内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗大肠侧向发育型肿瘤的探讨

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗大肠侧向发育型肿瘤(LST)的临床价值.方法 对肠镜检查诊断为LST且直径＞2 cm的32例病变进行ESD治疗,回顾性分析病变特征(如病变类型、大小、部位)以及手术结果(一次性完整切除率、手术时间、并发症、病理诊断、随访情况等).结果 32例大肠LST,肿瘤直径2.5 ～8.0 cm,平均(4.1±2.1)cm,29例(90.6％)一次性完整切除.ESD手术时间25 ～300 min,平均(75.7±66.0) min.术中5例(15.6％)出现动脉血管出血,行止血夹或电凝成功止血;迟发性出血2例(6.25％);穿孔3例(9.4％),均行内镜下金属夹闭合,内科治疗成功.术后病理诊断为低级别瘤变19例、高级别瘤变6例、癌变7例.病变局限于黏膜层25例,黏膜下浅层(sm1)5例,黏膜下深层(sm2)2例追加外科手术.20例术后随访3～12个月,平均(7.0±3.6)个月,均无复发.结论 对直径＞2m的LST,选择ESD治疗切除彻底,安全性高,复发率低.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗不同亚型结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤的临床与病理研究

目的 研究结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤(LST)各亚型相关的临床病理学特点以及内镜黏膜下剥离术( ESD)治疗的疗效与安全性.方法 对经ESD治疗的174例结直肠LST病变的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析.先按内镜下表面形态将LST分为4个亚型,然后对各亚型的临床病理特点以及ESD治疗的切除率、操作时间、并发症和复发情况等进行分析.结果 在颗粒型(LST-G)病变中,结节混合型的病变大小[(35.3±14.2)mm]、高级别上皮内瘤变及黏膜下癌的发生率(51.0％)、操作时间[(52.1±33.0)min)]均明显大于颗粒均一亚型;而非颗粒型(LST-NG)的伪凹陷型的病变大小[(30.1±9.1)mm]、黏膜下癌的发生率(11.1％)和操作时间[(62.7±31.0) min]均明显大于扁平隆起型.LST-G与LST-NG及各亚型之间整块切除率、完整切除率及完整治愈切除率差异均无统计学意义.LST-G的颗粒均一型及LST-NG的扁平隆起型无明显并发症发生,结节混合型术后出血率为4.6％,穿孔率为3.5％;伪凹陷型术后出血率和穿孔率均为11.1％.1例伪凹陷型在术后第6个月复查发现复发.结论 结节混合型和伪凹陷型由于病变较大、黏膜下侵犯的概率高,所需操作时间较长,并发症发生率较高,应由操作技术高者来完成.无论是临床治疗还是基础研究,准确区分这4种亚型是很有必要的.     

新型牵引装置在结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤内镜黏膜下剥离术中的有效性研究

目的 研究新型牵引装置在结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤（laterally spreading tumor,LST）内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）中的有效性。 方法 收集2018年8月—2020年4月首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院内镜中心经ESD治疗的结直肠LST患者资料,根据手术过程中是否使用牵引,分为传统ESD组（不使用牵引）及牵引辅助ESD组（利用3个夹子和1个橡皮圈组成弹性三角形牵引装置进行牵引）。分析两组总切除时间、黏膜下剥离时间、黏膜下剥离速率以及安全性等相关指标。 结果 共纳入54例结直肠LST患者,其中29例为传统ESD组,25例为牵引辅助ESD组。两组年龄、性别构成、病变位置比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。牵引辅助ESD组的病变面积为13.30（7.55,15.91）cm2,较传统ESD组的6.90（5.50,13.50）cm2大,差异有统计学意义（U=503.50,P=0.014）。传统ESD组与牵引辅助ESD组总切除时间[48.00（35.50,58.00）min比34.00（29.00,35.00）min,U=109.00,P<0.001]和黏膜下剥离时间[（39.52±12.37） min比（25.68±7.37）min,t=4.89,P<0.001]比较差异有统计学意义。牵引辅助ESD组黏膜下剥离速率快于传统ESD组[0.17（0.13,0.30）cm2/min比0.52（0.30,0.62）cm2/min,U=604.00,P<0.001]。传统ESD组有2例（6.9%）穿孔,牵引辅助ESD无穿孔发生,但穿孔发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.493）。 结论 利用夹子及橡皮圈进行牵引辅助的ESD相对于传统ESD治疗结直肠LST更加安全、有效。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗大肠侧向发育型息肉25例

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术( ESD)治疗大肠侧向发育型息肉的临床价值.方法 应用染色、放大内镜及超声内镜检测病变范围及侵犯深度,对位于黏膜层或黏膜下层侧向发育型息肉行ESD治疗,完整剥离病变组织后送病检,所有病例术后内镜定期随访.结果 25例均完整剥离,病灶直径2.5 ～6.0 cm,平均4.0 cm;ESD手术时...     

