其制品、蔬菜、水产品等摄入不足较普遍;猪肉、食用油的消费较高;奶类、蛋类、牛羊肉等摄入量则参差不齐。人均能量和大部分营养素摄入量基本达到军人营养素供给量规定水平;脂肪产能过高,达到34%-46%;钙摄入不足较突出;维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2缺乏比较普遍。结论：我军膳食结构存在一定问题,应用膳食平衡指数评价军人膳食结构简便易行,但需要针对部队实际情况进行完善。     

营养知识、态度和行为干预对潜艇官兵膳食营养状况及健康状况的改善效果

目的:探讨营养知识、态度和行为(KAP)干预对潜艇官兵营养状况和体检结果的干预效果,为促进潜艇官兵身体健康、强健体质提供策略。方法:采用整群随机抽样法选取264名潜艇官兵进行营养KAP干预1年,干预前后分别进行营养KAP问卷调查、膳食营养状况调查和健康状况检查。结果:干预1年后潜艇官兵营养KAP得分(36.17±5.72)较干预前(32.18±5.16)显著提高,差异有统计学意义( P<0.05)。膳食营养状况:干预后油脂类摄入量为(82.78±26.38) g,较干预前(121.24±21.32) g显著降低;干预后奶类摄入量为(220.36±20.57) g,较干预前(112.26±46.48) g显著提高;差异均有统计学意义( P<0.05)。健康状况:干预后体检结果异常检出率为45.18%,较干预前的73.31%显著降低,差异有统计学意义( P<0.05)。 结论:通过对潜艇官兵进行营养KAP干预,官兵膳食营养状况及体检结果得到改善,营养KAP干预可有效保障官兵健康。     

Nutrition and hydration concerns of the female football player

There is little information on the nutritional habits of female football players at any level of the game. There is also a shortage of information on the nutrition and hydration strategies that players should adopt. In general, differences in nutritional needs between males and females are smaller than differences between individuals, so that principles developed for male players also apply to women. There is a need to address energy balance and body composition: prolonged energy deficits cannot be sustained without harm to health and performance. Published reports show mean carbohydrate intakes for female players of about 5 g/kg/day, and this seems to be too low to sustain consistent intensive training. The timing of protein intake may be as important as the amounts consumed, provided that the total intake is adequate. Dehydration adversely affects skill and stamina in women as it does in men, so an individualised hydration strategy should be developed. The prevalence of iron deficiency in women generally is high, but it seems to be alarmingly high in female players. All players should adopt dietary habits that ensure adequate iron intake. Football training seems to increase bone mass in the weight-bearing limbs, with positive implications for bone health in later life, but some players may be at risk from inadequate calcium dietary intake.