结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤内镜黏膜下剥离术手术时长的影响因素

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）治疗结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤（laterally spreading tumor,LST）手术时长的影响因素。方法回顾性纳入于2013年6月—2019年3月在北京市消化疾病中心行ESD治疗的结直肠LST患者。对ESD手术时间延长（≥60 min）的影响因素先进行单因素分析,对于其中有统计学差异的因素再纳入多因素Logistic回归分析独立危险因素。结果纳入了201位患者,年龄(65.05±10.44)岁,其中男性占53.73%。患者有病变213处,病变长径(2.52±1.67)cm。病变整块切除率、完整切除率和治愈性切除率分别为93.90%、84.04%和79.81%。术中穿孔率、迟发穿孔率和迟发出血率分别为1.88%、0.94%和1.41%。单因素分析显示,病变直径≥3 cm（OR=13.48,P<0.001）、结节混合型（OR=25.28,P=0.002）、颗粒均一型（OR=9.00,P=0.045）、位于直乙部位（OR=3.08,P=0.002）以及抬举征阴性（OR=3.40,P=0.012）与ESD手术时间延长相关。多因素Logistic回归分析表明,直径≥3 cm（OR=9.29,P<0.001）、结节混合型（OR=8.80,P=0.043）和抬举征阴性（OR=3.43,P=0.043）是手术时间延长的独立危险因素。ESD手术时间延长,病变的完整切除率（69.56%比88.55%,P=0.003）和治愈性切除率（63.64%比85.50%,P=0.002）显著降低,发生癌变的风险显著升高（86.96%比51.91%,P<0.001）。结论当LST直径≥3 cm、结节混合型或抬举征阴性时,ESD的手术时间延长。手术时间越长,ESD的切除效率越低,病变发生癌变的风险越高。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗累及齿状线的直肠侧向发育型肿瘤一例

本文报道了1例累及齿状线的直肠侧向发育型肿瘤的隧道法内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗情况,并就术前准备、术中注意事项、手术策略、术后并发症的发生和处理方面进行了讨论。     

内镜治疗结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤64例临床观察

目的观察内镜下治疗结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤(LST)的临床效果。方法回顾性分析确诊为LST并行内镜下治疗的64例患者,按治疗方式分为内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)/内镜下黏膜分片切除术(EPMR)组40例、内镜下黏膜剥离术(ESD)组11例和EPMR+ESD组13例,观察各组的残留率、出血率、出血量、穿孔率及复发率,并同时记录病灶部位、大小、术后病理、癌变情况。结果 EMR/EPMR组、ESD组、EPMR+ESD组术后发生活动性出血各有5例(13.89%)、2例(18.18%)、2例(15.38%),发生穿孔各有1例(2.78%)、1例(9.01%)、3例(23.8%),3组间出血率及出血量差异无统计学意义(P0.05),穿孔率的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。ESD组和EPMR+ESD组均无残留及复发,EMR/EPMR组术后残留率为11.11%,6例出现复发(16.67%),3组间残留及复发率差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。64例LST共发现6例癌变(9.38%)。结论 EMR/EPMR、ESD、EPMR+ESD这3种术式治疗LST均易引起术后迟发型出血,然而EPMR+ESD术会导致更多的出血量,并较EPMR术更容易发生穿孔情况,但EMR/EPMR术相较于其他两组术式,更容易发生残留及复发,需加强术后随访。     

内镜下黏膜剥离术治疗直径≥20 mm结直肠侧向发育肿瘤并发出血及穿孔的危险因素分析

目的 探讨内镜下黏膜剥离术(ESD)治疗直径≥20 mm的结直肠侧向发育肿瘤(LST)并发出血、穿孔的影响因素。方法 纳入2016年1月～2019年12月病变直径≥20 mm且行ESD治疗的结直肠LST患者172例,根据术后是否并发出血或穿孔,将172例患者分别分为出血组(9例)和非出血组(163例)、穿孔组(14例)和非穿孔组(158例)。对入组患者并发出血、穿孔的危险因素进行分析。结果 出血发生率为5.23%,穿孔发生率为8.14%,手术时间≥120 min是ESD治疗直径≥20 mm结直肠LST并发出血的独立危险因素(OR=0.205,95%CI 0.051～0.822,P=0.025),高龄(OR=0.945,95%CI 0.897～0.996,P=0.035)及病灶纤维化(OR=0.105,95%CI 0.027～0.405,P=0.001)是ESD治疗直径≥20 mm结直肠LST发生穿孔的独立危险因素。结论 在ESD治疗直径≥20 mm的结直肠LST过程中,手术时间≥120 min为术后并发出血的危险因素,高龄及病灶纤维化会增加穿孔发生的可能。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗直肠累及齿状线的侧向发育型肿瘤疗效分析

目的探讨直肠累及齿状线的侧向发育型肿瘤（laterally spreading tumor,LST）的特点,评估内镜下黏膜剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）治疗直肠累及齿状线LST的疗效及安全性。 方法收集2012年10月至2014年10月湖北省肿瘤医院内镜科采用ESD术治疗的45例直肠累及齿状线的LST的临床资料,回顾性分析病变类型、大小、手术时间、一次性完整切除率、并发症的发生、病理诊断、随访情况等。 结果45例直肠累及齿状线的LST,肿瘤直径12 mm~66 mm,平均28±15 mm,45例（100%）均一次性完整切除,ESD手时间45 min~240 min,平均100±25 min。迟发性出血6例,发生率13.3%（6/45）,均行内镜下止血成功,发生术中穿孔2例,发生率4.4%（2/45）,经止血夹夹闭创面后内科治疗后痊愈。术后病理诊断低级别上皮内瘤变37例,高级别上皮内瘤变8例,病变均局限于黏膜层。45例患者平均随访时间30.2个月（10~46个月）,所有患者均无肿瘤复发或残留,术后排便功能正常。 结论ESD治疗直肠累及齿状线的LST切除彻底,安全性好,复发率低,对肛管排便功能无明显影响。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗≥20 mm结直肠肿瘤的临床结局分析

目的:探讨大的结直肠肿瘤经内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)治疗的结局,并分析影响ESD疗效的因素。方法:从2016年11月—2019年12月在北京医院消化内科行ESD治疗的结肠肿瘤患者中,筛选出病变长径≥20 mm、活检病理为结直肠腺瘤或腺癌的患者共82例,收...     

Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection in special locations

Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) is considered one of the most challenging endoscopic procedures for novice endoscopists. When compared with the stomach, the colon and rectum have a narrower tubular lumen, greater angulation at the flexures, and a thinner muscle layer. These factors make endoscopic control and maneuverability difficult. ESD of the colorectum was considered more difficult than gastric and esophageal ESD. However, with learning from the experts, practicing, and selecting an appropriate technique,most of colorectal ESD could be performed successfully. Nevertheless, some colorectal locations are extremely specialized either from unique anatomy or given unstable scope position. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to provide endoscopists with an overview of the techniques and outcomes associated with ESD at these special colorectal locations. ESD at the discussed special locations of the ileo-colo-rectum was found to be feasible, and outcomes were comparable to those of ESD performed in non-special locations of the ileocolo-rectum. Practice for skill improvement and awareness of the unique characteristics of each special location is the key to performing successful ESD.     

Balloon overtube-guided colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection

AIM: To evaluate the usefulness of a balloon overtube to assist colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) using a gastroscope.METHODS: The results of 45 consecutive patients who underwent colorectal ESD were analyzed in a single tertiary endoscopy center. In preoperative evaluation of access to the lesion, difficulties were experienced in the positioning and stabilization of a gastroscope in 15 patients who were thus assigned to the balloonguided ESD group. A balloon overtube was placed with a gastroscope to provide an endoscopic channel to the lesion in cases with preoperatively identified difficulties related to accessibility. Colorectal ESD was performed following standard procedures. A submucosal fluid bleb was created with hyaluronic acid solution. A circumferential mucosal incision was made to marginate the lesion. The isolated lesion was finally excised from the deeper layers with repetitive electrosurgical dissections with needle knives. The success of colorectal ESD,procedural feasibility, and procedure-related complications were the main outcomes and measurements.RESULTS: The overall en bloc excision rate of colorectal ESD during this study at our institution was 95.6%.En bloc excision of the lesion was successfully achieved in 13 of the 15 patients (86.7%) in the balloon overtube-guided colorectal ESD group, which was comparable to the results of the standard ESD group with better accessibility to the lesion (30/30, 100%, not statistically significant).CONCLUSION: Use of a balloon overtube can improve access to the lesion and facilitate scope manipulation for colorectal ESD.     

Severe splenic rupture after colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection

Splenic rupture (SR) after colonoscopy is a very rare but potentially serious complication. Delayed diagnosis is common, and may increase morbidity and mortality associated. There is no clear relation between SR and difficult diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, but it has been suggested that loop formation and excessive torquing might be risk factors. This is a case of a 65-year-old woman who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for lateral spreading tumor in the descending colon, and 36 h afterwards presented symptoms and signs of severe hypotension due to SR. Standard splenectomy was completed and the patient recovered uneventfully. Colorectal ESD is usually a long and position-demanding technique, implying torquing and loop formation. To our knowledge this is the first case of SR after colorectal ESD reported in the literature. Endoscopists performing colorectal ESD in the left colon must be aware of this potential complication.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗直肠侧向发育型肿瘤的临床价值(附视频)

目的研究直肠侧向发育型肿瘤(LST)的临床病理学特征,并评价内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗直肠LST的疗效及安全性。 方法收集2008年4月至2012年1月期间,复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心行ESD治疗的120例直肠LST患者的临床资料。首先按内镜下表面形态将120例LST进行分型,统计各型LST的部位、大小、形态特征,然后对LST的临床病理特点以及ESD治疗的切除率、手术时间、并发症和复发情况进行分析。 结果120例直肠LST病变中84例为颗粒型(84/120,70%),36例为非颗粒型(36/120,30%),平均病变大小为35 mm。其中绒毛状管状腺瘤占38.3%,高级别上皮内瘤变28.3%,黏膜下癌7.5%。平均手术时间为：51.8±28.16(17～110)min,整块切除率为98.3%,完整切除率为95.0%,完整治愈切除率为90.8%。ESD术后出血发生率为4.2%,穿孔发生率为3.3%。平均随访时间为32.6个月,复发率为0.8%。 结论直肠LST病变大于2 cm,存在较高的恶变潜能。ESD治疗LST病变整块切除率高,复发率较低,是直肠LST病变安全且有效的治疗方法。     

结直肠肿瘤内镜黏膜下层剥离术穿孔的临床危险因素

目的 探讨和分析结直肠肿瘤内镜黏膜下层剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）穿孔的危险因素.方法 选取2009年10月-2013年2月接受结直肠肿瘤ESD的199例患者.首先,对穿孔的发生率和临床操作过程进行评价.其次,对患者相关的变量（年龄、性别、阿司匹林或抗血小板制剂服用史及合并症）、内镜下的相关变量（肿瘤大小、位置和形态）、手术相关变量（手术者的经验、手术时间、黏膜下注射的药品）、病理诊断进行分析.结果 病变的平均大小为（15.9±10.6） mm.整体切除率为90.5%.20例（10.1%）患者发生了穿孔.16例（8.0%）患者保守治疗成功.肿瘤的类型（侧向发育型肿瘤）和位置（右半结肠）、内镜操作经验缺乏（〈50例）、未行黏膜下层透明质酸钠溶液注射与穿孔的高发生率相关（P〈0.05）.结论 若是侧向发育型的肿瘤类型,ESD需更加谨慎及防止穿孔,进行长期黏膜保护尤为重要.     

内镜黏膜下隧道法剥离术治疗早期食管癌伴黏膜下层纤维化的临床观察

目的评价内镜黏膜下隧道法剥离术（endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection,ESTD）治疗早期食管癌伴黏膜下层纤维化的效果和安全性。方法2015年6月—2018年2月间,在江苏省苏北人民医院消化内科采用ESTD或内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）治疗,术后病理证实病灶＜1/3食管管周,且伴有黏膜下层纤维化的早期食管癌病例87例纳入回顾性分析,按纤维化程度分成轻度纤维化60例（ESTD 31例、ESD 29例）和重度纤维化27例（ESTD 16例、ESD 11例）,比较同一纤维化程度时两种手术方式的剥离速度、整块切除率、完全切除率,以及出血、肌层损伤、穿孔、颈部皮下气肿和术后狭窄的发生率。结果对于伴有轻度黏膜下层纤维化的早期食管癌患者,ESTD的整块切除率[96.8%（30/31）比82.8%（24/29）,P＜0.05]和完全切除率[96.8%（30/31）比75.9%（22/29）,P＜0.05]明显高于ESD,固有肌层损伤发生率明显低于ESD[6.5%（2/31）比17.2%（5/29）,P＜0.05],剥离速度、术中出血发生率、穿孔发生率、术后狭窄发生率与ESD比较差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）,两种手术方式均无术后迟发性出血和颈部皮下气肿发生。对于伴有重度黏膜下层纤维化的早期食管癌患者,ESTD的剥离速度快于ESD[（12.3±2.8）mm2/min比（7.1±3.2）mm2/min],整块切除率、完全切除率、术后狭窄发生率与ESD相近,术中出血发生率[12.5%（2/16）比54.5%（6/11）]、固有肌层损伤发生率[18.8%（3/16）比54.5%（6/11）]、穿孔发生率[6.3%（1/16）比27.3%（3/11）]、颈部皮下气肿发生率[6.3%（1/16）比27.3%（3/11）]低于ESD,两种手术方式均无术后迟发性出血发生。术后12个月2例行ESD和1例行ESTD患者局部复发,术后24个月1例行ESTD患者发生异时癌。结论ESTD能安全、有效切除伴有黏膜下层纤维化的早期食管癌。对于伴有轻度黏膜下层纤维化者,ESTD的优势主要体现在治疗效果方面;对于伴有重度黏膜下层纤维化者,ESTD的优势主要体现在治疗安全性方面。     

Impact of endoscopic submucosal dissection for the therapeutic strategy of large colorectal tumors

Background and Aims: The change of therapeutic strategy for large colorectal tumors after the introduction of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has not yet been clarified. The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of ESD as an initial treatment strategy. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to nine expert panelists in colorectal ESD. The questionnaire used retrospective data from consecutive case series. Forty‐seven cases of early colorectal tumors (≥ 20 mm) were included. Endoscopic growth types were 25 laterally‐spreading tumors (LST) of granular type (G), 15 LST of non‐granular types (NG), and seven protruded types. Pathological diagnoses included 15 adenomas (Ad), 18 intramucosal cancers (M), three submucosally‐shallow invasive cancers (< 1000 µm) (SMs), and 11 submucosally‐deep invasive cancers (≥ 1000 µm) (SMd). The expert panelists completed questionnaires about recommended initial treatment under suppositions of before and after the introduction of ESD. Over‐surgery was defined as surgery for Ad, M, and SMs. Non‐curative endoscopic resection (ER) was defined as ER for SMd. Results: After the introduction of ESD, the reduction in the over‐surgery rate was estimated at 10.8% for Ad, M, and SMs, and the increase in the non‐curative ER rate was estimated at 27.2% for SMd. By endoscopic growth type, the reduction of over‐surgery rates for LST–NG, LST–G, and protruded type was 15.5%, 10.5%, and 2.2%, respectively. Conclusions: The endoscopists changed their therapeutic strategy for large colorectal tumors to reduce over‐surgery, especially in LST–NG, demonstrating the impact of ESD.     

How to establish endoscopic submucosal dissection in Western countries

Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) has been invented in Japan to provide resection for cure of early cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. Professional level of ESD requires excellent staging of early neoplasias with image enhanced endoscopy(IEE) to make correct indications for ESD,and high skills in endoscopic electrosurgical dissection. In Japan,endodiagnostic and endosurgical excellence spread through personal tutoring of skilled endoscopists by the inventors and experts in IEE and ESD. To translocate this expertise to other continents must overcome two fundamental obstacles:(1) inadequate expectations as to the complexity of IEE and ESD; and(2) lack of suitable lesions and master-mentors for ESD trainees. Leading endoscopic mucosal resection-proficient endoscopists must pioneer themselves through the long learning curve to proficient ESD experts. Major referral centers for ESD must arise in Western countries on comparable professional level as in Japan. In the second stage,the upcoming Western experts must commit themselves to teach skilled endoscopists from other referral centers,in order to spread ESD in Western countries. Respect for patients with early gastrointestinal cancer asks for best efforts to learn endoscopic categorization of early neoplasias and skills for ESD based on sustained cooperation with the masters in Japan. The strategy is discussed here.